자본금 감소의 방법 및 효과에 관한 소고 - 무액면주식과의 비교를 중심으로 -

김동민 서울시립대학교 서울시립대학교 법학연구소 2016 서울법학 Vol.23 No.3

In this paper, we analyze the type and method and the effect on the capital reduction in par value stocks issued by the company compared with the case of no-par value stocks. Through this, the primary purpose was to suggest appropriate responses and solutions to the various problems arising in connection with a capital reduction in the Company issued no-par value stocks. The main contents specifically discussed in this paper is as follows. First, It was described the type and method of capital reduction of par value stocks in comparison with the case of no-par value stocks, and investigated that the nominal capital reduction as well as the substantial capital reduction is possibile in the case of no-par value stocks issued by the company. Second, with regard to the issue of capital reduction due to the decrease of the par value, it was investigated whether the decrease of capital itself in the case of no-par value stocks is equal to the decrease of par value in the case of par value stocks. Third, with regard to capital reduction by stock retirement, it was investigated that the procedures of capital reduction stipulated in the Commercial Code should be applied in the case of no-par value stocks because the Commercial Code Article 343 main text is applicable to capital reduction by retirement of no-par value stocks. Fourth, with regard to capital reduction by stock consolidation, it was investigated whether the procedures of capital reduction on commercial law including the procedures about general meeting of shareholders and creditor protection et cetera is required to the consolidation of no-par value stocks. Fifth, with regard to the effectuation time of the capital reduction, it was investigated that the effectuation time appears each differently with respect to the consolidation or the retirement of non-par value shares working as a means of capital reduction. Sixth, with regard to the effectiveness of the litigation for confirmation of nullity on the capital reduction, it was investigated whether the issue of restitution including the restoration of retired stocks and the division of consolidated stocks et cetera is occurred in the case of no-par value stocks. 주식회사의 자본금은 주식회사의 설립과 기업의 유지를 위한 물적 기초가 되고, 기간손익의 계산을 위한 기준이 된다. 이러한 자본금은 단지 회사의 재무상의 지표를 나타내는 사실적인 개념에 그치는 것이 아니고, 회사의 경영자가 자본금에 부합하는 실제의 재산을 확보하고 있어야 한다는 자본금충실의 원칙을 실현하기 위한 규범적 기준이 되는 것이다. 자본금 감소는 이러한 규범적 기준을 낮추어 회사의 잠재적인 자금력과 사업능력을 감소시키기 때문에, 주주들은 그만큼 주식가치가 감소되거나 기존의 주식 소유구조가 변경되는 등의 불이익을 받게 된다. 우리나라의 경우 2011년의 상법 개정 전에는 액면주식만 인정되고 있었기 때문에 자본금 감소도 액면주식을 중심으로 그 방법과 유형 및 효과가 논의되었는데, 상법의 개정으로 인해 무액면주식 제도가 도입된 이후에는 자본금 감소에 관한 논의를 무액면주식에도 확대하여 함께 정리할 필요가 생겼다. 그리하여 본 논문에서는 액면주식이 발행된 회사에서의 자본금 감소에 관한 유형과 방법 및 효과를 무액면주식이 발행된 경우와 비교하여 분석하였다. 이를 통하여 무액면주식이 발행된 회사에서의 자본금 감소와 관련하여 발생하는 제반 문제점에 대한 적절한 대응 및 해결방안을 제시하는 것을 주된 목적으로 하였다. 구체적으로 본 논문에서 논의한 내용은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 액면주식에서의 자본금 감소의 유형 및 방법을 무액면주식의 경우와 비교하여 서술하면서, 무액면주식의 경우 실질적 감자가 가능한지를 살펴보았다. 둘째, 주식의 액면가 감소에 의한 자본금 감소와 관련하여, 무액면주식에서의 자본금 자체의 감소가 액면주식에서의 주금액의 감소와 동일한 위상을 갖는지를 고찰하였다. 셋째, 주식의 소각에 의한 자본금 감소와 관련하여, 무액면주식의 소각에 의한 자본금 감소에 대해 상법 제343조 제1항 본문이 적용되어 상법의 자본금 감소절차가 준용되는지를 살펴보았다. 넷째, 주식의 병합에 의한 자본금 감소와 관련하여, 무액면주식의 병합에 대하여 주주총회의 특별결의와 채권자 보호절차 등 상법상 자본금 감소절차가 필요한지를 고찰하였다. 다섯째, 자본금 감소의 효력발생시기와 관련하여, 무액면주식의 소각에 의해 또는 무액면주식의 병합에 의해 자본금이 감소되는 경우를 구분하여 각각의 효력발생시기를 분석하였다. 여섯째, 자본금 감소 무효판결의 효력과 관련하여, 무액면주식의 경우 소각된 주식의 부활 또는 병합된 주식의 분할 등 원상회복의 문제가 발생하는지를 고찰하였다.

