구급차 반응시간 : 현황과 단축방안

정구영,이승한 대한응급의학회 1996 대한응급의학회지 Vol.7 No.3

Time is an essential element for Emergency Medical Service System(EMSS). The response time is defined as the interval from the time of call receipt to the time of scene arrival. There are several factors that exert an significant effect upon the response time. Those are the access type to EMSS, the road system and the traffic congestion, the shape and the size of the service area, the weather, and the population fluctuations. The goal of 90 percentile ambulance response time for Basic Life Support(BLS) unit and Advanced Life Support(ALS) unit are 4 minutes and 8 minutes respectively in United States. It is essential to know the regional response time and the influencing factors for planning the regional ambulance system and for evaluating the effect of any changes in the system. But there has been no overall evaluation nor any guidelines for the response time in Korea. Therefore, we investigated the status of ambulance response time and analyzed the influencing factors by interpretating 3510 records of ambualnce run of one week period from 204 fire brigades all over the country. The mean ambulance response time is 6.2±3.3 minutes and 90% of ambulances arrived at scene within 10.6 minutes. Overall the response times were getting delayed from large-urban to rural area gradually. We could have confirm that the most important factor in both of urban and rural area was moving distance of ambulance. We could suggest that the interim goal of 90 percentile ambulance response time is 4minutes in Seoul, 6 minutes in five large-urban area and urbanized rural area, i.e., Gyeong- sangnamdo and Gyeonggido, and 8 minutes in most rural area with the exception of 10 minutes in mountainous area, i.e., Gyeongsangbukdo & Gangwondo. But the 90 percentile ambulance response time must be 4minutes and 8minutes for BLS unit and ALS unit ultimately. To accomplish the above goals, we should be consider the optimization of service area for each unit through increasing the vehicle and choosing the convenient location.

지구관측위성의 시스템 응답주기 분석을 위한 알고리즘 개발

김홍래,장영근 한국항공우주학회 2014 한국항공우주학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2014 No.11

지구관측위성의 성능 특성(FoM; Figure-of-Merit)을 나타내는 지수에는 해상도, MTF(Modulation Transfer Function), SNR(Signal-to-Noise Ratio) 등의 영상의 품질을 나타내는 지수뿐만 아니라, 재방문주기(Revisit Time)와 응답주기(Response Time)과 같은 운용성능을 나타내는 지수도 있다. 응답주기는 사용자의 요청에서부터 표준영상을 사용자에게 전달해주는데 까지 걸리는 시간을 의미하며 고기동의 신속대응 임무에서는 가장 중요한 임무 성능 중 하나이다. 또한 응답주기는 시스템 개발 초기에 운용될 위성시스템의 개수 및 성능을 결정짓는 중요한 인자이다. 하지만 현재까지 제시된 응답주기 분석은 통신시간을 고려하지 않고, STK(Systems Tool Kit)에서의 응답주기 분석 소프트웨어를 그대로 활용하여 제한적이었다. 본 연구에서는 상향링크와 하향링크와 같은 통신링크를 고려한 시스템 응답주기 분석 알고리즘을 개발하였다. 또한 본 연구팀이 개발한 지구관측위성의 커버리지 분석을 위한 방법론을 제안하고, 지구관측위성의 다양한 임무운용을 고려한 응답주기 분석 알고리즘을 소개한다. 끝으로, 개발된 시스템 응답주기 분석 알고리즘을 단일위성과 다중 지상국에 적용하여 시스템 응답주기 계산 결과를 비교 분석한다. FoM(Figure-of-Merit) representing image quality in earth observation satellite consists of ground resolution, MTF(Modulation Transfer Function), and SNR(Signal-to-Noise Ratio). The revisit time and response time are another FoM as operational performance parameter. The response time is an index that measures the time between a user request for coverage of a point and the time at when data from a satellite collection is available to the user. This is often considered as the most important operational performance in earth observation satellites to perform responsive missions. In addition, the system response time affects the determination of number of satellites and the satellite performance in initial phase of system development. The past concept of response time does not consider the communication links between satellites and ground stations and was very limited because the response time software in STK(Systems Tool Kit) was used to analyze the response time without any changes of software. This research suggests the concept of system response time considering the communication links such as uplink and downlink. In this paper, authors suggest a methodology for analyzing satellite coverage and introduce the algorithm for calculating the system response time considering various mission operation of earth observation satellites. Finally, the algorithm was applied to single satellite and multiple ground station problems. We compare and analyze the computation results of system response time.

