부모 및 친구애착과 비행 간 관계 : 종단 연구

이주리 한국아동심리재활학회 2011 놀이치료연구 Vol.15 No.2

부모애착 및 친구애착과 청소년 비행 간 관계는 그 동안 많은 연구들을 통해 다루어졌다. 그러나 지금까지 대부분의 국내연구들은 횡단자료를 사용하여 분석하였기 때문에 독립변인들의 시간적 우선성이 확보되지 못하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 부모애착과 친구애착이 청소년 비행에 미치는 인과적 영향을 종단자료를 사용하여 검증하고, 청소년 비행에 대한 부모애착과 친구애착의 상호작용을 탐색하였다. 종단자료는 2003년(시기 1)~2004년(시기 2)의 한국청소년패널조사(KYPS) 데이터를 사용하였다. 연구대상은 제주도를 제외한 전국의 3449명의 중학생(남학생 1725명, 여학생 1724명)으로서, 그들은 2003년에 중학교 2학년이었고, 2004년에는 중학교 3학년이 되었다. 위계적 회귀분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모애착은 1년 후 청소년 비행을 유의하게 낮춘 반면, 친구애착은 오히려 청소년 비행의 위험을 증가시켰다. 둘째, 청소년 비행에 대한 부모애착과 친구애착 간 상호작용은 부적으로 유의하여 부모의 애착정도가 낮을 때에만 친구애착이 1년 후의 청소년 비행에 영향을 주었다. 즉, 부모-자녀 간 관계의 질이 높을 경우 친구애착이 청소년 비행에 별다른 영향을 미치지 못하였다. 이러한 결과는 부모와의 애착이 충분치 못한 청소년들은 친구들에게서 더 의미있는 영향을 받음을 시사한다. The relationships between attachment to parents, attachment to friends, and adolescent delinquency have been issues that many researchers have paid attention. However, Most of them have been analyzed with cross-section data so far. This means that independent variables did not precedes dependent variables. Therefore, this study examined the relationships between parents attachment, friends attachment, and adolescent delinquency with longitudinal design. Data were selected from 2003(wave 1)-2004(wave 2) KYPS. Participants were 3449 middle school students(1725 boys, 1724 girls). Hierarchical regression revealed that: (1) attachment to parents negatively influenced adolescent delinquency, while attachment to friends positively influenced their delinquency. (2) a mild moderating effect of parents attachment: only when parents attachment is low, friends attachment positively influenced after a year adolescent delinquency. This result suggest that friends are more significant among adolescents who are not sufficiently served attachment from their parents.