소아 장중첩증 치료에서의 공기압 정복과 바륨 정복의 비교 : Air Reduction vs.Barium Reduction

박진우,이상전 충북대학교 의과대학 충북대학교 의학연구소 1999 忠北醫大學術誌 Vol.9 No.1

연구 목적: 소아 장중첩증은 2세 이하의 남아에서 호발하는 장폐색의 흔한 원인의 하나이다. 본 연구는 바륨정복과 공기압 정복의 치료 성적과 이들 비수술적 정복의 실패에 관여하는 요인을 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 대상 및 방법: 1992년 1월부터 1997년 12월까지 충북대학교병원에서 장중첩증 환아에서 시행한 비수술적 정복은 189예로, 공기압 정복이 59예, 바륨 정복이 130예였다. 이들 환아를 대상으로, 정복 방법에 따른 정복 성공률과 이에 관여하는 요인을 비교 분석하였다. 결 과: 공기압 정복이 시행된 군과 바륨 정복이 시행된 군의 성별, 연령별 분포, 증상기간, 임상증상, 이학적 소견, 백혈구 증가, 선행된 상기도 감염의 병력 등은 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 다만 공기압 정복군에 비해 바륨 정복군에서 점액성 혈변의 빈도가 높게 나타났다. 공기압 정복의 성공률은 78.0%로, 바륨 정복의 65.4%보다 높게 나타났으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다.(p=0.091) 공기압 정복군과 바륨 정복군 모두에서 정복에 실패한 환아는 성공한 환아에 비해 증상기간이 유의하게 길었으며, 장중첩 유형별로는 회장-회장-대장형의 경우와 대장-대장형의 경우에서 정복이 실패하였다. 그 외 공기압 정복에서는 점액성 혈변과 발열의 빈도가, 바륨 정복에서는 구토와 기면 빈도가 정복 실패군에서 유의하게 높았다. 비수술적 정복 후의 재발은 공기압 정복이 10.0%, 바륨 정복이 6.6%였다. 비수술적 정복이 합병증은 특별히 없었고, 공기압 정복의 1예(1.7%)에서 장 천공이 발생하였다. 결론: 공기압 정복은 소아 장중첩증의 치료에 있어, 시술이 비교적 간편하고 안전하며 기존의 바륨 정복에 비교하여 높은 정복의 성공률을 보이는 비수술적 정복방법이다. Purpose: Intussusception is one of the most common causes of intestinal obstruction in children under the age of 2 years, especially in male. In this study, we compared the results of pressure reductions according to the methods and identified the factors related with reduction failure. Materials and Methods: From Jan. 1992 to Dec. 1997, 189 pressure reductions (59 air reductions and 130 barium reductions) were performed in childhood intussusceptions at Chungbuk national university hospital. Success rate of pressure reduction and factors affecting on it were analyzed by pressure reduction methods. Results: Age, sex, symptom duration, clinical symptoms, signs, leukocytosis, and history of upper respiratory infection were similar between air reduction group(ARG) and barium reduction group(BRG) except for higher incidence of bloody stool in BRG. Success rates of pressure reduction were higher in ARG (78.0%) than in BRG (65.4%)(p = 0.091). In both groups, reduction failed cases showed longer symptom duration than successful ones and all of ileo-ileo-colic or colo-colic type intussusceptions were failed in reduction. Other factors related with reduction failure were bloody stool and fever in ARG, and vomiting and lethargy in BRG, respectively. Recurrence rate of intussusception after pressure reduction was 10.0% in ARG and 6.6% in BRG, respectively. There were no significant complications in pressure reduction except one case of bowel perforation in ARG. Conclusion: Air reduction in treatment of childhood intussusception is a simple and safe pressure reduction method with relatively higher successful rate compared with conventional barium reduction.

