건축재인 콘크리트블록과 접착제의 소형챔버를 이용한 오염물질 방출특성 평가

권우택(Woo-Taeg Kwon),김기범(Ki-Bum Kim),김형철(Hyung-Chul Kim),김고성(Ko-Sung Kim),이기룡(Ki-Ryong Lee) 한국환경관리학회 2006 環境管理學會誌 Vol.12 No.2

본 연구에서는 친환경건축자재 개발을 위해 포름알데히드, TVOC의 제거에 높은 제거효율을 나타내는 GNC(Green Natural Clean)를 기존의 접착제에 5%를 첨가하여 친환경 접착제와 일반 콘크리트에 1:1,000, 1:3,000, 1:10,000, 1:50,000의 배합을 하여 제품을 개발하였는데, 개발한 제품의 방출실험을 측정분석 평가하였다. 실험방법은 건축자재 방출실험에 사용되는 소형챔버를 Batch조작하여 콘크리트 및 접착제의 TVOC 및 포름알데히드의 방출농도 특성을 비교실험 하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, GNC첨가에 의한 TVOC 및 포름알데히드의 제거효율은 접착제에서 높은 효율을 나타냈으나 상대적으로 콘크리트에서는 낮은 효율을 나타냈다. 둘째, 수용성접착제의 경우 GNC를 5% 첨가한 접착제는 일반접착제에 비해 TVOC 방출농도가 48.4-59.0% 적게 방출되었으며, 용제형접착제의 경우 GNC를 5% 첨가한 접착제는 14.3-61.3%적게 방출되는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, HCOH의 실험결과도 GNC의 효과가 매우 높은 것으로 나타났는데 수용성접착제의 경우 GNC를 5% 첨가한 접착제는 일반접착제에 비해 방출농도가 38.6-68.7% 적게 방출되었으며 또한, 용제형접착제의 경우 GNC를 5% 첨가한 접착제는 일반접착제에 비해 72.3-91.1%적게 방출되는 것으로 나타남으로 HCOH의 경우는 TVOC와 달리 용제형접착제에서 높은 효율을 나타냈다. 넷째, 콘크리트에서도 GNC첨가제품이 일반콘크리트에 비해 TVOC 및 HCOH의 방출농도가 낮게 나타났다. 다섯째, 콘크리트에서 TVOC 방출농도는 0.8-32.4%로 접착제에 비해 효율은 떨어짐을 보여주었고, HCOH방출농도는 33.3-66.7%로 나타났다. 여섯째, 1/10,000의 비율로 제조한 콘크리트가 TVOC 및 HCOH의 방출농도가 상대적으로 낮게 나타남으로 최적의 배합비율로 판단되었다. Building and furnishing materials and consumer goods are important sources of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) and other aldehydes in the indoor environment. It tested the removal efficiency of the HCOH and the TVOC of the construction material from the research which it sees. The test material the GNC (Green Natural Clean) in the adhesives which adds 5% in the adhesives and the general concrete blended at 1:1,000, 1:3,000, 1:10,000, 1:50,000 ratio and it develops product in the object. The testing method small Chamber is used in construction material emission test by the Batch. Comparison it tested the emission concentration of the TVOC and the HCOH of the concrete and the adhesives and with afterwords it got a same result. First, the removal efficiency of the TVOC due to a GNC addition and the HCOH it showed high efficiency from the adhesives but showed low efficiency relative from the concrete. Second, The adhesives which 5% adds GNC water soluble adhesives compared in the general adhesives and the TVOC emission concentration was few emitted 48.4-59.0%. Also, the adhesives which 5% adds the case GNC of the solvent type adhesives the TVOC emission concentration was few emitted 14.3-61.3%. Third, HCOH appeared with the fact that the effect of the GNC is high. The adhesives which 5% adds GNC of the water soluble adhesives compared in the general adhesives and the emission concentration was few emitted 38.6-68.7%. Also, the adhesives which 5% adds GNC of the solvent type adhesives in the general adhesives to compare, 72.3-91.1% it was few emitted. The case of the HCOH with the TVOC differently showed high efficiency from the solvent type adhesives. Fourth, concrete the GNC additive with compared in the general concrete and the emission concentration of the TVOC and the HCOH appeared lowly. Fifth, concrete the TVOC emission concentration with 0.8-32.4% compares in the adhesives and the efficiency falls to seem. And the HCOH emission concentration appeared with 33.3-66.7%. Sixth, The concrete which it manufactures at ratio 1/10,000 appeared emission concentration of the TVOC and the HCOH relativy lowly. It was judged at blending ratio of optimum.