대학생과 모.부의 애착관계 지각에 따른 진로탐색 자기효능감 차이

김인기,이제경 한국상담학회 2009 상담학연구 Vol.10 No.3

The purpose of this study is to survey the difference between Career Search Self-Efficacy in the group of the parents' attachment of College students and the attachments' relation of Maternity and Paternity in relation to the knowledge of their children among them. Most researches show their children's attachment about their parents now. So there is no research to make their parents cognize the attachment of the relation to their children. In order to study this research, We should ask children and their same parents to put a sincere answer to my research step by step, and We should also use the suitable attachment scale for parents to measure this research. The purpose of this report tells this is the first case which is studied the cooperative relation of the attachment in relation to the knowledge of parents and the attachment relation of maternity, paternity to knowledge of their children. From this research above mentioned, Our opinion is that the attachment is formed by the cooperative behavior with their parents and offsprings. As a result, Each of attachments has a considerable meaning, which has college students are conscious of the attachment of their parents and their parents cognize that of their college students' attachment. Maternity and paternity become a crucial factor which makes their children widen Career Search Self-Efficacy. Career Search Self-Efficacy is conformed that there is the difference between the relation of attachment to their children and parents. As the relation of maternity and paternity about children in family gets to become more crucial to the Career Search Self-Efficacy, the research of maternity and paternity needs to be studied. Above all the researches of paternity need to be significantly studied. From this point of view We hope that this report will be available for parents' counselling and parents' education programs. 본 연구는 대학생의 부모 애착과 부모의 자녀 애착관계를 대학생․모․부의 상호관계의 조합에 따라 집단 간 진로탐색 자기효능감의 차이를 알아보고자 한다. 지금까지 대부분의 애착 연구는 자녀가 부모에게 지각한 부모애착만이 연구되었고, 부모가 자녀에게 지각한 애착관계와의 상호 관련성과 진로발달과의 관계에 대한 연구는 없었다. 본 연구를 위하여 대학생과 부모를 동일하게 매칭 하여 설문하였으며, 부모용 애착척도를 연구 목적에 맞게 제작하여 사용하였다. 본 연구의 대상자는 충남 천안에 있는 4개의 대학교에서 진로관련 교양과목을 수강하고 있는 대학생과 그들의 동일 부모를 대상으로 하였으며, 조사 기간은 2009년 4월 2일부터 5월 21일까지 약 8주간에 걸쳐 이루어졌다. 본 연구는 애착이 부모와 자녀의 상호작용에서 형성된다는 관점에서 볼 때 대학생이 지각한 부모 애착과 부모가 자녀에게 지각한 애착관계의 상호관계를 밝힌 연구로서 그 의의가 있다고 하겠다. 대학생의 모․부 애착이 진로탐색 자기효능감을 높이는 요인이며, 자녀가 부모에게 지각한 애착과 부모가 자녀에게 지각한 상호 애착관계의 조합에 의한 집단 간 진로탐색 자기효능감의 차이가 있음이 확인 되었다. 따라서 부모-자녀 간 상호 형성 된 애착관계가 대학생의 진로탐색 자기효능감과 관련이 있는 것으로 밝혀짐에 따라 자녀 상담과 함께 부모 상담 및 부모 진로교육이 더욱 필요하다고 하겠다. 특히 가족 내에서 어머니와 자녀의 관계뿐 아니라 아버지와 자녀의 관계도 진로탐색 자기효능감에 관련 있는 것으로 확인됨에 따라 자녀의 진로발달에 아버지의 영향에 관한 연구가 좀 더 체계적이고 심층적으로 이루어져야 할 필요가 있다. 본 연구 결과를 통해서 부모 상담과 부모 진로교육 프로그램에 적용하여 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

초기 청소년이 지각한 부모의 부부갈등과 우울의 관계에서 교사애착과 또래애착의 매개효과

김미선,정현희 한국청소년학회 2017 청소년학연구 Vol.24 No.1

This study observed relations between marital conflicts between parents as perceived by early adolescents and depression, teacher attachment, and peer attachment and it attempted to verify whether teacher attachment and peer attachment act as mediating factors in the relation between marital conflicts between parents and depression. For this study, data was collected from 390 early adolescents from ages twelve to thirteen (grades five and six) using scales for marital conflicts between parents, teacher attachment, peer attachment, and depression. Collected data was analyzed using a structural equation model (SEM) and the significance of mediating effects was verified using the Sobel test. The results are as follows. Firstly, the effects of marital conflicts between parents as perceived by early adolescents on teacher attachment, peer attachment, and depression were found to be significant. Secondly, teacher attachment partially mediated in the relation between marital conflicts between parents as perceived by early adolescents and depression. However, peer attachment showed no mediating effects. Thirdly, teacher attachment mediated the relation between marital conflicts between parents as perceived by early adolescents and depression through peer attachment. Such results show the need to consider marital conflicts between parents in the home as well as teacher attachment and peer attachment in school in the prevention and intervention of depression in early adolescents. In particular, teacher attachment can be an important factor in the depression of early adolescents by working as a protective factor. Lastly, proposals were made for future studies based on these study results. 본 연구는 초기 청소년이 지각한 부모의 부부갈등과 우울, 교사애착, 또래애착 간의 관계를 살펴보고, 교사애착과 또래애착이 부모의 부부갈등과 우울의 관계에서 매개변인으로 작용하는지를 검증하고자 하였다. 연구를 위해 12세-13세의 초기 청소년(초등학교 5, 6학년) 390명을 대상으로 부모의 부부갈등 척도, 교사애착 척도, 또래애착 척도, 우울 척도를 이용하여 자료를 수집하였다. 수집된 자료는 구조방정식 모형으로 분석되었으며, Sobel test를 통해 매개효과의 유의성을 검증하였다. 연구 결과는 다음과 같았다. 첫째, 초기 청소년이 지각한 부모의 부부갈등이 교사애착, 또래애착, 우울에 미치는 영향은 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 교사애착은 초기 청소년이 지각한 부모의 부부갈등과 우울의 관계에서 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 또래애착의 매개효과는 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 교사애착은 또래애착을 통하여 초기 청소년이 지각한 부모의 부부갈등과 우울의 관계를 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 초기 청소년의 우울에 대한 예방과 개입 시 가정에서 부모의 부부갈등, 학교에서 교사애착과 또래애착을 함께 고려해야할 필요성이 있음을 보여준다. 특히 교사애착은 보호요인으로 초기 청소년의 우울에 중요한 매개변인이 될 수 있음을 시사한다. 마지막으로 본 연구결과를 토대로 후속 연구에 대한 제언을 제시하였다.