A Kinetics of Hydrogen Reduction of Nickel Oxide at Moderate Temperature

Dong Soo Lee,Dong Joon Min 대한금속·재료학회 2019 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.25 No.4

Nano-metallic nickel powders are highly-valued materials applied in energy, electronic devices and aerospace, which isknown to be produced by the gaseous phase reduction method of NiCl 2 . In the case of a gaseous reduction method, sizecontrol is diffi cult due to the agglomeration of nickel powders. Therefore, a method of producing highly-valued nickel nanopowdersfrom Ni(OH) 2 has been proposed. Considering the reduction behavior of bulk nickel oxide has been reported tofollow the topo-chemical model. However, reduction behavior of nano-particle is expected to be unknown state. It is necessaryto clarify the mechanism of nickel oxide nano-particle reduction. Therefore, in this study, the temperature dependence andparticle size dependence on the reduction behavior of from micro scale to nano scale particle was confi rmed through TGAexperiment. Also, the reduction mechanism of nickel oxide powder was also investigated based on kinetic considerationsusing the grain topo-chemical model. It was confi rmed that the reduction reaction of nickel oxide powder undergoes throughthe 2nd Avrami model and reduction rate can be expressed by function of temperature and particle size of the powder. Dueto the part of the diff usion, the particle size of the powder also aff ects the rate constant of the reduction reaction. g(x) = k ⋅ f(d) ⋅ t

Estimating Reduction Potential by Scenario for Target Setting for Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction - Focused on Cheongju City -

Yong Un Ban,Jong In Baek,Ji Hyeong Jeong,Yu Mi Kim,Na Eun Hong 위기관리 이론과 실천 2017 Crisisonomy Vol.13 No.11

본 연구의 목적은 실행 가능한 온실가스 감축목표를 설정하기 위해 가능한 온실가스의 감축잠재량을 산정하기 위한 것이다. 2020년 BAU 대비 온실가스 감축목표가 30%로 설정되어있기 때문에 우리나라는 온실가스 의무감축국이 아니다. 그러나 온실가스 총 배출량 세계 9위(2009년 기준)로 높고, 세계 15위 경제규모를 갖추고 있어 2020년 온실가스 의무감축국에 편입될 가능성이 커지고 있다. 이를 대비한 각 지자체의 역할이 중요해지고 있으며, 지자체는 현실적으로 온실가스 감축목표 설정을 하는 데 노력해야 한다. 이를 위해 본 연구는 총 3단계로 진행되었다. 첫째, 온실가스 감축목표와 감축잠재량, 온실가스 감축목표 설정 방법에 대한 이론적 고찰을 하였다. 둘째, 시나리오 기법을 이용하여 시나리오 별로 감축목표를 설정하였다. 셋째, 각 시나리오의 감축목표별로 감축기법의 적용비율을 설정하여 감축잠재량을 산정하였다. 이러한 결과로 본 연구는 각 시나리오에 따른 감축기법의 적용비율을 적용하여 감축잠재량을 산정하였다. This study intends to estimate reduction potential using scenarios to set a practical target for greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction. Since South Korea does not have a mandatory obligation to reduce GHG emissions, its target for GHG reduction is set at 30% of that of BAU in 2020. However, South Korea is increasingly likely to be obliged to reduce its emissions according to 2020 GHG emission target, and thus the local governments should make efforts to set its own realistic reduction target as their roles become more important. This study has proceeded in three stages as follows. First, it reviewed the literature about GHG reduction target, GHG reduction potential, and the relevant methodology for setting GHG emission reduction target. Second, reduction targets were set up by scenario. Third, reduction potential was estimated by setting the application rate of reduction technique for each of the scenarios on a practical target for GHG emission reduction.