웨이트트레이닝이 남자 펜싱선수의 연속동작 수행시간에 미치는 영향

옥정석,최태석,전태원,엄우섭 한국운동과학회 2002 운동과학 Vol.11 No.1

옥정석, 최태석, 전태원, 엄우성. 웨이트트레이닝이 펜싱선수의 연속 동작수행시간에 미치는 영향. 운동과학, 제11권 제1호, 221-231, 2002. 본 연구의 목적은 8주간의 웨이트트레이닝이 펜싱선수의 연속 동작수행시간에 미치는 효과를 분석하기 위함이었다. 이러한 목적을 달성하기 위해 신체적·정신적으로 건강하고 의학적으로 특별한 질환이 없는 남자 대학생 펜싱선수 30명을 무작위 추출하여 실험군과 대조군을 각 15명씩 구성하였다. 근지구력은 웨이트트레이닝 종목별로 20RM에 해당하는 무게를 1㎏ 단위로 측정하였으며, 웨이트트레이닝 프로그램 처치 전·후를 비교하였다. 또한, 펜싱 전진 이동-찌르기 두 가지 기본동작의 연속 동작수행시간, 반응시간, 그리고 동작시간은 자체 제작한 동작수행시간 측정기로 측정하였으며, 전진 이동-찌르기 동작시 웨이트트레이닝 프로그램 처치전후의 연속 동작수행시간, 반응시간, 동작시간을 비교·검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 첫째, 펜싱선수들의 근지구력과 연속 동작수행시간 사이에 유의한 상관관계가 있었다. 둘째, 8주간의 웨이트트레이닝 참여에 따른 처치전·후 및 집단간의 연속 동작수행시간, 반응시간, 그리고 동작시간은 유의한 차이가 있었다. Oak, J. S., Choi, IS., Jun, T.W., Eom, W.S. The Effect of Weight Training on continuous Response Time in Male Fencing Players. Exercise Science, 11(1): 221-231, 2002. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8-week weight training on continuous response time. To achieve this purpose subjects were 30 colleges male fencing players who have not medical diseases, were divided into experiment group and control group. The muscle fitness was measured by 1㎏ unit of weight equivalent to 20RM of weight training items respectively, muscle fitness of pre weight training program treatment was compared with those of post weight training program treatment. Also response time of two basic motions of fencing forward movement-fente were measured by a self-produced response time measuring instrument, and continuous response time, reaction time, movement time of pre and post weight training program treatment during fencing forward movement-fente motion were inspected comparatively. The results of this study were as follows. First, muscle endurance and continuous response time of fencing players were correlated in significantly. Two, after 8 weeks weight training program, continuous response times, reaction time, and movement time between experiment group and control group were showed significant difference. As this results, muscle endurance was closely related to continuous response time, weight training program developed on the basis of this had an affirmative effect on continuous response time, reaction time, and movement time of the basic movement of a fencing.

A Pilot Study on the Muscle Activities in Step Input Test as an Indicator of the Vehicle Characteristics

Yong-Ku Kong,Myung-Chul Jung,In-Seok Lee,Young-Jin Hyun,Chang-Su Kim,Min-Tae Seo 대한인간공학회 2013 大韓人間工學會誌 Vol.32 No.3