애착이 양육태도에 미치는 영향 : 자존감의 매개역할을 중심으로

김순영,김환 한국여성심리학회 2013 한국심리학회지 여성 Vol.18 No.3

This study examined the effects of attachment ability and self-esteem on hostile parenting attitude and repressive parenting attitude. 461 online university students who were at parents status and took counseling psychology class participated this study and filled out Adult Attachment Scale(AAS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale(RSES), Maternal Behavior Research Instrument(MBRI) and Repressive attitude subscale of Parental Meta-Emotion Scale(PMES). ANOVA analysis were accomplished to identify main effect of attachment style over parenting attitude. The result was that parents with secure attachment style showed higher affective parenting attitude score and lower hostile attitude score than avoidant attachment style and anxious attachment style. Parents with anxious attachment style got higher repressive attitude score than any other attachment style. Correlation analysis showed that only the affect-hostile dimension of parenting attitude was related with depend dimension of attachment. As for close and anxiety dimension of attachment, both the affect-hostile dimension and autonomy-control dimension of parenting attitude were related, but with opposite direction. Regression analysis was accomplished to find out mediating roles of self-esteem along the path from attachment ability to parenting attitude. As a result, there was partial mediation role of self-esteem when dependent variable was the affect-hostile parenting attitude. When dependent variable was the autonomy-control parenting attitude, there was full mediation effect of self-esteem. Finally the significance and limitation of this study were discussed.

애착증진 부모교육 집단상담이 성인애착, 자아존중감 및 모-자녀 상호작용에 미치는 효과

서은주,이현림 한국인간발달학회 2011 人間發達硏究 Vol.18 No.2

The purpose of this research was to examine the effect of attachment improvement parent-education group counseling on mothers' adult attachment, their self esteem, and parent-child interaction. The research hypotheses were first, 1) The experimental group which participated in attachment improvement parent-education group counseling would have more stable adult attachments than that of the control group. 2) The experimental group which participated in group attachment improvement parent-education group counseling would improve their self esteem more than the control group. 3) The experimental group which participated in attachment improvement parent-education group counseling would make a more positive change in terms of their mother-child interaction than the control group. The subjects were 20 mothers from two elementary schools in D city, Korea, with 10 mothers each in the experimental and control groups. 12 sessions of the attachment improvement parent-education group counseling were carried out for the experimental group for 120 minutes per session. To comparing in the differences on the mothers' adult attachment, self esteem, and parent-child interactions between the two groups, the data was analyzed by mean, standard deviation and analysis of covariance. The results of the study were first, 1) The experimental group which participated in attachment improvement parent-education group counseling showed meaningfully lower attachment levels than that of the control group. 2) The experimental group which participated in attachment improvement parent-education group counseling showed meaningfully higher levels of self-esteem than that of the control group. 3) The experimental which participated in attachment improvement parent-education group counseling showed meaningfully higher levels of mother-child interaction than that of the control group. Therefore, attachment improvement parent-education group counseling was effective in improving the participants' adult attachment, self-esteem and parent-child interaction levels.

