Spectral/cepstral analyses of connected speech in parkinson’s disease as compared with sustained phonation before and after voice treatment

Ghadah G. Alharbi,Michael P. Cannito,Eugene H. Buder,Shaheen N. Awan 한국언어재활사협회 2021 Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders Vol.6 No.2

Purpose: The primary purpose of this study was to assess the effect of Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT®LOUD) on selected spectral/cepstral measures of voice in connected speech. Spectral/cepstral analyses also were used to descriptively compare changes in connected speech to those previously reported in sustained vowels. An additional goal was to examine individual differences in responses to LSVT across the spectral/cepstral measures. Methods: Nine adult participants with PD were examined in a pre/post treatment design. Speech recordings were obtained on three different days within one week before and one week after LSVT. Speech recordings were analyzed for cepstral peak prominence (CPP), CPP Standard Deviation (CPP-SD), Low/High Spectral Ratio (L/H SR), and Cepstral/Spectral Index of Dysphonia (CSID) using the Analysis of Dysphonia in Speech and Voice (ADSV) program. Results: CPP and CSID were the only measures that detect treatment-related changes in connected speech. Investigating individual differences demonstrated more participants exhibiting an improvement in sustained phonation than in connected speech. Conclusions: Cepstral/spectral measures have been shown to be valid measures for estimating dysphonia severity in both continuous speech and sustained vowels. In addition, it extends the use of the cepstral/spectral measures for characterizing speech and voice aspects prior to treatment and for quantifying treatment outcomes. Moreover, it supports the use of LSVT as a treatment approach for improving voice quality in addition to intensity in PD.

연인두폐쇄부전 아동의 낱말과 자발화수준에서 나타난 보상조음 출현율 비교

정세아(Se-A Jung),박미경(Mikeung Park),황민아(Mina Hwang) 한국언어청각임상학회 2010 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.15 No.2

배경 및 목적: 보상조음은 말 명료도를 저하시킬 뿐만 아니라 말 산출에 필요한 연인두의 정상적인 움직임을 방해한다. 보상조음을 치료하기 위해서는 이에 대한 정확한 청지각적 평가가선행되어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 연인두폐쇄부전으로 인해 보상조음을 하는 구개열 아동을대상으로 낱말검사와 자발화검사를 실시하여 두 검사 간에 보상조음 출현율에서 어떠한 차이를 보이는지 알아보고자 한다. 방법: 연인두폐쇄부전이 있고 주요 조음문제가 보상조음이며,만 3세-7세인 아동 10명을 대상으로 하였다. 임상현장에서 주로 사용하는 조음검사도구를본 연구에 맞게 수정하여 낱말수준의 말 표본을 얻고, 놀이를 통해서 아동의 자발화 표본을얻었다. 각각의 말 표본을 조음위치별?조음방법별?음소별로 분류하여 보상조음 출현율을분석하였다. 결과: 구개열 아동들은 낱말검사보다 자발화검사에서 더 높은 보상조음 출현율을보였고, 그 차이가 통계적으로 유의미하였다. 조음방법별 보상조음 출현율의 검사간 비교에서는 파열음과 파찰음, 조음위치별 보상조음 출현율의 검사간 비교에서는 경구개음과 연구개음의 보상조음 출현율이 두 검사 사이에서 유의미하게 차이를 보였다. 음소별 보상조음 출현율의 검사간 비교에서는 경음의 보상조음 출현율이 낱말검사와 자발화검사 모두에서 다른 말소 리에 비하여 높은 보상조음 출현율을 나타냈다. 논의 및 결론: 구개열 아동의 보상조음을 평가할 때에는 낱말검사뿐만 아니라 자발화검사를 통해서 얻은 말 표본으로 보상조음을 평가하는것이 필요하다는 것을 알 수 있었다 Background & Objectives: The purpose of the present study is to investigate whether children with velopharyngeal insufficiency due to cleft palate produce compensatory articulation at a different rate depending on the type of speech task. Specifically, we compared their frequencies of compensatory articulation in a single word production test and in connected speech. Methods: The participants were ten children with velopharyngeal insufficiency of ages ranging from 3 to 7 and their main articulation problem was compensatory articulation. Cleft type, the time of surgery, and the method of primary palatal surgery were not controled. A single word production task was generated by adjusting three formal articulation tests. Each child was tested with the single word production task and was asked play with the examiner to obtain connected speech. The rate of compensatory articulation was calculated from the two types of speech samples. The occurrence of compensatory articulation was analyzed according to the manner and the place of articulation. Results: In terms of the total number of compensatory articulation, the children with velopharyngeal insufficiency exhibited significantly higher rate of compensatory articulation during connected speech relative to single word production. Further analysis based on the manner and the place of articualtion revealed that such difference was observed only in some specific types of phonemes. The children produced compensatory articulation more frequently in connected speech than in single word production, when they produced velar stops and affricates which are all palatal in Korean. Discussion & Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, it is recommended to obtain connected speech as well was single word production in order to evaluate compensatory articulation of children with cleft palate. It is also suggested that for planning effective intervention of compensatory articulation, an in-depth analysis of compensatory articulation is necessary rather than a binary analysis procedure such as percent correct consonant. In addition, a list of words oriented to pressure consonants needs to be developed for more efficient assessment of compensatory articulation.

