Surface Morphologies and Internal Fine Structures of Bast Fibers

Wang H. M.,Wang X. The Korean Fiber Society 2005 Fibers and polymers Vol.6 No.1

Fiber surface morphologies and associated internal structures are closely related to its properties. Unlike other fibers including cotton, bast fibers possess transverse nodes and fissures in cross-sectional and longitudinal directions. Their morphologies and associated internal structures were anatomically examined under the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the morphologies of the nodes and the fissures of bast fibers varied depending on the construction of the inner fibril cellular layers. The transverse nodes and fissures were formed by the folding and spiralling of the cellular layers during plant growth. The dimensions of nodes and fissures were determined by the dislocations of the cellular layers. There were also many longitudinal fissures in bast fibers. Some deep longitudinal fissures even opened the fiber lumen for a short way along the fiber. In addition, the lumen channel of the bast fibers could be disturbed or disrupted by the nodes and the spi­rals of the internal cellular layers. The existence of the transverse nodes and fissures in the bast fibers could degrade the fiber mechanical properties, whereas the longitudinal fissures may contribute to the very rapid moisture absorption and desorption.

靭皮纖維에 關한 硏究(I) : 靭皮纖維의 形態的 特性 The Morphological Properties of Bast Fiber

金在慶,尹承洛,金思翼,趙鍾洙 진주산업대학교 1998 산업과학기술연구소보 Vol.- No.5

靭皮纖維의 特性을 究明하기 위하여 닥나무, 뽕나무, 삼지닥나무, 산닥나무의 인피섬유에 대하여 形態 및 細胞壁 特性을 檢討한 結果는 다음과 같다. 樹皮率은 樹齡이 增加 될수록 감소되는傾向을 나타내고, 삼지닥나무와 산닥나무가 닥나무와 뽕나무 보다 높았다. 纖維長 및 纖維幅은 닥나무와 뽕나무가 삼지닥나무와 산닥나무보다 길고, 넓었다. 4樹種 靭皮纖維의 纖維長은 木村纖維보다 길고, 뽕나무科 靭皮纖維의 纖維폭은 針葉樹 假導管보다 작고 闊葉樹 木纖維와 비슷하며 팥꽃나무科 靭皮纖維는 假導管과 木纖維의 폭보다 작았다. 4樹種의 靭皮纖維는 纖維表面에서 壁孔이 確認되지 않았고, 2次壁이 존재하고 있는 것이 확인되었다. 靭皮纖維의 細胞壁은 木村纖維의 細胞壁과 다른 細胞壁이 두껍고 細胞內腔이 작은 細胞가 分布되어 있다. In order to evaluate characteristics of bast fiber, the types and the cell wall properties of various bast fibers originated from Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb. Morus alba var, romana Loddiges, Edzeworthia papyrifera Sieb. et Zucc. and Wikstroemia irichotoma makino. In the other hand, Broussonetia kazinoki Sieb. et Zucc. and Wikstroemia trichotoma Makino. The pits were not find in fiber surface of bast fibers from 4 species, but the presence of secondary wall was surely confirmed. The cell wall structure of bast fiber was a little different from that of wood fiber.

마와 인조섬유 교직물의 물성 및 태 평가

최종명,양진숙,김순심 한국의류학회 2000 한국의류학회지 Vol.24 No.6

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physical properties and the hand of bast/man made fiber mixed fabrics compared to linen. The mixed fabrics were made by rayon, polyester and modal fiber as warp yarn, and ramie, flax, rayon/flax and cotton/flax as weft yarn. The crease resistance, drape, tensile strength/extension, water absorbancy and warmth retention were measured for test fabrics. The mechanical properties were measured by Kawabata system, and the hand value was calculated by previously developed equation. The results obtained from this study were as follows: The crease resistance and drape properties of bast/man made fiber mixed fabrics were improved compared to those of linen. The tensile strength of polyester/bast fiber mixed fabrics increased compared to those of linen, but rayon/bast and modal/bast fiber mixed fabrics decreased. The extension of all mixed fabrics was increased compared to that of linen. The rayon/ramie and modal/ramie mixed fabrics showed lower warmth retention than linen. The mixed fabrics used rayon and modal as warp yarn showed higher water absorbancy than linen. The Koshi and Han hand value of all mixed fabrics showed lower than those of linen. Fukurami hand value showed little difference between mixed fabrics and linen. Shari, Kishimi, and Shinayakasa hand value of rayon/bast and modal/bast fiber mixed fabrics showed higher than those of linen.