从“减负”到“双减政策”:兼谈中国基础教育生态的治理

李桂兰,李丹 동북아시아문화학회 2022 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.73

Since the Opinions on Further Reducing the Burden of Homework and Off-campus Training for Students in Compulsory Education (abbreviated as the “Double reduction policy” Opinions) issued at the end of July 2021, as the “No. 1 Project” in the field of education, the double reduction policy has triggered discussion and reflection in the academic community and society from the original intention of the policy to its implementation. The “double reduction policy” includes 30 key points in eight major aspects. The main measures include: comprehensively reducing the total amount and time of homework, improving after-school service level, comprehensively standardizing after-school training behaviors, improving the quality of education and teaching, and strengthening supporting governance, which reflects the first principle of “student-oriented”. In this context, whether and how the “double reduction” policy can solve these problems and achieve a benign education ecology has become a hot issue concerned by all circles. Since the Ministry of Education first proposed the “Burden reduction” policy in 1955, China has issued more than 50 relevant policies to address the practical problem of students' excessive academic burden. Although these “Burden reduction” policies are large in number and density, but they fluctuate greatly and have short cycles, have no end, and have no details. The lack of supervision has put the government in the awkward position of “reducing the burden of students more and more”. How to realize the implementation of “burden reduction” policy and realize the virtuous circle of education ecology has gradually become a public education issue from personal problems, and become a focus issue in the field of education policy and people's livelihood. This paper reviews the course of “burden reduction”policy with this kind of problem awareness, and analyzes the background, connotation and concept of “double reduction policy”, and explore how to realize the virtuous circle of education ecology. This paper recognizes that the “double reduction policy” is an important measure to solve the problem of educational ecological imbalance from its connotation to its concept, and the implementation of the “double reduction policy” is a powerful means to achieve equitable and balanced development of education in China. However, in the context of the rigid demand for students to make up their lessons, a one-size-fits-all approach to the teaching and training industry may lead to another kind of “unfair education”. Based on the complexity of the implementation of the “double reduction policy”, it is necessary to consider the problem from a comprehensive and dynamic perspective. It is necessary to seek effective implementation paths from the perspectives of evaluation criteria, value orientation and participants, so as to create a good education ecology.

Effects of Rapid Weight Reduction on Electrolytes in Middle School Taekwondo Players

Kim, Kyeong-Lae,Jun, Tae-Won,Woo, Jae-Hong,Park, Ik-Ryeu,Kwon, Yoon-Bang,Park, Jae-Hong,Han, Hyeong-Ju 한국체육무용국제교류학회 2002 한국체육무용국제교류학회지 Vol.8 No.-