애착육아와 청각언어인지 재활

유희순,김진숙 한국청각언어재활학회 2018 Audiology and Speech Research Vol.14 No.1

This study was aimed to review the history and definition of attachment parenting and to identify the types and merits of it and attachment plays based on attachment parenting. The early rehabilitation is essential to infants and toddlers with a congenital hearing loss for auditory and language development. Attachment parenting refers to close ties between parent and child based on skinship and emotional exchange. There are four different types of attachment: secure, insecure-avoidant, insecure-resistant, and insecure-disorganized. Among them, secure attachment is the optimal type through which an infant could learn to trust mother and maintain emotional stability even when the mother was absent. In Korea, the use ondol and podaegi, which can create attachment naturally had been used traditionally. Further Dandongsibhoon, a traditional play, is in accordance with the definition of attachment parenting. Therefore, Korean method of child rearing is proper for attachment parenting. It was known that attachment parenting enhanced self-esteem, increased independence, promoted social skills, and facilitated brain and language development, so that it could be used as a method of rehabilitation related to the development of auditory, language, and cognitive abilities. Recently developed the Korean Aural Rehabilitation for Infants integrated many attachment parenting means and sought to raise the efficacy of early rehabilitation. Conclusively, we hope that early rehabilitation applying attachment parenting services in Korea could be expanded so that even infants and toddlers with congenital hearing loss would grow up without having to go through many hearing-impairment problems.

부모의 애착유형 결합형태가 아동의 자아존중감과 대인관계에 미치는 영향

김미선,김영희 한국가족관계학회 2019 한국가족관계학회지 Vol.24 No.1

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderate effect of self-esteem on the relationship between parent attachment style and the interpersonal relationships among children. Method: Subjects of this study were 817 elementary school students. Results: As for the combined parental attachment type, stable attachment to father-stable attachment to mother recorded the highest percentage, followed by unstable attachment to father-unstable attachment to mother, stable attachment to father-unstable attachment to mother, and unstable attachment to father-stable attachment to mother. Children’s interpersonal relationships with friends and teachers were the most positive when their combined parental attachment type was stable attachment to father-stable attachment to mother, but were the least when their combined parents attachment type was unstable attachment to father-unstable attachment to mother. In addition, there were the interaction effects of combined parental attachment type and self-esteem on interpersonal relationship in children, main effect and interaction effect were found in combined parental attachment type and self-esteem. Compared to the group with lower self-esteem, the group with higher self-esteem showed higher level of relationships with friends and teachers, and this difference between groups was more prominent in children with combined parental attachment type shown as unstable attachment to father-stable attachment to mother. Conclusions: The results of this study implied the significance of stable attachment to parents for children’s positive interpersonal relationship as well as children's self-esteem to moderate the negative influence of unstable attachment to parents. 본 연구는 부모와의 애착유형을 안정형과 불안정형으로 분류하고, 결합하여 자아존중감에 따라 부모와의 애착유형 결합형태가 아동의 대인관계에 미치는 영향을 살펴보아 아동의 대인관계의 질을 증진시키는 방안을 탐색해 보고, 학교교육 프로그램이나 부모교육 프로그램 개발 및 아동․가족상담 현장에 실질적으로 필요한 기초자료를 제시하는데 그 목적을 두었다. 본 연구는 C시에 소재한 6개의 초등학교 5학년, 6학년에 다니는 학생 817명을 대상으로 하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 부모와의 애착유형은 아버지의 경우 안정형(58%)이 불안정형(42%)보다 많이 나타났으며, 어머니 또한 안정형(64.3%), 불안정형(35.7%) 순으로 나타났다. 즉, 아버지와 어머니 모두 안정형이 많은 분포를 보였다. 부모의 애착유형 결합 형태는 부 안정형- 모안정형이 가장 높았고, 부 불안정형- 모 불안정형, 부 안정형-모 불안정형, 부 불안정형-모 안정형 순으로 나타났다. 또한 자아존중감이 높은 집단은 53.7%로 나타났고, 낮은 집단은 46.3%로 나타났다. 둘째, 부모와의 애착유형 결합형태가 부 안정형-모 안정형인 경우 대인관계인 친구관계와 교사관계가 긍정적으로 나타났고, 부 불안정형-모 불안정형일 때는 친구관계와 교사관계가 가장 낮게 나타나 부모의 애착유형 결합 형태에 따라 아동의 대인관계에 차이가 있음을 보여주었다. 셋째, 부모와의 애착유형 결합 형태와 자아존중감이 아동의 대인관계에 미치는 상호작용 효과를 살펴 본 결과, 부모와의 애착유형과 자아존중감의 주 효과와 상호작용 효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 전반적으로 자아존중감이 높은 집단이 낮은 집단에 비해서 친구관계와 교사관계 수준이 높은데, 이 두 집단의 차이는 부 불안정형-모 안정형에서 훨씬 두드러지게 나타났다. 부 불안정형-모 안정형의 애착유형에서 자아존중감이 높은 아동들은 친구관계가 높게 나타났고, 자아존중감이 낮은 아동들은 친구관계가 낮게 나타났다. 반면 자아존중감이 높은 아동들은 교사관계가 낮게 나타났고, 자아존중감이 낮은 아동들은 교사관계가 높게 나타났다. 결론적으로 본 연구의 결과, 자아존중감이 높은 집단은 부 안정형-모 안정형에서 친구, 교사관계가 높게 나타났고, 부 불안정형-모 불안정형에서는 친구, 교사관계가 낮게 나타났다. 부 불안정형-모 안정형에서는 자아존중감이 높은 아동이 낮은 아동에 비해 친구관계가 명확하게 높게 나타났다. 반면 교사관계에서는 자아존중감이 높은 아동이 낮은 아동에 비해 교사관계가 더 낮게 나타났다. 이는 부모와의 애착유형이 아동의 대인관계에 미치는 영향이 자아존중감이 높고 낮음에 따라 차이가 있기 때문에 아동들의 원만한 대인관계를 위해 자아존중감 향상을 위한 교육 프로그램을 실시하고 상담기관 등에서는 특히 부모와의 갈등이나 대인관계 부적응을 겪고 있는 학생들을 위한 개별 및 집단 상담을 통한 상담적 개입이 이루어져야 할 필요성을 시사해 준다.