연속구어 내 발성 종결-개시의 음향학적 특징 - 말더듬 화자와 비말더듬 화자 비교 -

한지연,이옥분,Han, Ji-Yeon,Lee, Ok-Bun 한국음성학회 2006 음성과학 Vol.13 No.2

The purpose of this paper was to examine acoustical characteristics of phonatory offset-onset mechanism in the connected speech of female adults with stuttering and normal nonfluency. The phonatory offset-onset mechanism refers to the laryngeal articulatory gestures. Those gestures are required to mark word boundaries in phonetic contexts of the connected speech. This mechanism included 7 patterns based on the speech spectrogram. This study showed the acoustic features in the connected speech in the production of female adults with stuttering (n=1) and normal nonfluency (n=3). Speech tokens in V_V, V_H, and V_S contexts were selected for the analysis. Speech samples were recorded by Sound Forge, and the spectrographic analysis was conducted using Praat. Results revealed a stuttering (with a type of block) female exhibited more laryngealization gestures in the V_V context. Laryngealization gesture was more characterized by a complete glottal stop or glottal fry both in V_H and in V_S contexts. The results were discussed from theoretical and clinical perspectives.

음성장애의 성대접촉 양상에 따른 모음연장발성과 연속발화의 음향학적 및 청지각적 평가 비교

이은정(Eun-Jung Lee),김재옥(Jaeock Kim) 한국언어청각임상학회 2020 Communication Sciences and Disorders Vol.25 No.3

배경 및 목적: 본 연구는 음성장애를 발성 시 성대접촉 양상과 후두 긴장 여부에 따라 과다기능성 음성장애(Hyper) 집단과 과소기능성 음성장애(Hypo) 집단으로 분류한 후, 두 집단의 모음연장발성과 연속발화의 음향학적 및 청지각적 평가 차이를 비교하였다. 방법: Hyper 집단 46명과 Hypo 집단 46명이 포함되었다. 모음연장발성 /a/와 연속발화(“가을” 문단 읽기)를 통해 음성자료를 수집하였고, 수집된 자료는 음향학적 평가를 위해 캡스트럼 분석(CPP, mean CPP F0, L/H ratio)과 청지각적 평가를 위해 GRBAS 척도로 분석되었다. 결과: 음향학적 평가에서는 CPP가 연속발화보다 모음연장발성에서 높았으며, mean CPP F0는 연속발화에서 더 높았다. 또한 Hyper 집단에서 CPP가 높은 반면, mean CPP F0는 Hypo 집단에서 높게 나타났다. 청지각적 평가에서 두 집단은 B척도와 A척도로 구분되었으나, R과 S척도에서는 차이가 없었다. 두 집단 모두 GRBAS 척도는 모음연장발성과 연속발화에서 CPP와 L/H ratio와 유의한 부적 상관관계를 나타냈다. 논의 및 결론: 본 연구는 모음연장발성과 연속발화를 함께 적용하여 음향학적 및 청지각적 음성평가를 실시할 때 성대접촉 양상에 따른 음성장애 유형을 파악하고 성대폐쇄부전의 과다기능적 보상전략을 감별하는 데 도움이 될 수 있음을 알 수 있다. Objectives: This study classified voice disorders into hyper-functional (Hyper) and hypo-functional voice disorder (Hypo) by glottal closure pattern and compared acoustic and auditory-perceptual evaluation in sustained vowel and connected speech. Methods: The participants consisted of 46 patients in the Hyper group and 46 patients in the Hypo group. Data were collected through sustained vowel /a/ and connected speech (reading the “Autumn” paragraph) and were analyzed with cepstral analysis (CPP, mean CPP F0, and L/H ratio) for acoustic evaluation, and GRBAS scales for auditory-perceptual evaluation. Results: In the acoustic evaluation, CPP was higher in the sustained vowel than in connected speech, however the mean CPP F0 was the opposite. CPP was higher in the Hyper group than the Hypo group and the mean CPP F0 was higher in the Hypo group. In the auditory-perceptual evaluation, the two groups were distinguishable on the B and A scale, but were not different on the R and S scale. In addition, in both groups, the GRBAS scale was significantly negative correlated with CPP and L/H ratio in both sustained vowel and connected speech. Conclusion: This study revealed that it was possible to identify voice disorders through acoustic and auditory-perceptual evaluation using a combination of sustained vowel and connected speech. These evaluation methods are helpful to discriminate compensatory strategies for glottal incompetency in hypofunctional voice disorder.