Objective: The purpose of this study was to analyze "response time", "peak response time" and "overshoot value" for each muscle by applying the EMG signal to the vehicle response in ISO 7401 and to quantify the response of the driver according to vehicle characteristics by comparing vehicle characteristics and muscle responses of the driver. Background: The Open-loop test defined in international standards ISO 7401 is the only method for evaluating the performance of the vehicle. However, this test was focused only on mechanical responses, not driver"s ones. Method: One skilled male driver(22 yrs. experience) was participated in this experiment to measure muscle activities of the driver in transient state. Then the seven muscle signals were applied to calculate "response time", "peak response time", and "overshoot value". Results: In the analyses of the EMG data, the effects of vehicle type and muscle were statistically significant on the "response time" and "peak response time". Also, the effects of vehicle type, muscle, and lateral acceleration level were statistically significant on the "overshoot value" in this study. According to the analyses of the vehicle motion data, vehicle motion variable(LatAcc, Roll, YawVel) was statistically significant on the "response time" and vehicle type, vehicle motion variable, and lateral acceleration level were statistically significant on the "peak response time", respectively. Conclusion: In the analyses of the "response time" and "overshoot value", the data of muscle activities(EMGs) was better index that could evaluate the vehicle characteristic and performance than the data of vehicle motion. In case of peak response time, both EMG and vehicle motion data were good index. Application: The EMGs data from a driver might be applicable as index for evaluation of various vehicle performances based on this study.

확률분포를 이용한 포털들의 응답시간 품질에 관한 연구

류귀열 ( Gui Yeol Ryu ) 한국품질경영학회 2014 품질경영학회지 Vol.42 No.1

포털의 응답품질 평가에는 응답시간, 콘텐츠, 디자인 등 여러 가지 요인들이 있으나, 응답시간이외의 요인들은 주관적이며 계량화하기 어려운 점이 있다. 응답시간은 사용자 만족도를 평가는 가장 솔직한 방법이다. 또한 포털 이용자들은 요청한 서비스가 얼마나 빨리 제공되는가에 대해서만 평가하는 경향이 있다. 따라서 응답시간은 응답품질을 평가하는 객관적이고 매우 중요한 요소이다. 응답시간은 서비스의 패킷량과 서버의 성능, 페이지의 성능, 네트워크트래픽, 서버의 위치, 이용자 컴퓨팅 성능 등 여러 가지 요소들에 영향을 받는다. 본 논문은 3년 4개월에 걸쳐 조사한 데이터를 바탕으로 대한민국의 상위 3개 포털들의 응답시간을 이용하여 응답품질을 평가하였다. 연구 방법으로는 평균비교를 위해 분산분석을 사용하였으며, 분포비교를 위해 모수적 방법으로는 카이스퀘어 검정, 비모수적 방법으로는 콜모고로프-스미르노프 검정을 실시하였다. 세 가지 검정 결과 모두 유의수준 1% 하에서 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 다중비교에서도 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 응답시간은 Daum이 가장 빨랐으며, 다음으로 Naver, 마지막으로 Nate 순이었다. 평균응답시간은 Daum이 2.9초, Naver가 3.74초, Nate가 3.94초였다. 이 결과는 웹서비스가 1초 느려지면 매출은 3% 떨어진다는 마이크로소프트(Bing)의 통계를 기준으로 보면 매우 중요한 시사점을 가지고 있다. 패킷량 효과를 제외하기 위한 비교를 위하여 1Kbyte당 응답시간을 분석하였다. 1Kbyte당 응답시간에 대해서는 세 가지 검정 결과 유의수준 1% 하에서 유의한 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 다중비교에서 Naver가 Daum과 Nate에 대해서는 유의한 차이가 났지만 Daum과 Nate는 유의한 차이를 발견하지 못하였다. 1Kbyte당 평균 응답시간은 Naver가 0.0185초, Daum이 0.0233초, Nate가 0.0294초였다. 본 논문의 결과는 응답시간은 Daum이 가장 빨랐지만 1Kbyte당 응답시간은 Naver가 가장 빨랐다. 이는 응답시간에 응답패킷이 큰 영향을 주고 있다는 사실을 알 수 있고, 응답시간을 줄이기 위해서 포털들의 홈페이지의 패킷을 줄이려는 노력이 매우 효과적인 방법임을 말하고 있다. 이 문제는 모바일 포털에서는 더욱더 중요한 문제인데, 그 이유는 모바일 서비스는 주로 패킷량에 비례하여 과금을 하는 종량제를 채택하고 있고, 모바일 네트워크가 협대역이기 때문이다. 본 논문의 한계는 동일한 장소에서 실험한 결과이기 때문에, 향 후 좀 더 다양한 장소에서 실험하는 연구가 필요하다. 또한 응답시간에 영향을 주는 변인들에 대한 추가 연구도 필요하다. 그 외 모바일 포털들에 대한 응답품질에 관한 연구도 필요하다. Purpose: The purpose of this paper is estimate response quality of three major portal in Korea based on the response time. In addition to response time, the response time by 1Kbyte will be analysed. Methods: Data was collected from July 2010 to November 2013 using Firebug. For comparing averages, ANOVA will be used. For comparing distributions, Chisquare test and Kolmogov-Smirnov test will be used for parametric and non parametric test respectively. Results: For response quality based on response time, Daum gets the first place, Naver the second place, and Nate the third place. But the order of the response time per 1Kbyte is different. The order is Naver, Daum and Nate. Conclusion: The response quality may be estimated using various factors. Response time is the most important factor. Daum provides the shortest response time. We could say Daum provides the best response quality. But Naver provides the shortest response time per 1Kbyte. From these results, we know reducing packets is very important thing in response time.

