EFFECTS OF DIETARY THYROXINE ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS QUALITY OF BROILERS FED DIFFERENT LEVELS OF DIETARY PROTEIN

Kim, J.W.,Lee, C.H.,Han, I.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1993 Animal Bioscience Vol.6 No.4

To investigate the effects of crude protein and thyroxine on growth performance, nutrient utilizability, carcass composition, the content of total fat and cholesterol in leg muscle, breast muscle and liver, and caloric efficiency in broiler chicks. The experiment involved 3 levels of dietary crude protein (1-3 weeks: 20, 23, 26%; 4-6 weeks: 17, 20, 23%) and 3 levels of thyroxine (0.0, 1.5, 3.0 mg/kg). In the starting period (1-3 weeks), body weight gain of chicks fed diets containing 26% crude protein and 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine was higher than any other groups, and among thyroxine levels, 3.0 mg/kg thyroxine groups were lower. The best feed efficiency was obtained at 26% crude protein with no thyroxine supplemented or 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine supplemented groups. In the finishing period (4-6 weeks) the highest body weight gain was obtained at 23% crude protein with no thyroxine supplemented group. Feed intake of 17% crude protein with 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine supplemented group was higher than those of the other groups. It was found that the utilizability of crude protein in the starting period, showed the best utilizability at 20% crude protein with 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine group. Increasing crude protein level from 17 to 23%, utilizability of crude fat was decreased. The carcass composition was significantly (p<0.05) influenced by crude protein and thyroxine. Increasing thyroxine level from 0.0 to 3.0 mg/kg, crude protein content was increased whereas, crude fat content was decreased. Chicks fed diet containing 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine showed the lowest total fat content in liver tissue. In breast muscle, it was significantly (p<0.05) affected by crude protein and thyroxine. Present data revealed that the cholesterol content was increased for the chicks fed 3.0 mg/kg thyroxine. It the caloric efficiency, chicks fed a diet containing 20% crude protein with no thyroxine supplementation showed the highest caloric efficiency and the lowest efficiency was from 23% crude protein group with 1.5 mg/kg thyroxine. From this study it may be concluded that crude fat content of carcass could be successfully reduced by dietary supplementation of thyroxine, whereas crude protein content was increased.

모체 Thyroxine 투여가 태아알코올효과를 가진 흰쥐 뇌의 BDNF함유 신경세포 생후 발달에 미치는 영향

강양수(Yang Soo Kang),정윤영(Yoon Young Chung),박영란(Young Lan Park),현영식(Young Sig Hyun),김종중(Jong Joong Kim),문정석(Jeong Seok Moon),문영민(Young Min Mun),오재욱(Jae Wook Oh),신성희(Sung Heui Shin),배춘상(Choon Sang Bae) 대한해부학회 2006 Anatomy & Cell Biology Vol.39 No.4