대용섬유자원으로써 어저귀를 이용한 한지제조(제1보) : 어저귀의 건물 생산량 및 펄프화 특성 Productivity and Pulping Characteristics of Indian Mallow

정선화,조남석,최태호 한국목재공학회 2002 목재공학 Vol.30 No.2

본 실험은 산림자원의 감소 예방과 지구의 환경보존을 위해서 생장이 빠르고 펄프원자재로 활용할 수 있는 비목재 섬유작물을 도입하는 것을 목적으로 하고 있다. 또한 부족한 한지의 원료인 닥나무를 수입하고 있는 실정에서, 국내에서 자생하고 있는 비목재섬유로 한지를 제조함으로써 수입대체 및 원가절감 등 일석이조의 효과를 거둘 수 있다. 이에 불량한 환경조건에서도 생육이 왕성한 어저귀(Abutilon avicennae G.)를 재배하여 그간의 진보된 펄프 제조기술을 적용하여 새로운 제지용 원료로 개발함으로써 부족한 원자재는 물론이거니와 국내 부존자원 이용의 극대화를 꾀하고자 실시하였다. 또한 폐기처리되는 농산물의 이용극대화를 꾀하기 위해 전목펄프화를 실시하였다. 그 결과 어저귀는 생장속도가 빠르고 수확기가 짧으며 집약적 재배 및 관리가 가능하여 단위면적당 최대의 수확량을 올릴 수 있었다. 어저귀 인피부의 섬유장은 2.4㎜로써 목재섬유 중 소나무와, 비목재섬유 중 케나프와 매우 유사한 결과를 보여주었고, 화학성분의 분석결과 어저귀 섬유는 추출성분의 함량이 높고 리그닌이 적은 것이 특징적으로 나타났다. 펄프화와 관련하여 인피부는 150℃에서 48∼57%, 전간부는 170℃에서 43∼51%의 높은 수율을 나타냈고, 설포메틸 펄프화법의 수율이 더 높게 나타났다. 펄프의 탈리그닌율도 두가지 펄프화법 모두 90% 이상의 높은 탈리그닌율을 나타내었다. Indian mallow is characterized by the rapid growth and high harvest of the fibrous materials. This study was carried out to investigate the sheet properties of Hanji using Indian mallow, made by different pulping methods, such as alkali and sulfomethylated pulpings and different stock compositions, various mixing ratios of bast fiber, woody core and whole stalk fibers. The results from this study were summarized as follows. The length and width of the bast fibers were 1.40∼4.30㎜(av. 2.35㎜) and 9.2∼26.4㎛(av. 18.3㎛), respectively. The cell wall thickness was 4.0∼11.5㎛(av. 7.7㎛). Runkel ratio, flexibility coefficient and fiber length/fiber width ratio were 1.38, 0.42 and 128 respectively. Bast fiber and whole stalk were cooked by alkali and sulfomethylated methods. Sulfomethylated pulping resulted in superior pulp in terms of yield and quality as compared with those of alkali pulping. The pulp yields of bast fiber was higher than those of whole stalk.

Pulp and Paper from Kenaf Bast Fibers

Ashori Alireza The Korean Fiber Society 2006 Fibers and polymers Vol.7 No.1

Samples of kenaf (Hibiscus cannabinus) grown in Malaysia were examined to determine the kraft pulp and paper-making properties of their bast (or bark) fibers. Using kraft pulping process showed that bast fibers were relatively easy to cook resulting good pulp yields in the range of 45-51 %. The bast pulp produced sheets with great density, tear index and dry zero-span breaking length. Kenaf bast fiber is considered promising for production of high-grade printing, writing and specialty papers.