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of rapid weight reduction on electrolytes in middle school Taekwondo players. Subjects were tested on two consecutive days of two times(3%, 5% weight reduction). On time one, concentration of electrolytes(Na^+, K^+, CI^-) in subjects were measured three times; 1)before weight reduction(pre); 2)right after a 5% weight reduction(post) by exercise and reducing food; 3)after 15hours of weight reduction(rec). On time two, the same method time one were measured three times of 3% weight reduction. On the basis of the results analyzed in this study and consideration of pre-studies related that, the conclusion could be drawn as follows. First, Data analysis of 3% weight reduction on Na^+, no significant difference between pre and post, but 3% weight reduction, post revealed more significant increase than pre(p<.05), and both of the two returned to pre level within 15hours during recovery. Second, Data analysis of 3% weight reduction on K^+, post revealed more significant increase than pre(p<.05), and returned to pre level within 15hours during recovery. 5% weight reduction, more significant increase than pre remarkably(p< .01), and did not return to pre level within 15hours during recovery. lastly, Data analysis of 3% weight reduction on CI^-, no significant difference between pre and post, and returned to pre level within 15hours during recovery. Otherwise, 5% weight reduction, post revealed more significant increased than pre(p< .05) and returned to pre level within 15hours during recovery. It was conclusion that rapid weight reduction increased concentration of electrolytes (Na^+, K^+, CI^-). For Taekwondo players, weight loss is very important element that can influence winning or losing easily. Especially, adolescents in a growth phase, inefficient and unreasonable weight reduction might be very harmful that can ruin the both the player's growth and their health. Therefore; trainers and coaches need to make a scientific and customed weight loss program so that an effective weight loss can be achieved in the long run.

요소수를 이용하는 SNCR과 SCR의 탈질 특성 비교 연구

최경구(Gyung-Goo Choi),길상인(Sang-In Keel),이정규(Jung-Kyu Lee),허필우(Pil-Woo Heo),윤진한(Jin-Han Yun) 한국에너지기후변화학회 2018 에너지기후변화학회지 Vol.13 No.2

This research examined the reduction of NO by applying SCR(selective catalytic reduction) and SNCR(selective non-catalytic reduction) methods in oxy-fuel circulating fluidized bed combustion. The SO₂ reduction was also investigated by applying the FGC(flue gas condenser) for the dry flue gas recirculation. Especially, the effects of furnace (~803–951°C) and SCR reactor (~250–351°C) temperatures on the NO reduction were observed. The SNCR method could reduce the NO concentration in flue gas from ~168–172 to ~18–51 ppm, and the optimal combustion temperature was ~854°C. As the combustion temperature was ~803°C, the NH₃ slip was occured to the SCR reactor and further reduction of NO in SCR reactor was appeared. Through this phenomenon, the possibility was confirmed that the induced NH₃ slip at SNCR method can be used in SCR reactor for NO reduction. So, the simultaneous application of the SNCR and SCR method can accomplish the reduction agent saving for NO<SUB>x</SUB> reduction. On the other hand, the FGC using only water showed excellent performance for SO₂ reduction. It could reduce the SO₂ concentration in flue gas from ~253–276 to ~0 ppm. The SCR method was able to reduce the NO concentration in flue gas from ~169–174 to ~25–38 ppm and the optimal SCR reactor temperature was ~302°C. The SCR method achived better NO reduction performance than SNCR method. At the condition that urea solution injected as NH₃/NO ratio of ~2, NO reduction effieicy of SCR method was calculated to ~20% better than SNCR method.