임부의 알코올 남용은 태아 정신발육지연의 흔한 원인이며 특히 태아의 뇌 발생에 예민한 결정적 기간 (critical period) 동안에 지속적으로 음주하는 경우 태아알코올효과를 나타내기 쉽다. 본 연구에서는 임신 기간중 지속적으로 알코올을 섭취한 모체에 thyroxine을 투여하여 알코올의 유해한 영향으로 인한 태아알코올효과를 개선시킬 수 있는지를 관찰하기 위하여 흰쥐 뇌의 생후 연령에 따라 brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)함유 신경세포의 성숙 양상을 면역조직화학염색을 이용하여 관찰하였고 BDNF 함량을 측정하였다. 실험동물은 매일 35 칼로리 정도의 알코올을 섭취한 알코올군, 알코올 대신 dextrin이 첨가된 유동액을 섭취한 정상군 및 알코올을 섭취하고 thyroxine을 매일 5 μg/kg 피하 주사한 알코올+T4군으로 나누었으며 생후 0, 7, 14, 21, 28일에 희생시켰다. 본 연구 결과 BDNF 단백 양은 알코올+T4군에서 알코올군에 비해 생후 7, 14, 21일에 증가하였으며 특히 생후 7일의 알코올+T4군에서 가장 높았다. 알코올군은 모든 연령에서 정상군보다 감소하였다. 소뇌에서는 알코올+T4군에서 생후 14일부터 정상군과 유사한 BDNF함유 신경세포들이 조롱박세포층에 분포하였다. 알코올+T4군에서는 알코올군에 비해 대뇌겉질, 시상하부 및 해마에서 생후 7일에 성숙되고 두드러진 양성반응을 나타냈으며 해마에서는 생후 28일까지도 뚜렷한 양성반응을 나타냈다. 이상의 결과는 임신 중 알코올을 음용한 흰쥐 모체에 thyroxine을 투여하면 태아알코올효과를 가지고 태어날 수 있는 후손들의 뇌에 분포하는 BDNF함유 신경세포들이 생후 발달동안 정상군과 유사하거나 더 빠르게 발달시킬 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 이는 모체에 투여하는 지속적인 thyroxine 처치가 출생 초기에 BDNF 합성을 증가시켜 모체의 알코올 남용으로 야기되는 태아알코올효과와 같은 출생결함을 개선시킬 수 있음을 시사한다. Maternal alcohol abuse is thought to be the common cause of mental retardation. Especially, continuous alcohol consumption during critical period of brain development induce fetal alcohol effects. In this study, the authors investigated the effects of maternal alcohol drinking on the postnatal changes of BDNF contents and patterns of BDNF-containing neuron in neonatal rat brain, and, the influence of maternal thyroxine treatment on the brain of pups of alcohol abused mother. Pregnant rats were divided into three groups. Alcohol-fed group (n=4) received 35 calories of liquid alcohol diet daily from gestation day 6; control pair-fed group (n=4) was fed a liquid diet in dextrin replaced alcohol isocalorically; alcohol+T4 group (n=4) received 35 calories liquid alcohol diet and exogenous thyroxine (5 μg/kg/day) subcutaneously. The amount of BDNF was significantly higher in the alcohol+T4 group as compared to the alcohol group at P7, P14 and P21, especially, alcohol+T4-exposed pups showed a significant increase of BDNF at P7. The decrease in BDNF was found in alcohol group compared to control pair-fed group at all ages. In alcohol+T4 group, BDNF-containing Purkinje cells exhibited mature pattern and monolayer arrangement at P14. Alcohol+T4 group showed mature pattern and numerical increase of BDNF-containing cells in cerebral cortex, hypothalamus and hippocampus at P7. The BDNF immunoreactivity of hippocampus continued to show prominent configuration in alcohol+T4 group at P28. These results indicate that the increase of the BDNF-containing neurons and BDNF amount in pups of thyroxinesupplemented alcohol-exposed dams as compared to control pair-fed and alcohol-exposed pups at P7, presumably suggest the early postnatal growth stimulatory effect of the exogenously supplemented thyroxine. Therefore, the increase of BDNF synthesis caused by maternal administration of exogenous thyroxine may ameliorate fetal alcohol effects, one of the ill effects as a result of the dysthyroid state following maternal alcohol abuse.

A Study of Thyroid Function in Partial Thyroxine-Binding Globulin Deficiency

Jae Won Lee,Jang Yong Jin,Jungho Lee,Dong Hwan Lee,Yong Hee Hong 순천향대학교 순천향의학연구소 2015 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.21 No.2

Objective: It is generally thought that thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG)-deficient individuals are euthyroid and do not require treatment. However, there have been case reports of TBG deficiency combined with hypothyroidism. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between TBG deficiency and thyroid function. Methods: We reviewed the medical records of 32 patients diagnosed with TBG deficiency between 1997 and 2008 in Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital. All were partial TBG deficiency. Eighteen patients had combined hypothyroidism, and 14 patients had normal thyroid function. We compared the TBG, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, and total triiodothyronine levels between these 2 groups. Eighteen patients with TBG deficiency with hypothyroidism started thyroxine medication and continued for 2-3 years. After, they were followed up with thyroid function tests after discontinuing medication for 4 weeks at 2-3 years of age. Results: The TBG level in TBG deficiency with hypothyroidism patients was significantly lower than that in TBG deficiency with normal thyroid function (4.43±2.22 mg/L vs. 6.23±1.81 mg/L; P=0.02). The percent TBG compared with normal mean TBG level according to age in the hypothyroidism patients was also significantly lower than that of patients with normal thyroid function (13.42%±6.92% vs. 19.08%±4.87%; P=0.014). Sixteen of 18 patients diagnosed with TBG deficiency with hypothyroidism showed persistent hypothyroidism at 2-3 years of age. Conclusion: We conclude that TBG-deficient patients should be observed closely and undergo thyroid function testing in order not to miss hypothyroidism. More investigations of TBG deficiency and thyroid function are needed in the future.