Characteristics of TVOCs Emissions in New Apartment Buildings : 신축아파트에서 발생하는 TVOC의 방출특성

Shin-Do Kim(김신도),Jeong-Ho Kim(김정호),Jin-Soo Park(박진수),Jeong-Joo Lee(이정주) 한국실내환경학회 2006 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.3 No.2

건축자재는 복잡한 화학물질로 구성되어 있다. 본 연구에서는 신축아파트에서 방출되는 TVOCs(Toatal Volatile Organic Compounds)의 농도를 조사하고, 75일 동안의 방출량 변화특성을 조사하는 것이다. 조사결과 신축 건물의 초기 5일동안의 TVOCs 평균농도 값은 3.768㎍/㎥ 이었다. VOCs에 포함된 주요물질은 톨루엔(toluene), 에틸벤젠(ethylbenzene), m,p-자이렌(m,p-xyene)이었다. 조사된 벤젠(benzene)의 농도는 58㎍/㎥, 톨루엔은 793㎍/㎥, 에틸벤젠 438㎍/㎥, 스틸렌(styrene) 79㎍/㎥, m,p-자이렌 1,210㎍/㎥, o-자이렌 364㎍/㎥을 각각 나타내고 있었다. 이러한 결과는 신축건물로부터 방출되는 주요 VOCs(Volatile Organic Compounds)는 다환족 탄화수소(aromatic hydrocarbon compounds)계열의 재료를 사용하는 건축자재의 영향을 가장 많이 받는 것을 나타낸다. TVOCs 방출강도는 초기에 12,856㎍/㎥으로 매우 높은 수준을 나타내었으며, 이후 시간의 감소에 따라 감소하였다. 조사 대상 주택의 75일 이후 TVOCs 농도는 초기 방출강도의 1/20 수준으로 감소하였다. TVOCs의 방출특성은 건자재 내의 VOCs 농도와 발생과정에 영향을 받는 것으로 판단된다. 건자재 내부에 포함된 VOCs는 느리고 지속적인 과정을 걸쳐 실내로 방출되며, 시간 경과에 따라 저농도를 오랫 동안 서서히 방출하며 감쇄한다. Building materials are composed of very complex chemical compounds. The aims of this paper are to investigate the emission concentrations of indoor pollutants from new apartment house and the emission variation patterns during 75 days. The average value of total volatile organic compounds(TVOCs) concentration was 3,768 ㎍/㎥ in five new apartments. Major VOCs included toluene, ethylbenzene, m,p-xylene and o-xylene. The average concentrations of each compound were measured as : benzene(58㎍/㎥), toluene (793㎍/㎥), ethylbenzene(438㎍/㎥), styrene(79㎍/㎥), m,p-xylene(1,210㎍/㎥), o-xylene(364㎍/㎥). The results indicated that the major VOCs from the new apartment were affected by building products such as on aromatic hydrocarbon compounds. TVOCs emission are characterized as high emission level at initial time (12,856㎍/㎥) and decreased through time. After a lapse of 75 days in sample house, TVOCs concentration decreased in about 20 times as compared with the initial concentration. The TVOCs emission profiles strongly depended on the generation mode and the concentration of the VOCs in building material.

실내 마감재료의 TVOC 방출 저감을 위한 화강섬록암 현탁액 도포효과

이종규,김지현,이재용,이수용 한국건축시공학회 2008 한국건축시공학회지 Vol.8 No.5

The environment draws attention in the global community and a growing number of Koreans have interest in improving the quality of life, the importance of house environment has attracted the attention of the public. Against this backdrop, constructors have unveiled environmentally -friendly projects. However, they failed to establish people-oriented environment by being occupied with maximizing profitability through the improvement of brand image and caused sick house syndrome that has recently made controversy. In this regard, the study analyzed the mechanism of discharge of TVOC, one of the sick house syndrome-causing materials, that affects IAQ and its characteristics and examined the effect that granodiorite has on reduction of the discharge of TVOC in order to minimize damage. Experimental sample consisted of interior finishing materials frequently used in ceiling, wall and floor and adhesives used at a time of construction, and the TVOC of building materials was measured through the use of septum bottle unlike in the existing chamber method. Measures to counter the sick house syndrome were suggested by reducing the possible damage from the stage of selection of building material and by figuring out the effect that the granodiorite has on reduction of the discharge of TVOC. The environment draws attention in the global community and a growing number of Koreans have interest in improving the quality of life, the importance of house environment has attracted the attention of the public. Against this backdrop, constructors have unveiled environmentally -friendly projects. However, they failed to establish people-oriented environment by being occupied with maximizing profitability through the improvement of brand image and caused sick house syndrome that has recently made controversy. In this regard, the study analyzed the mechanism of discharge of TVOC, one of the sick house syndrome-causing materials, that affects IAQ and its characteristics and examined the effect that granodiorite has on reduction of the discharge of TVOC in order to minimize damage. Experimental sample consisted of interior finishing materials frequently used in ceiling, wall and floor and adhesives used at a time of construction, and the TVOC of building materials was measured through the use of septum bottle unlike in the existing chamber method. Measures to counter the sick house syndrome were suggested by reducing the possible damage from the stage of selection of building material and by figuring out the effect that the granodiorite has on reduction of the discharge of TVOC.