Differences in Parenting Stress, Parenting Attitudes, and Parents’ Mental Health According to Parental Adult Attachment Style

Do Hoon Kim,Na Ri Kang,Young Sook Kwack 대한소아청소년정신의학회 2019 소아청소년정신의학 Vol.30 No.1

Objectives: We aimed to compare the differences in parenting stress, parenting attitudes, and parents’ mental health between different adult attachment styles. Methods: Forty-four parents who completed a parental education program were enrolled in our study. They completed the Korean version of the Experience of Close Relationship Revised, Korean-Parenting Stress Index-Short Form, Maternal Behavior Research Instrument, and Symptom Checklist-90-Revised. Results: The avoidant attachment score positively correlated with parenting stress. The anxious attachment score showed a positive relationship with parenting stress, hostile parenting attitude, and psychopathology, but a negative association with an affectionate parenting attitude. The secure attachment group exhibited a more autonomous, affectionate parenting style and a less hostile parenting attitude and less parenting stress than the insecure attachment group. Dismissing-avoidant attachment parents reported significantly higher parenting stress scores than secure attachment parents. Preoccupied and fearful-avoidant attachment parents displayed a more hostile parenting style than secure attachment parents. Dismissing-avoidant and preoccupied parents reported a less affectionate parenting attitude than secure attachment parents. Conclusion: There were differences in parenting stress, parenting attitudes, and parents’ mental health depending on the adult attachment style. More specific education and interventions based on parental attachment type are necessary for parents.

애착의 세대간 전이 과정에서 어머니의 배우자에 대한 낭만애착에 의한 양육행동의 조절된 매개효과 검증

채진영(Chae, Jin-Young) 한국생활과학회 2017 한국생활과학회지 Vol.26 No.2

The purpose of this study was to investigate the moderated mediation effect of mothers’ parenting behavior by romantic attachment in intergenerational transmission of attachment. The subject were 166 infant-mother dyads recruited from J province to fill in the questionnaire and participated in the Strange Situation Procedure. The data was analysed through SPSS 21.0 and The PROCESS macro for SPSS. The findings are as followed. First, mothers’ parenting behaviors had a partial mediating effect in the relationship between mothers’ childhood attachment to parents and their infants’ attachment to themselves. Second, mothers’ romantic attachment had a moderating effect between mothers’ childhood attachment to parents and their parenting behaviors. Third, there was no moderating effect of mothers’ romantic attachment in intergenerational transmission of attachment. Fourth, there was a moderated mediation effect of mothers’ parenting behavior by romantic attachment in intergenerational transmission of attachment. These results imply that romantic attachment has an important role to promote mothers’ parenting behavior affected by childhood attachment to parents and affecting infants’ attachment to mothers. Therefore, it is suggested to simultaneously provide the workshop regarding improving parenting behaviors and the marriage enrichment program in order to enhance romantic attachment.