Thyroxine과 Iodide에 의한 버들치, Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (Sauvage and Dabry) 성장 효과

박인석,임재현,조성환 한국어류학회 2004 韓國魚類學會誌 Vol.16 No.1

Thyroxine과 iodide의 먹이공급 시 버들치, Rhyn-chocypris oxycephalus (Savage and Dabry) 성장에 미치는 효과를 조사하였다. 부화 후 120일의 자어(평균 전장 4.48㎝, 평균체중 0.84g)를 실험에 사용하였으며, Na-I-thyroxine(T4)을 최종농도 1 ppm과 5 ppm으로, Na-iodide(I)를 최종농도 1 ppm, 5 ppm 및 25 ppm로 잉어사료에 분사시켰다. 대조군은 이를 처리하지 않은 잉어사료만을 공급하였다. 먹이는 실험기간인 12주 동안 만복에 가깝도록 충분히 공급하였다. 실험기간 중 대조군은 97.5%의 생존율을 보였고, 실험군들은 대조군의 생존율과 유사하였으며 기형은 관찰되지 않았다. 5 ppm T₄로 먹이 공급시 어체중 증가(%)와 일일성장륙이 가장 높았으며 1 ppm Ⅰ군, 대조 군, 25 ppm Ⅰ군, 5 ppm Ⅰ군, 1 ppm T₄군의 순으로 어체중 증가와 일일성장률을 보였다. 일일사료섭취율에서 5 ppm T₄군과 1 ppm Ⅰ군은 실험군과 대조군에 비해 유의하게 컸으며(P〈0.05), 25 ppm Ⅰ군은 가장 낮은 일일사료섭취율을 보였다. 사료전환효율은 25 ppmⅠ군이 가장 높았으며 5 ppmⅠ군, 1 ppm T₄군, 대조군, 1 ppmⅠ군, 5 ppm T₄군의 순으로 사료전환효율을 보였다. 5 ppm T₄군에서의 높은 어체중 증가와 높은 일일성장률은 높은 일일 사료섭취율에 기인되었으며 낮은 사료전환효율을 보였다. 1 ppmⅠ 먹이공급군의 비만도는 대조군이나 다른 실험군에 비해 유의하게 높았다(P〈0.05). 본 실험 결과 5 ppm T₄와 1 ppm Ⅰ 첨가는 본 종의 성장 촉진에 유의하게 효과적이었다. Twelve-week feeding trial was performed to investigate effectiveness of dietary thyroxine and iodide on growth of Rhynchocypris oxycephalus (Sauvage and Dabry). One hundred and twenty-day old larvae (4.48 cm in mean total length and 0.84 g in mean wet body weight) were used as the experimental fish and acclimated into the experimental conditions. Two levels of concentrations (1 and 5 ppm) of sodium-L-thyroxine (T₄) and three levels of concentrations (1, 5 and 25 ppm) sodium iodide (Ⅰ) were sprayed on commercial feed for carp. Commercial feed for carp without spraying T₄ or I was used as control. Fish were fed to visual satiety for 12 weeks, Water quality was regularly monitored throughout the feeding trial. The control group showed 97.5% survival. Fish in the experimental groups at the end of the feeding trial achieved similar survival to control group and their appearance was to be normal without any deformity in all treatments. Weight gain (%) and specific growth rate of fish fed the diet with T₄, at 5 ppm were highest, and Ⅰ at 1 ppm, control, Ⅰ at 25 ppm, Ⅰ at 5 ppm and T₄ at 1 ppm, in order. Daily feed intake of fish fed on the diet with T₄, at 5 ppm and Ⅰ at 1 ppm were significantly (P< 0.05) higher than that of fish fed on the other diets. Daily feed intake of fish fed on the diet with Ⅰ at 25 ppm was highest. Feed efficiency ratio for fish fed on the diet with Ⅰ at 25 ppm was highest followed by Ⅰ at 5 ppm, T₄ at 1 ppm, control, Ⅰ at 1 ppm and T₄ at 5 ppm in order. This indicated that high weight gain and specific growth rate for fish fed the diet with T₄ at 5 ppm resulted from high daily feed intake, and eventually led to low feed efficiency ratio. Condition factor of fish fed the diet with Ⅰ at 1 ppm was significantly (P< 0.05) higher than that of fish fed the other diets. Results of this study indicate that 5 ppm T₄, and 1 ppm Ⅰ treatment were effective for growth promotion in R. oxycephalus.