연결발화 상에서 음운단어에 대한 한국인 영어학습자의 인식과 발화 연구

고은경(Eun-Kyeong Ko) 한국중원언어학회 2011 언어학연구 Vol.0 No.20

This experimental study explores the Korean EFL learners’ perception and production patterns of English phonological words in the stress-timed rhythmic structure of connected speech. The four multisyllabic words (i.e., address, inflate, assign, inspect) starting with the word-initial unstressed vowels /?/ and /?/ were used in this study to show the mismatches between the rhythmic and syntactic structure in connected speech. The data were collected in two ways: a) the dictation of 38 college students’ perceptions and b) the acoustic analysis of 30 college students through the speech analysis program, “Praat.” The research findings show that the students in general, when processing speech, have trouble recognizing the words parsed across word boundaries. Also, the research findings also show that all the students were not successful in properly connecting words or syllables, having a pause or a silence. The students’ errors are considered to result from the stress-timed nature and rhythmic pattern of English along with its connected speech phenomenon. Therefore, this study suggests that the prosodic features as well as the word-level or syntactic structures are of critical importance in teaching or learning pronunciation.

연속 문장 발화에서 사전 정의된 청크 검출에 대한 인공지능 기반의 후향적 분석 연구

김재영,석준걸,이제현,이정훈,권택균 대한후두음성언어의학회 2024 대한후두음성언어의학회지 Vol.35 No.1

Background and Objectives In institutional settings, manually segmenting connected speech is a time-consuming and labor-intensive process. This study aims to develop a deep-learning model for automating this process, evaluating its accuracy, and determining the minimum dataset size for effective performance. Materials and Method Voice data from 524 individuals with pathological conditions and 502 individuals with normal conditions, totaling 1026 samples, were used. Each voice sample had 17 chunks, including a “summer” sentence (15 chunks) and vowels /α/ and /i/. The deep-learning model employed in this study is based on the multi-layer perceptron-mixer architecture. This study evaluated performance using the Intersection over Union (IoU) metric, commonly employed in artificial intelligence-based image detection for chunk segmentation. Results The accuracy of chunk identification at the frame level was 96.47%. Using IoU metrics, chunk segmentation accuracy was 98.15% at IoU ≥0.6, 96.03% at IoU ≥0.7, and 89.78% at IoU ≥0.8. Optimal dataset size exploration indicated that more than 700 connected speech datasets were needed for successful training, maintaining F1-scores up to 95% at IoU ≥0.7. Conclusion The artificial intelligence model is suitable for the development of an automated system that efficiently divides segments in the institutional collection of voice data. This suggests its potential utility in advancing voice research using connected speech

Connected Speech in Listening and Speaking

Seung-Man Kang 언어과학회 2017 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.80

This paper delves into some interesting aspects of connected speech created in casual speech, centering around such features as linking, reduction, foot, and rhythm, all of which are taken to arise from stress in English. I conducted a survey among two groups of college students—15 first-year and 15 second-year English majors—to examine how such features are implemented in their aural perception and oral production. The findings of the survey are as follows. First, the two groups of subjects are shown to commit more errors in function words in terms of aural perception. Second, the group of 15 second-year students are shown to perform better in oral production in terms of stress-timed rhythm by putting less prominence on function words, as indicated in mean power measured by Praat, a software program for the analysis of speech. I argue that their performance is facilitated by explicit teaching and learning of the features in question.