상담자 언어반응유목별 상담자와 내담자의 반응시간

신경진 한국상담심리학회 2009 한국심리학회지 상담 및 심리치료 Vol.21 No.4

The purpose of this study was to investigate at which counselor verbal response catory(CVRC) the counselor and the client used over 5-second silence as a response time. The percentages the counselor and the client used 5-second response time were higher on interpretation and confrontation and lower on restatement, close-ended question, and reflection. These results suggest that the demand on processing capacity of interpretation and confrontation are heavy and that of restatement, close-ended question, and reflection are not heavy. In this study also, the clients tended to synchronize their response times to those of counselor's. Because the counselor can control the duration of response time that it is suggested that if the counselor uses enough time to produce interventions which have heavy processing capacity the client will synchronize their response time to that of the counselor's and improve the quality of their responses. So the counselor needs to allow the client to have enough response time. 본 연구는 상담자와 내담자가 상담자의 어떤 언어반응유목에 대해 5초 작업시간을 소요하는지를 Hill의 상담자언어반응유목을 사용하여 살펴보았다. 상담자는 해석과 직면으로 개입 할 때, 내담자는 상담자의 해석과 직면에 반응할 때 5초 이상의 침묵시간을 갖는 비율이 높았다. 반면, 상담자가 재언급 한정질문 반영으로 개입 할 때 그리고 이들 상담자의 개입들에 대해서 내담자가 반응을 할 때는 5초 작업시간을 갖는 비율이 낮았다. 이러한 결과는 해석과 직면이 그것을 산출할 때나 그에 대해 반응을 할 때 5초 작업시간이 소요될 만큼 처리할 정보부하량이 많은 반면, 한정질문 재언급 반영 등은 이들 반응을 산출할 때나 그에 대해 반응을 할 때 5초 작업시간을 소요할 만큼 처리할 정보부하량이 많지 않다는 것을 시사한다. 본 연구에서도 내담자는 상담자가 소요한 반응시간에 자신의 반응시간을 일치시키는 경향이 있었다. 상담자는 자신의 반응시간의 길이를 조절할 수 있으며, 처리부하량이 높은 개입에 대해 상담자가 충분한 작업 시간을 갖는다면 내담자는 상담자의 반응시간에 자신의 반응시간을 일치시켜 작업할 충분한 시간을 확보하여 발언의 질을 향상시킬 수 있을 것으로 시사된다. 따라서 상담자는 내담자에게 충분한 반응시간을 허용할 필요가 있다.