간 질환에서 Thyroxine-Binding Globulin ( TBG ) 의 변동 및 종양 표지자로서의 유용성

이신형(Sin Hyeung Lee),서동진(Dong Jin Suh),김연수(Yeun Su Kim) 대한소화기학회 1994 대한소화기학회지 Vol.26 No.1

N/A In acute and chronic liver diseases, the level of TBG, the principal thyroid hormone binding protein in human serum, is changed. Serum' TBG is elevated in a certain proportion of pa- tients with hepatocellular carcinoma, and has been claimed to be a tumor marker. The serum level of TBG was measured in patients with acute and chronic liver diseases not only to evaluate the relationship of hepatocyte damage and serum TBG level, but also to study the usefullness of TBG as a tumor marker in the hepatocellular carcinoma. Serum TBG was measured by radioimmunoassay in 98 patients with liver diseases(l 1 AVH, 24 CAH, 23 LC, 40 HCC). TBG was elevated in acute and chronic liver diseases in the order of AVH (mean 37.9p g/ ml), CAH (mean 36.3u g/ml), HCC(mean 31.0p g/ml) and LC (mean 26.3p g/ml). In acute and chronic hepatitis, although there was no linear correlation between ALT and TBG, the TBG level was decreased significantly as ALT level decreased. There was no significant difference of serum TBG level between HCC and LC (p=0.139). There was no relationship between serum TBG and AFP level in HCC (p=0.873). Although serum TBG level was significantly el- evated in HCC as well as benign liver disease with inflammation, it was not useful as a tumor marker of HCC.(Korean J Gastroenterol 1994; 26: 102-108)

티록신 결합 글로불린 결핍을 동반한 저티록시혈증 1예

허순미,김신희,변동원,서교일,유명희,박형규 순천향대학교 순천향의학연구소 2011 Journal of Soonchunhyang Medical Science Vol.17 No.2

The transport proteins such as thyroxine-binding-globulin (TBG), albumin and transthyretin carry over 99% of circulating thyroid hormones. TBG is a major thyroid hormone transport protein in serum. Although TBG deficiency does not have metabolic consequences,it has diagnostic implications as it can lead to an incorrect interpretation of thyroid function tests. We experienced a case that a man who had an abnormal thyroid function showed unexpectedly low concentrations of serum total thyroxine. We detected the low TBG in his serum and he was diagnosed the TBG deficiency. We report this case along with a review of the related literature.

Identification of Mutations in the Thyroxine-Binding Globulin (TBG) Gene in Patients with TBG Deficiency in Korea

허정,Sang-Mi Kim,Hyun Jin Ryu,박현주,김태혁,Jae Hoon Chung,Hyung-Doo Park,김선욱 대한내분비학회 2022 Endocrinology and metabolism Vol.37 No.6

Background: Thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) is a major transporter protein for thyroid hormones. The serpin family A member 7 (SERPINA7) gene codes for TBG, and mutations of the SERPINA7 gene result in TBG deficiency. Although more than 40 mutations have been reported in several countries, only a few studies of TBG deficiency and SERPINA7 gene mutation have been performed in Korea. The aim of this study is to review the clinical presentations and laboratory findings of patients with TBG deficiency and to investigate the types of SERPINA7 gene mutation. Methods: Five unrelated Korean adults with TBG deficiency attending endocrinology clinic underwent SERPINA7 gene sequencing. Four patients harbored a SERPINA7 gene mutation. Serum thyroid hormones, anti-microsomal antibodies, and TBG were measured. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood. All exons and intron-exon boundaries of the TBG gene were amplified and sequencing was performed. Results: Two patients were heterozygous females, and the other two were hemizygous males. One heterozygous female had coexisting hypothyroidism. The other heterozygous female was erroneously prescribed levothyroxine at a local clinic. One hemizygous male harbored a novel mutation, p.Phe269Cysfs*18, which caused TBG partial deficiency. Three patients had the p.Leu372Phefs*23 mutation, which is known as TBG-complete deficiency Japan (TBG-CDJ) and was also presented in previous mutation analyses in Korea. Conclusion: This study presents four patients diagnosed with TBG deficiency and provides the results of SERPINA7 gene sequencing. One novel mutation, p.Phe269Cysfs*18, causing TBD-partial deficiency and three cases of TBG-CDJ were demonstrated. It is necessary to identify TBG deficiency to prevent improper treatment. Also, sequencing of the SERPINA7 gene would provide valuable information about the TBG variants in Korea.

출생초기 Thyroxine투여가 BDNF와 trkB함유 조롱박세포의 생후 발달 및 BDNF 단백 양에 미치는 영향

김종중,김복,정윤영 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 2009 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.33 No.S