대용섬유자원으로써 어저귀를 이용한 한지제조 (제2보) : 인피 및 목질부 섬유를 이용한 한지 제조 Manufacturing of The Hanjis Made from Bast Fiber and woody core fibers

정선화,조남석,최태호 한국목재공학회 2004 목재공학 Vol.32 No.1

생장속도가 빨라서 단위면적당 Biomass의 생산량이 많은 어저귀(Indian mallow, Abutilon avicennae G.)를 원료로 하여 펄프화하였으며, 제조한 한지의 물리적·기계적·현미경적 특성에 관하여 비교 검토하였다. 제조한 한지의 특성을 살펴보면 광학적, 강도적 현미경적인 특성에서 설포메틸 펄프화법이 우수한 결과를 나타냈고, 장섬유인 인피부 펄프에 대한 단섬유인 목질부 펄프의 혼입량 증가에 따른 변화에 있어 지질(밀도, 백색도, 불투명도, 지합)의 변화는 점차 증가했으나, 강도는 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. This study was carried out to investigate the sheet properties of Indian mallow Hanji, made by different pulping methods, such as alkali and sulfomethylated pulpings, and different stock compositions, various mixing ratios of bast fiber and woody core fibers. Indian mallow hanjis made from the sulfomethylated pulps had higher brightness and sheet strength than the alkali pulps. It was found that the brightness of sulfomethylated pulp was enough high without an extra-bleaching. In the mechanical properties of Indian mallow hanjis mixed with bast fiber and woody core stalk pulps, the sheet strength were decreased as wood core pulps contents were increased. The sheet formation were increased as the increase of woody core pulps contents, while the sheet strength decreased Although the sulfomethylated pulping resulted in higher pulp yield, no morphological differences of fiber surfaces were shown as compared to the different pulping methods.

이산화염소 표백조건에 따른 삼 인피섬유의 표백효과

김준규(Jun-Kyu Kim),최경화(Kyoung-Hwa Choi),서진호(Jin-Ho Seo),이명구(Myoung-Ku Lee) 한국펄프·종이공학회 2015 펄프.종이기술 Vol.47 No.4

In this study, the effects of chlorine dioxide (D) bleaching conditions on the delignification of hemp bast fiber were elucidated. Chlorine dioxide bleaching was carried out through three stages (DED) and five stages (DEDED), respectively. Applied amounts of chlorine dioxide at D₁ and D₂ stages were varied to find the optimum bleaching condition. It was found that the optical properties of its handsheet as well as the delignification of hemp bast fiber increased as the concentration of chlorine dioxide at D₁ stage increased. It was also notable that the bleachability of the DEDED bleaching stages was slightly more effective than that of the DED bleaching stages. The burst index of the handsheets made with bleached hemp bast fiber was higher than that of the unbleached samples, but the burst index of these samples decreased as their delignification increased. These results indicated that the higher concentration of chlorine dioxide at D₁ stage was major factor to improve the bleaching efficiency of hemp bast fiber.

각종 셀룰로오스 나노섬유의 첨가가닥나무 인피섬유 시트의 특성에 미치는 영향

한송이 ( Song Yi Han ),박찬우 ( Chan Woo Park ),김보연 ( Bo Yeon Kim ),이승환 ( Seung Hwan Lee ) 한국목재공학회 2015 목재공학 Vol.43 No.6