The Effects of Changes in Taekwondo Bouncing Frequencies on the Kicking Performance: Response Time and Kicking Speed of the Roundhouse Kick

( Young Kwan Kim ),( Ji Young Joo ) 한국체육학회 2015 국제스포츠과학 학술대회 Vol.2015 No.1

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of changes in Taekwondo bouncing frequencies on the kicking performance such as response time and kicking speed. Taekwondo sparring requires rapid response to an external stimulus as well as fast kicking speed for increasing chances of successful kick and higher impulse to an opponent. As a preparatory motion, most of Taekwondo players perform rhythmic bouncing prior to attacking and/or avoiding. There was no study on the effect of different bouncing frequency deviated from normal bouncing frequency on the kicking performance. Method: Eleven Taekwondo athletes consisting of five male and six female athletes (age, 14.4±1.4 years; mass, 43.5±7.8 kg; height, 1.55±0.07 m) voluntarily participated in this study. All subjects performed the roundhouse kick as fast and accurate as possible immediately after detecting an LED signal (cue signal for kicking). They performed five trials per designated conditions. Designated conditions were normal bouncing frequency, 15% faster and slower frequency than normal bouncing frequency, and no bouncing. All kicking motions were recorded by high-speed motion capturing system and a force-platform. Recorded marker data and ground reaction force data were used to calculate the response time (impulse to the moment of impact) and kicking speed. Result: There was no main effect of change in bouncing frequency on the response time, ground time, and kicking time. There was a significant difference on response times between 15% faster (0.762±0.056 s) and 15% slower frequency (0.808±0.079 s). The faster and slower bouncing frequencies had similar ground times but the faster bouncing frequency induced a shorter kicking time than the slower one. There was no main effect of bouncing frequency on maximum kicking speed and contact kicking speed. However, the 15% faster bouncing frequency (9.43±1.65 m/s) induced significantly faster maximum kicking speed than the normal bouncing frequency (9.12±1.52 m/s) did. Conclusion: The 15% faster bouncing frequency than normal frequency (i.e., preferred frequency) would be beneficial to maximum kicking speed. The 15% slower bouncing frequency would deteriorate the response time in comparison with the faster bouncing frequency. In order to enhance athlete`s kicking speed, an athlete should increase his/her bouncing frequency than normal frequency. However, more energy expenditure due to increased bouncing frequency could be an adverse effect on the endurance ability for three rounds sparring. Acknowledgement: This research project was supported by the Sports Promotion Fund of Seoul Olympic Sports Promotion Foundation from Ministry of Culture, Sports and Tourism.

시각과 시간에 대한 초등학교 2학년 학생들의 이해 실태 조사

권미선 대한수학교육학회 2019 수학교육학연구 Vol.29 No.4

Time and elapsed time are concepts that are applicable in everyday life and thus directly affect students' lives. This is because students study the concepts in the lower grades of elementary school. Unlike other aspects of measurement, time is characterized by continuous flow and it uses a number system that is unfamiliar to students such as base-12 and 60 system. With such specificity, lower grade students may have difficulty in understanding time and elapsed time. In this respect, this study analyzed the concepts of time and elapsed time in the 2015 revised mathematics curriculum and textbooks and examined 108 second-grade elementary school students' responses. The results show that students are struggling to grasp these concepts. To be specific, many students had difficulty recognizing the movement of the minute and the hour hand over time. Moreover, they also had difficulty finding the elapsed time using the time band. This study provides guidance on how to teach time and elapsed time when learning occurs in the classroom. 시각과 시간은 일상생활에서 많이 활용되며 학생들의 생활에 직접적인 영향을 미친다. 이에 시각과 시간은 초등학교 저학년에서 중점적으로 학습하게 된다. 하지만 시간은 다른 측정 속성과 달리 계속 흘러가고 있으며, 시각과 시간을 표현할 때 12진법과 60진법 등 학생들에게 익숙하지 않은 수 체계를 사용하기 때문에 저학년 학생들은 시각과 시간의 학습을 어려워할 수 있다. 이에 본 연구는 2015 개정 수학과 교육과정에 따른 시각과 시간에 대한 학습 내용을 분석하고, 이에 대한 초등학교 2학년 학생 108명의 반응을 살펴보았다. 연구 결과 학생들은 시각과 시간의 전반적인 측면에서 어려움을 겪고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 특히 많은 학생들이 시간의 흐름에 따른 긴바늘과 짧은바늘이 움직임을 인식하는 것과 시간 띠를 활용하여 걸린 시간을 구하는데 어려움을 겪는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 분석 결과를 토대로 시각과 시간을 어떻게 지도해야 할지에 대한 시사점을 제공하였다.