벽지에서 방출되는 TVOCs와 냄새원인물질 분석

정영림,정탁교,장미옥,김선화,김만구 한국냄새환경학회 2006 실내환경 및 냄새 학회지 Vol.5 No.3

In this study, the TVOCs and odor active compounds emitted from 3 PVC and 5 natural wallpapers were analyzed. The emitted odor intensities and characteristics of the wallpapers were estimated using air dilution sensory and direct olfactory methods. The emissions of TVOCs were measured using the SPME-cryogenic emission test method, which was modified from the RAL-GZ 479 method, which is used in Germany to evaluate the quality of wallpapers. It was found that there was no significant correlation between the emissions of TVOCs and the odor concentration. However, a correlation (0.57) was found between the emitted VOCs and the odor concentration of the low molecular weight compounds, which have strong volatilities, ranging from n-C6 to n-C10. For all 8 wallpapers, vinegar like odor was commonly perceived, with acetic acid identified as the main odor active compound withinthe odor. Benzaldehyde and esters, such as ethyl acrylate and n-butyl acrylate, were identified as odor active compounds, which were expressed as having rubber like smells by the panelists. These results indicate that odor should be included as a domestic regulation for the pollutants emitted from building materials. The identification of odor active compounds emitted from building materials could be useful in the production of eco-environment products. 이 연구에서는 3종의 PVC벽지와 5종의 천연벽지에서 방출되는 TVOCs와 냄새원인물질을 분석해 보았다. 벽지에서 방출되는 냄새강도와 냄새질은 공기희석관능법과 직접관능법으로 측정하였다. TVOCs 방출량은 독일에서 벽지의 품질분석방법으로 사용하고 있는 RAL-GZ 479방법을 변형한 SPME-저온방출시험방법으로 측정하였다. TVOCs와 냄새농도와의 상관성은 거의 없었으나, n-C6~n-C10의 휘발성이 강한 저분자 화합물의 VOCs 방출량과 냄새농도와는 상관성이 0.57로 나타났다. 8종의 벽지에서는 공통적으로 시큼한 냄새가 나타났는데 acetic acid가 주된 냄새원인물질로 확인되었다. 그 외에 고무냄새를 나타낸 화합물로 ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate 등의 에스테르류와 benzaldehyde가 벽지에서 방출되는 것으로 확인되었다. 이 연구결과를 통해 국내에서 시행되고 있는 건축자재 오염물질 방출량 기준에 냄새항목을 추가시켜 규제하는 것이 필요하다고 생각된다. 그리고 건축자재에서 방출되는 냄새의 원인물질의 규명은 친환경제품을 제조하는데 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

Sliding Arc Plasma를 이용한 석유공장에서의 BTX 처리효율에 관한 연구

권우택,권이승,이우식 한국화재소방학회 2015 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.29 No.6