유아의 애착, 어머니의 양육방식, 유아의 정서조절능력이 공격성에 미치는 영향

김인숙,김유진,김영희 이화여자대학교 사범대학 교육과학연구소 2010 교육과학연구 Vol.41 No.3

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of attachment to the mother, mother's parenting style and young children's emotional regulation on relational and overt aggression. The subjects of this study were composed of mothers whose children were 3, 4, and 5 years old and who were attending five public and private kindergartens located in Chungju City and Chungbuk Province. Data were analyzed by Factor analysis, and Pearson's correlation using SPSSWIN 12.0. The test of model was done with analysis of correlation matrix in AMOS 5.0 using a maximum likelihood estimation. The results were as follows: First, it found that boys' insecure attachment and emotional regulation had a direct effect on both their relational aggression and overt aggression, and all boys' secure and insecure attachment, mothers' affectionate and controlled parenting style had a direct effect on their relational and overt aggression. Boys' secure attachment appeared to have a direct effect on mothers' affectionate and controlled parenting style, while insecure attachment appeared to have a mediating effect on only mothers' controlled parenting style. Second, it suggested that girls' insecure attachment and emotional regulation had a direct effect on both their relational and overt aggression as for boys and all of girls' secure and insecure attachment, mothers' controlled parenting style had a direct effect on their emotional regulation, while girls' secure attachment had a mediating effect on only mothers' affectionate parenting style, and girls' insecure attachment had a mediating effect on only mothers' controlled parenting style. Third, it showed that mother's parenting style had a indirect effect on young children' emotional regulation and aggression through the medium of their attachment. Both mother's affectionate parenting style and their controlled parenting style appeared to influence boys' aggression through emotional regulation, while only mother's controlled parenting style appeared to have a indirect effect on girls' aggression through emotional regulation. Both boys' emotional regulation and girls' emotional regulation appeared to have both a direct and indirect effect on their respective aggression. Fourth, study results indicated that the relative influence that mother's parenting style and young children's emotional regulation had on relational and overt aggression differed according to gender. While boys' insecure attachment appeared to have significant effect on their relational and overt aggression, girls' insecure attachment appeared to have the great effect on their relational aggression and their emotional regulation appeared to strongly influence overt aggression. 본 연구는 문헌고찰을 통해 세워진 이론적 모델을 통해 유아의 애착이 어머니의 양육방식과 유아의 정서조절능력을 매개로 유아의 공격성에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아봄으로써, 그 결과를 유아의 공격성에 대한 조기 개입의 방안으로 탐색해 보고 부모교육이나 유아교육 및 상담현장에 필요한 기초자료를 제시하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구의 대상은 청주시와 진천군 소재의 사립유치원과 어린이집 5곳에 다니는 만 3~5세 유아를 가진 어머니를 대상으로 하였다. 본 연구를 통하여 밝혀진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 불안정애착과 정서조절능력이 유아의 공격성에 중요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 유아의 정서조절능력에 영향을 미치는 어머니의 양육방식은 남아와 여아간의 차이가 있다. 셋째, 어머니의 양육방식에 영향을 미치는 요인을 살펴보면 남아는 안정애착이 온정적 양육방식과 통제적 양육방식에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났고, 불안정애착은 온정적 양육방식에 영향을 미치지 않고 통제적 양육방식에 직접적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 여아는 안정애착이 통제적 양육방식에 영향을 미치지 않고 온정적 양육방식에만 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 반면 불안정애착은 남아와 여아 모두 온정적 양육방식에 영향을 미치지 않고 통제적 양육방식에만 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 본 연구에서 가장 주목할 만한 결과는 남아와 여아 모두 유아의 정서조절능력이 대인관계 공격성과 외현화 공격성을 경감시키는 가장 중요한 변수로 나타났다는 것이다.