Background and Objectives: Thyroid hormones (TH) are essential for the development of the brain. Furthermore, TH modulate the expression of neurotrophins or their receptors. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its receptor trkB are enriched in the mammalian central nervous system. This study investigated the effect of early thyroxine (T₄) treatment on the postnatal development of BDNF- and trkB- immunoreactive (IR) Purkinje cell and BDNF protein amount in the rat cerebellum. Methods: Newborn Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups and treated during first 10 postnatal days, either with a daily subcutaneous injection of 0.05 ml 7.5 ㎍ L-thyroxine sodium salt in buffered 0.9% saline (group T) or with an identical volume of normal saline (group C). The morphological features of the growth and maturation were observed at 10, 15, 30 postnatal days (P10,15, 30) via immunohistochemistry. Results: The number of BDNF- and trkB-IR Purkinje cells and protein amount of BDNF were significantly higher in the group T than in the group C at P10. A similar developmental pattern of BDNF- and trkB-IR Purkinje cells was observed in the group T and C on and after P15. However, in the group T, the number of BDNF-and trkB-IR Purkinje cells and protein amount of BDNF were significantly decreased at P30 compared to P15. Conclusion: Based on the results, it can be suggested that the increase of protein amount of BDNF and BDNF-and trkB-IR Purkinje cell by early postnatal T₄ treatment is transient during early postnatal life, and these alterations are not kept until adolescence.

유추의 산소소비량 촉진에 관한 Tri-iodothyronine과 Thyroxine의 생물학적 효력

황보종,하정기 한국가금학회 1990 韓國家禽學會誌 Vol.17 No.2

유추의 산소소비에 기인하는 $T_3$와 $T_4$의 생물학적 효력을 비교하는 일연의 실험을 실시했다. 3마리씩 5구로 나누어 와 $T_3$와 $T_4$를 체중 1kg당 500혹은 1,000mg씩을, 대조구에는 동양의 생리 식염수만을 각각 투여한 뒤, 호흡 시험장치를 이용한 산소소비량을 측정하였다. 산소소비량은 2시간 후의 $T_4$-500mg구를 제외하고는 대조구에 비해 갑상선 호르몬 처리구가 통계적으로 유의하게 증가했다. 이 실험의 결과로 얻어진 등식으로부터, $T_3$는 $T_4$에 비해 산소소비량의 증가에 대한 생물학적 활성이 2~3배 정도임을 알 수 있다. An experiment was conducted to evaluate relative biopotency of tri-iodothyronine ($T_3$) and thyroxine ($T_4$) to induce oxygen consumption in young chicks. Four experimental groups of 3 chicks were injected with $T_3$ or $T_4$ at a dose of 500 or 1000mg per kg body weight, and thereafter oxygen consumption was measured by indirect calorimetry using a respiration apparatus. Oxygen consumption was significantly increased at 2 and 4 hour in the $T_3$ or $T_4$ treated chicks at 500mg at 2 hour. From coefficient of a multiple regression equation of oxygen consumption on $T_3$ or $T_4$, it was concluded that $T_3$ was shown to be two to three times as biologically active as $T_4$.

Radionuclide Esophageal Transit Scintigraphy in Primary Hypothyroidism

( Shoukat H Khan ),( Madhu Vijay P ),( Tanveer A Rather ),( Bashir A Laway ) 대한소화기기능성질환·운동학회(구 대한소화관운동학회) 2017 Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility (JNM Vol.23 No.1

Background/Aims Esophageal dysmotility is associated with gastrointestinal dysmotility in various systemic and neuroregulatory disorders. Hypothyroidism has been reported to be associated with impaired motor function in esophagus due to accumulation of glycosaminoglycan hyaluronic acid in its soft tissues, leading to changes in various contraction and relaxation parameters of esophagus, particularly in the lower esophageal sphincter. In this study we evaluated esophageal transit times in patients of primary hypothyroidism using the technique of radionuclide esophageal transit scintigraphy. Methods Thirty-one patients of primary hypothyroidism and 15 euthyroid healthy controls were evaluated for esophageal transit time using 15- 20 MBq of Technetium-99m sulfur colloid diluted in 10-15 mL of drinking water. Time activity curve was generated for each study and esophageal transit time was calculated as time taken for clearance of 90% radioactive bolus from the region of interest encompassing the esophagus. Esophageal transit time of more than 10 seconds was considered as prolonged. Results Patients of primary hypothyroidism had a significantly increased mean esophageal transit time of 19.35 ± 20.02 seconds in comparison to the mean time of 8.25 ± 1.71 seconds in healthy controls (P < 0.05). Esophageal transit time improved and in some patients even normalized after treatment with thyroxine. A positive correlation (r = 0.39, P < 0.05) albeit weak existed between the serum thyroid stimulating hormone and the observed esophageal transit time. Conclusions A significant number of patients with primary hypothyroidism may have subclinical esophageal dysmotility with prolonged esophageal transit time which can be reversible by thyroxine treatment. Prolonged esophageal transit time in primary hypothyroidism may correlate with serum thyroid stimulating hormone levels. (J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017;23:49-54)