This research examines the removal efficiency of benzene, toluene, xylene (BTX) and total volatile organic compounds(TVOCs) by flowing VOCs, which are generated at a petrochemical complex in the Ulsan area, in a sliding arc plasma(SAP) reactor. The SAP reactor process is composed of 5 steps and the analysis was conducted using a BTX detector andTVOC measuring instrument. The removal efficiency of BTX was better at high concentration than at low concentrationand the emitted TVOC concentration increased in later steps of the reactor. In addition, the removal efficiency improved,as the flow velocity increased. The maximum permissible concentration of TVOCs in the first step was about 481 ppmand showed over 94.83% efficiency when it was operated in the 2nd step at concentrations beyond 481 ppm. Therefore,there are many factors for improving the removal efficiency of SAP reactors at low concentration and measures should beprepared according to the application method for the various types of industrial reactors. 본 연구는 울산소재 석유공장의 건조시설에서 발생하는 가스를 스크러버(Scrubber)로 최종 처리하여 배출되는 저 농도의 유해가스와 산 처리 시설에서 발생되는 고 농도로 발생하는 유해가스를 대상으로 연구하였다. 공정별로 벤젠(Benzene), 톨루엔(Toluene), 자일렌(Xylene) 및 총휘발성유기화합물(TVOCs)을 대상으로 측정하였으며 농도 측정은TVOCs 측정기와 GC-MSD를 이용하여 SAP 전 · 후단의 TVOCs와 BTX의 농도를 측정, 분석하여 제거효율을 평가하였고, SAP 반응기는 5 단계로 구성하여 실험을 수행하였다. 슬라이딩 아크 프라즈마(slidind arc plasma) 반응기의 단수별에 따른 TVOCs 농도 변화는 유입 TVOCs 농도의 변화에 따른 처리효율 결과 481 ppm 미만에서 94.83%, 481ppm 이상일 경우에는 1단에서는 89.07% 2단에서는 약 91% 이상으로 처리되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 본 연구의 결과는 석유화학공정 및 제조시설에서 SAP 공정을 통한 VOCs 제거에 대한 연구 및 기술개발의 기초가 되어 VOCs의보다 안정적인 처리와 다양한 기술개발에 효과가 있을 것으로 기대해 본다.

공동주택 실내오염농도 평가에 의한 CO₂와 TVOC 센서기반 환기제어방법 특성 연구

홍성민(Hong, Sung-Min),윤동원(Yoon, Dong-Won) 대한건축학회 2012 대한건축학회논문집 Vol.28 No.1

The purpose of this study is to find the control strategies for ventilation and energy reduction with appropriate maintenance of indoor contaminant levels. According to a survey in other research, many mechanical ventilation systems are not often operated by residents, because residents tend to avoid powering their ventilation system in order to save utility cost. There isn’t anything to inform sufficiently how to operating ventilation system for IAQ(Indoor Air Quality). And then, without any sufficient ventilation control strategies, it would be very difficult to improve IAQ by an occupant’s manual control. If the ventilation unit is operating for 24 hour, the energy consumption would be dramatically increased. Therefore, the sensor based DCV control method is necessary for comfort and energy saving . It has been simulated both of CO₂ and TVOC sensors based DCV system for operating mechanical ventilation system. As a result of analysis, CO₂-DCV is not sufficient to maintain for comfort IAQ against TVOC from building materials and furnitures. Because CO₂ is generated irregularly by occupant’s schedules in individual room, but TVOC is emitted steadily from the finishing materials Therefore, CO₂-DCV couldn’t control the chemical contaminants like TVOC as below as the guideline. We must consider whether chemical contaminants are a proper target for control in an apartment house or not, because TVOC are more dangerous than CO₂.

조선소 용접작업 중 오존 및 TVOCs의 노출평가와 사용 호흡보호구의 적합성

한돈희,김동환 한국산업보건학회 2018 한국산업보건학회지 Vol.28 No.2

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to assess the exposure to ozone and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) generated during welding work at a shipyard and recommend respiratory protective equipment (RPE) adequate against these hazards. Method: Ozone was collected for about 30 minutes at two-minutes intervals using a direct reading instrument, specifically an ozone analyzer (Serinus 10, Ecotech, Australia). TVOCs were collected for about 30 minutes at three-minute intervals using a portable GC (Alpha 115, Synspec BV, the Netherlands), and were determined simultaneously by area sampling at the welding plume closest to the welder’s breathing zone. The total measurements were 162 for ozone (CO2 welding 47, TIG 60, stick 55), and 136 for TVOCs (CO2 65, TIG 50, stick 21). Based on these measurements, a literature survey was conducted to assess the adequacy of RPE. Results: Relative to Korean OEL, measurements above STEL 0.2 ppm were 23.4% for CO2, 63.3% for TIG and 14.5% for stick welding. There were significant differences (p=<0.0001) among welding types. Compared with ACGIH peak exposure of 0.4 ppm for ozone, which is not applied in Korea, CO2 welding exceeded it by 10.6%, TIG by 40.0% and stick by 7.3%. Although it was not feasible to compare them directly since there are no Korean OEL, TVOCs had very high levels similar to the concentrations before moving into a new apartment and about 10-20 times the indoor air quality recommendations for some individual measurements. Conclusions: As ozone removal RPE has been recommended in welding environments for a long time (Lunau, 1967), this fact was demonstrated based on the results of the on-site work environment measurements (ozone and TVOCs). In conclusion, for all welding at a shipyard, gas/vapor and particulate combination RPE are recommended. If this is not possible, it should at least be present for TIG welding.