Connected Speech in Listening and Speaking

강승만 언어과학회 2017 언어과학연구 Vol.0 No.80

This paper delves into some interesting aspects of connected speech created in casual speech, centering around such features as linking, reduction, foot, and rhythm, all of which are taken to arise from stress in English. I conducted a survey among two groups of college students—15 first-year and 15 second-year English majors—to examine how such features are implemented in their aural perception and oral production. The findings of the survey are as follows. First, the two groups of subjects are shown to commit more errors in function words in terms of aural perception. Second, the group of 15 second-year students are shown to perform better in oral production in terms of stress-timed rhythm by putting less prominence on function words, as indicated in mean power measured by Praat, a software program for the analysis of speech. I argue that their performance is facilitated by explicit teaching and learning of the features in question.

연결발화에서 마비말화자의 음질 특성

서인효(Seo, Inhyo),성철재(Seong, Cheoljae) 한국음성학회 2013 말소리와 음성과학 Vol.5 No.4

This study investigated the perceptual and cepstral/spectral characteristics of phonation and their relationships in dysarthria in connected speech. Twenty-two participants were divided into two groups; the eleven dysarthric speakers were paired with matching age and gender healthy control participants. A perceptual evaluation was performed by three speech pathologists using the GRBAS scale to measure the cepstrual/spectral characteristics of phonation between the two groups’ connected speech. Correlations showed dysarthric speakers scored significantly worse (with a higher rating) with severities in G (overall dysphonia grade), B (breathiness), and S (strain), while the smoothed prominence of the cepstral peak (CPPs) was significantly lower. The CPPs were significantly correlated with the perceptual ratings, including G, B, and S. The utility of CPPs is supported by its high relationship with perceptually rated dysphonia severity in dysarthric speakers. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that the threshold of 5.08 dB for the CPPs achieved a good classification for dysarthria, with 63.6% sensitivity and the perfect specificity (100%). Those results indicate the CPPs reliably distinguished between healthy controls and dysarthric speakers. However, the CPP frequency (CPP F0) and low-high spectral ratio (L/H ratio) were not significantly different between the two groups.