Time-evolving genetic networks reveal a NAC troika that negatively regulates leaf senescence in <i>Arabidopsis</i>

Kim, Hyo Jung,Park, Ji-Hwan,Kim, Jingil,Kim, Jung Ju,Hong, Sunghyun,Kim, Jeongsik,Kim, Jin Hee,Woo, Hye Ryun,Hyeon, Changbong,Lim, Pyung Ok,Nam, Hong Gil,Hwang, Daehee National Academy of Sciences 2018 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.115 No.21

<▼1><P><B>Significance</B></P><P>Leaf senescence is regulated in a complex manner, involving time-dependent interactions with developmental and environmental signals. Genetic screens have identified key regulators of senescence, particularly late-stage senescence regulators. Recently, time-course gene-expression and network analyses, mostly analyses of static networks, have predicted many senescence regulators. However, senescence is defined by time-evolving networks, involving the temporal transition of interactions among senescence regulators. Here, we present time-evolving networks of NAM/ATAF/CUC (NAC) transcription factors, central regulators of leaf senescence in <I>Arabidopsis</I>, via time-course gene-expression analysis of NACs in their mutants. These time-evolving networks revealed a unique regulatory module of NACs that controls the timely induction of senescence-promoting processes at a presenescent stage of leaf aging.</P></▼1><▼2><P>Senescence is controlled by time-evolving networks that describe the temporal transition of interactions among senescence regulators. Here, we present time-evolving networks for NAM/ATAF/CUC (NAC) transcription factors in <I>Arabidopsis</I> during leaf aging. The most evident characteristic of these time-dependent networks was a shift from positive to negative regulation among NACs at a presenescent stage. ANAC017, ANAC082, and ANAC090, referred to as a “NAC troika,” govern the positive-to-negative regulatory shift. Knockout of the NAC troika accelerated senescence and the induction of other <I>NAC</I>s, whereas overexpression of the NAC troika had the opposite effects. Transcriptome and molecular analyses revealed shared suppression of senescence-promoting processes by the NAC troika, including salicylic acid (SA) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) responses, but with predominant regulation of SA and ROS responses by ANAC090 and ANAC017, respectively. Our time-evolving networks provide a unique regulatory module of presenescent repressors that direct the timely induction of senescence-promoting processes at the presenescent stage of leaf aging.</P></▼2>

Effects of Rhythmic Hop on Response Times and Kicking Velocities of Taekwondo Kicks

( Young Kwan Kim ),( Yoon Hyuk Kim ) 한국운동역학회 2014 한국운동역학회지 Vol.24 No.4

Most athletes execute rhythmic hop as a preparatory motion in Taekwondo sparring. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of rhythmic hop on the response times and kicking velocities of Taekwondo kicks. Twelve male elite Taekwondo athletes performed a roundhouse kick and a back kick as fast as possible immediately after seeing an external stimulus in rhythmic hop and in no hop, respectively. The three-dimensional marker data of the whole body were measured at sampling rate of 200 Hz. Paired t-tests were used to compare dependent measures between hop and no hop conditions. Results indicated that the rhythmic hop did not affect response time statistically but improved the kicking velocity significantly than no hop did. Different instants of detecting an external stimulus in rhythmic hop for the back kick showed significantly different response times. Conclusively, rhythmic hop is recommendable for the purpose of kicking velocity, but not for the purpose of response time. Athletes should be careful in executing rhythmic hop as their preparatory motions for the back kick, since the response time could be shortened or lengthened according to the instant of detecting an external stimulus.