가구 재료에서 발생되는 총휘발성유기화합물(TVOCs)의 방출 특성 연구

서수연,백남원,전준민 한국EHS평가학회 2005 한국EHS평가학회지 Vol.3 No.2

The purpose of this study is to understand the characteristics of total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) emission from furniture materials through the small chamber test method. Particle board and medium density fiberboard as wood products, synthetic leather and textile were selected for this study. The TVOCs concentrations of each test material increased to maximum value in 1-3 days and rapidly decreased in 27 days. The unidentifiable VOCs occupied over 70% of the TVOCs concentration. Toluene occupied the greatest proportion of the identifiable VOCs and benzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene and xylene occupied relatively high proportion of the identifiable VOCs for all test materials. A first-order decay source model in explicit chamber model was used to evaluate the characteristics of TVOCs emission from these furniture materials. Synthetic leather showed the highest initial emission factor and textile had the lowest initial emission factor for TVOCs among tested materials. Also, synthetic leather had the highest emission decay constant and particle board had the lowest emission decay constant for TVOCs.

화학 및 천연페인트에서 발생되는 TVOCs의 방출강도 특성 연구

김신도(Shin Do Kim),김정호(Jeong Ho Kim),박진수(Jin Soo Park),이정주(Jeong Joo Lee) 한국환경보건학회 2004 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.30 No.5

Building materials are composed of very complex chemical compounds, and these indoor building materials discharge very much Volatile Organic Compounds(VOCs). We performed the environmental chamber test to investigate the Total VOCs(TVOCs) emission characteristics and emission factors about chemical and natural coating materials. As the result, we concluded that TVOCs emission are high at initial time and decreased in course of time. Natural paint was low emission level for TVOCs than chemical paint by small chamber test. The TVOCs emission factor-time profile showed a good fit with the results from the measured and predicted value.

스킨답서스에 LED와 Fan을 이용한 실내공기정화 시스템

김태현,박준모,김수찬 한국융합신호처리학회 2018 융합신호처리학회 논문지 (JISPS) Vol.19 No.4

We propose an air purification system that utilizes aerial plant parts and root zone of indoor plants where light is insufficient and air circulation is bad. In order to maximize the air purification effect of the plant, the aerial plant parts illuminates mixed light combining blue and green LED and CRI(Color Rendering Index) LEDs close to natural light, respectively. And the root zone was forcibly circulated by the fan to use the soil as a filter. The indoor air purification system combined with the light source and the fan removed most polluted air in the shortest. In the case of mixed light and CRI LEDs of indoor air purification system, fine dust decreased by 14%, 14.2%, and TVOC(Total volatile organic compounds) decreased by 7.5% and 9.4%, respectively. In the experiment in which the fan was operated for 15 minutes, the TVOC decreased to 97.8%. The photosynthesis of the plant and the use of soil as a filter were able to purify polluted air in a short time. And the fan's temporary operation gave the similar effect of continuous operation. 빛이 부족하고 공기 순환이 원활하지 않은 실내에서 식물의 지상부와 지하부를 활용한 공기 정화 시스템을 제안한다. 제안된 시스템은 식물의 공기정화 효과를 극대화하고자 지상부는 청색과 녹색의 LED를 조합한 혼합광과 자연광에 가까운 고연색 LED를 각각 조사하고 지하부의 토양을 필터로 활용하고자 팬을 이용하여 강제 순환하였다. 광원과 팬이 결합된 실내공기정화 시스템이 식물만 배치된 경우보다 오염된 공기를 단시간에 가장 많이 제거하였다. 실내 공기정화 시스템의 혼합광과 고연색광 두 가지의 경우에서 식물만 배치된 경우보다 미세먼지는 각각 14%, 14.2%, TVOC는 7.5%, 9.4% 로 더 크게 감소하였다. 팬을 15분 동안만 가동한 실험에서도 TVOC가 97.8%로 크게 감소하였다. 식물의 광합성과 토양을 필터로 활용하는 것이 오염된 공기를 짧은 시간에 정화시킬 수 있었고 팬의 일시적인 가동으로도 지속적인 가동의 효과를 얻었다.