한국어 양보 기능 요소 연구

정종수 ( Jeong Jongsu ) 한국언어문화학회(구 한양어문학회) 2017 한국언어문화 Vol.0 No.63

이 논문은 [양보연결]의 기능을 하는 문법항목 각각의 의미와 그 문법항목의 사용 기능을 밝히고자 한다. [양보연결]의 의미를 갖는 여러 유형 중, `C1아도 C2형.`을 선정하고, 그 항목은 단독형 13개와 반복형 3개를 합쳐서 총 16개를 분석한다. 의미 차이는 교체 검증 방법을 주로 사용하고, 그 기본형과의 교체를 통하여 의미를 산출한다. 단독형에서 `C1아도 C2.`는 기본형으로서 가장 중립적으로 [양보연결]을 구사하려 할 때 사용하는 것이다. `C1더라도 C2.`, `C1을지라도 C2.`, `C1을지언정 C2.`는 C1이 [무리한 가정 양태]라는 것을 나타내고 C2의 발화수반력을 강화하고자 할 때 사용하는 것이다. 이들의 발화수반력 정도를 나열하면`C1아도 C2. < C1더라도 C2. < C1을지라도 C2. < C1을지언정 C2.`라고 할 수 있다. `C1은들 C2.`는 C2에 [불필요양태]를 나타내고자 할 때 사용되는 것이다. `C1아 봤자 C2.`는 [시도상]을 C1에 사용하고 C2에 [불필요양태]를 나타내고자 할 때 사용하는 것이다. `C1아 봐야 C2.`는 C1에 `[시도상]`을 쓰고 C2에 [불필요양태]를 쓰고 싶으며, [필요조건연결]일 때 사용하는 것이다. 세 항목의 발화수반력 정도를 나열하면, `C1은들 C2. < C1아 봤자 C2. < C1아 봐야 C2.`라고 할 수 있다. `C1을망정 C2.`는 C1의 사태에 대하여 [비선호양태]를 드러내고자 할 때 사용되는 것이다. `C1으나마 C2.`는 C1의 사태에 대하여 [비선호양태]를 드러내며 C2의 사태에 대하여 [선호양태]의 의미를 나타내고자 할 때 사용되는 것이다. `C1되 C2.`는 [대조연결]과 [양보연결]을 함께 나타내고자 할 때 사용하지만 C2가 C1의 [단서양태]가 될 때만 사용하는 것이다. `C1음에도 불구하고 C2.`는 C2에 [희박완료상]의 사태가 나올 때 사용하는 것이다. `C1기로서니 C2.`는 부정문인 C2의 사태를 [당연양태]로 나타낼 때 사용하는 것이다. `C1다고 해서 C2.`는 C1이 [가정양태]이며 C2가 [전칭양화부정양태]일 때 사용하는 것이다. 반복형에서는, `C1다 C1다 하면서 C2.`는 [인용격]을 반복하며 [양보연결]과 [동시연결]을 함께 나타내고자 할 때 사용되는 것이다. `C1았으면 C1았지 C2.`는 C1을 반복하여 강조하면서 C2에 [금지화행]을 나타내는 부정문을 쓰고 싶을 때 사용하는 것이다. `C1을래야 C1을 수 없다.`는 C1에 [의도양태]가 나타나며 `C1을 아무리 의도하여도 C1을 할 수 없다.`는 것, 즉 `C1을 할 수 없다.`는 것을 강조하려고 할 때 사용하는 것이다. This paper identifies the meaning of each of the grammatical items that has the function as a concession connection. I use the substitution verification method for finding the semantic difference, and calculate the meaning by replacing with the basic type. Among the various classes that have the meaning of [concession connection], `C1ado C2.` type is selected, and the total of 16 items is analyzed by combining 13 items of independent type and 3 items of iterative type. In independent type, `C1ado C2.` is the basic form because `C1ado C2.` is the most neutral way to use [concession connection]. `C1deorado C2.`, `C1euljirado C2.`, and `C1euljieonjeong C2.` are also used to indicate that C1 is [unreasonable assumption modality] and to reinforce the illocutionary force of C2. We express the degree of the illocutionary force of these, `C1ado C2. < C1deorado C2. < C1euljirado C2. < C1euljieonjeong C2`. `C1eundeul C2` is used to represent [unnecessary modality] in C1. `C1a bwassja C2.` is used when you want to use [attempt aspect] for C1 and use [unnecessary modality] for C2. `C1a bwaya C2.` is used when we want to use [attempt aspect] for C1 and use [unnecessary modality] for C2. The order of illocutionary force of three items is `C1eundeul C2. < C1a bwassja C2. < C1a bwaya C2.`. `C1eulmangjeong C2.` is used to expose [non-favored modality] to the situation of C1. `C1eunama C2.` is used when we want to expose [non-favored modality] for the situation of C1 and expose simultaneously the meaning of [contrast connection] and the meaning of [concession connection]. `C1dwoe C2.` is used when it is meant to be concurrent with the meaning of [contrast connection] and [concession connection], but should only be used when C2 is [proviso modality] of C1. `C1eumedo bulguhago C2.` is used when a situation of [sparse perfective] occurs in C2. `C1giroseoni C2.` is used to indicate the situation of C2(negation) as [natural modality]. `C1dago haeseo C2.` is used to indicate that C1 is [sumption modality] and not [sufficient condition connection] for C2. In the iterative form, `C1da C1da hamyeonseo C2.` is used to repeats the [quotation case] and display both [concession connection] and [same time connection] at the same time. `C1asseumyeon C1assji C2.` is used when we want to emphasize C1 repeatedly and write a negative sentence that conveys [prohibition speech-act] in C2. `C1eulleya C1eul su eobsda.` is used to emphasize that `No matter how you want C1, you can not do C1`, that is, `You can not do C1`.