본 연구는 셀룰로오스 나노섬유를 닥나무 인피섬유 시트의 제조시 첨가하여, 닥나무 인피섬유 시트의 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 형태학적 및 화학적 성질이 다른 5종류의 셀룰로오스 나노섬유, 즉 리그노셀룰로오스 나노섬유 (lignocellulose nanofiber, LCNF), 홀로셀룰로오스 나노섬유(holocellulose nanofiber, HCNF), 알칼리처리 홀로셀룰로오스 나노섬유(alkali-treated HCNF, AT-HCNF), TEMPO-산화 나노섬유(TEMPO-oxidated nanofiber, TEMPO-NF), 셀룰로오스 나노크리스탈(cellulose nanocrystal, CNC)을 제조하였으며, 각 나노섬유의 종류 및 첨가량이 닥나무 인피섬유시트 제조시의 여수시간 및 시트의 투기도, 평활도, 인장강도 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 여수시간은 모든 나노섬유에 있어서 첨가량이 증가함으로서 길어졌으며, 5%의 첨가량에서 HCNF가 가장 여수시간이 길었다. 또한, 셀룰로오스 나노섬유 첨가량이 증가할수록 시트의 평활도, 인장강도 특성이 향상되었으며, 특히 0.1%의 극히 적은양의 나노섬유 첨가로도 비인장강도 및 탄성계수가 크게 향상되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이러한 특성 향상은 닥나무 인피섬유 간에 교차적으로 적층되어 있는 셀룰로오스 나노섬유의 충전 효과에 기인하는 것을 전자현미경 사진을 통해 확인할 수있었다. Various cellulose nanofibers (CNF) with different morphology and chemical properties were prepared for the reinforcement of sheet of paper mulberry bast fiber. Lignocellulose nanofiber (LCNF), Holocellulose nanofiber (HCNF), alkali-treated HCNF (AT-HCNF), TEMPO-oxidated nanofiber (TEMPO-NF) and cellulose nanocrystal (CNF) were prepared and their addition effect on the properties of sheet of paper mulberry bast fiber were investigated. Air permeability, surface smoothness, and tensile properties were improved by increasing CNF addition. Its improvement may be due to the CNF deposited between and on paper mulberry bast fibers, which was confirmed by SEM observation.

Studies on the Characteristics of CNF from Paper Mulberry Bast Fiber

Sung-Jun Hwang,Hyoung-Jin Kim 한국펄프·종이공학회 2019 펄프.종이기술 Vol.51 No.2

Cellulose nanofiber (CNF) has a wide range of applications due to its advantageous properties, including renewability, biodegradability, high mechanical strength, dimensional stability, thermal stability, and high resistance to water. Consequently, much research is focused on its development and improvement. CNF is obtained most widely from both softwood and hardwood, but it can be also be sourced from non-wood based materials and micro organisms. However, improved living standard and economic growth combine to raise the price of wood annually, coinciding with increased production of wood products such as paper, tissue, wrapper, etc. Thus the use of non-wood based materials as an alternative to wood pulp is increasing in a variety of industries all over the world. In this study, we analyzed CNF manufactured from paper mulberry bast fiber in order to confirm its applicability to various industries. After pre-treatment of the paper mulberry bast pulp, a wet disk-mill and high pressure homogenizer (HPH) were employed sequently to manufacture CNF, which was then characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), derivative thermogravimetry (DTG), and X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and the degree of polymerization (DP), tensile strength and elongation were measured. We conclude that it is feasible to manufacture high quality CNF from paper mulberry bast fiber.

Composite 재료로서의 Kenaf 인피섬유의 활용을 위한 기초 연구

전수연,황성준,( Melani Lili ),이진희,김형진 한국공업화학회 2015 한국공업화학회 연구논문 초록집 Vol.2015 No.1

천연 비목재 섬유로서 사용되는 Kenaf는 생장이 빨라 대량 수확이 가능하며 계획적인 재배가 용이하여 그 활용가치가 매우 높다. Kenaf는 bast와 core 부위로 구별되며 그 중 인피섬유는 목재섬유보다 폭이 좁고 강하며 섬유장이 길어 의류산업과 펄프 제지산업에 이용되고 있다. 또한 kenaf bast fiber를 복합재료로서 사용하게 되면 생분해성의 특성을 지닐 뿐만 아니라 소재의 경량화와 원가절감의 효과를 얻을 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 Kenaf의 인피섬유를 생분해성 composite의 원료로서 사용하기위해 알칼리 펄핑 및 크라프트 펄핑을 실시하였으며 펄핑 조건에 따른 섬유의 화학적, 물리적, 광학적 특성 분석을 통해 composite 재료로서 의 가능성을 확인 하고자 하였다.