무상감자의 효과분석

전상경 ( Sang Gyung Jun ),이용석 ( Yong Seok Lee ) 한국금융학회 2010 금융연구 Vol.24 No.3

현행 상법과 자본시장에 관한 규정들은 성장기업들이 증권발행을 할 때, 액면가 미만으로 발행가를 설정하는 것을 제한하고 있다. 따라서 경영실적 악화로 인해 주가가 액면가 미만으로 형성된 기업들은 무상감자 절차를 통해 시가를 액면가 이상으로 조정한 후, 유상증자나 채무증권 발행을 수행하게 된다. 본 연구는 액면미만 발행제한 제도가 유도하는 무상감자의 효과를 분석하였다. 시가가 액면가 이하로 형성된 기업들은 경영실적이 악화된 기업들이므로 자본시장을 통한 자본조달 필요성이 강화된 상황에 놓여 있다. 이들 기업들은 적시에 자본조달을 완수하지 못한다면 희생 가능성이 더 희박해질 수밖에 없을 것이다. 기업들은 액면미만 발행제한 제도를 명목적으로 회피하기 위해 감자절차를 활용하고 있는데, 감자절차는 상당한 사회적 비용을 야기하는 것으로 분석되었다. 기업의 내재가치에 아무런 영향을 주지하지 않는 감자결정이 25%의 시장가치 하락을 초래하는 것으로 나타났다. 뿐만 아니라 감자절차는 자본조달의 소요기간을 늘리고, 해당 기업의 주가변동성을 급등시킨다. 또한 많은 시장경고조치를 발동하게 함으로써 시장경고조치의 효과성을 저해시키고 있다. 감자절차가 유효한 시장통제장치(market control mechanism)로서의 기능을 수행한다는 증거도 찾을 수 없었다. 분석결과를 종합하면 감자제도와 또 이를 유도하는 액면미만 발행 제한 제도는 그 유효성이 부족하고 사회적 비용만 과다하므로 이에 대한 제도개선이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. Current regulations on seasoned equity offering prohibit issuing firms from setting equity offer price below par. Firms with stock price below par, however, elude the regulation by implementing capital-reduction. By analysing effect of capital reduction, this paper proposes to dismantle the restriction and reinforce the market price principle. Current restriction on equity offer price has caused significant difficulties for companies to raise capital. The system has so far not contributed to enhancing investor protection. By its nature, the restriction on issues be low par values goes against the principle of market price issues. Under the restriction, companies whose stock prices are below par values have to first go through paid-in-capital reduction in order to lift up their stock prices to the level above par before issuing stocks or hybrid bonds. However, the long and complex procedures of paid-in-capital reduction make it impossible for the companies to raise capital in a timely manner. In addition, the paid-in-capital reduction usually accompanies abrupt rises in stock return volatility and abnormal trading activities, and thus often triggers the KRX`s market warnings. Besides, the probability of stock price manipulation is often brought up in line with this issue. In this paper, we analyze the social cost incurred by paid-in-capital reduction, specifically the one which has been used to find a way round the restriction by companies with stock prices below their par values. In theory, capital reduction should not result in any value change at all. We, however, find that capital reduction firms suffer from around 25% value loss. We could not find any difference in firm characteristics between fast and slow track in capital reduction. However, firms that completed capital reduction by slow track are more likely forced to be delisted from exchanges, compared to fast track firms. This evidence suggests that the value loss of capital reduction is due to administrational procedures of capital reduction. Market values of listed companies are determined by numerous investors in an open market. Thus, it is reasonable to dismantle the restriction on equity offer price in SEOs. Stocks of a listed company are publicly offered to and owned by many and unspecified shareholders. Shareholders` liabilities are also spread out in a form of capital gains and losses via stock trading at market prices. Therefore, regulations related to listing should be reconsidered. Such critical views also further lead to questioning whether par values of stocks should continue to exist or not. Developed capital markets in nations such as the United States, Canada, and Japan have already widely adopted no-par value stocks. No-par value stocks would provide the foundation for reforming all unreasonable regulations related with paid-in-capital.

불안정성 대퇴골 전자간 골절에서 골수강외 정복(Extramedullary Reduction)의 효과: 사체를 이용한 생역학적 연구

박영창 ( Young Chang Park ),윤순필 ( Soon Phil Yoon ),양규현 ( Kyu Hyun Yang ) 대한골절학회 2018 대한골절학회지 Vol.31 No.3

목적: 본 연구는 후내측 피질골의 분쇄가 있는 불안정성 전자간 골절(AO/OTA classification 31-A2.2)에서 골절 부위 정복 형태에 따른 생역학적 특성을 신선 냉동 사체를 사용하여 실험하였다. 대상 및 방법: 총 8쌍의 신선 냉동 사체의 대퇴골을 무작위로 각각 골수강내 정복과 골수강외 정복 형태로 금속정 고정을 시행한 후 축성 압박 일회성 파괴 실험을 시행하였다. 초기 축성 강성, 최대 실패 하중 및 고정실패까지 총 흡수 에너지를 비교하였으며 고정실패 패턴을 확인하였다. 결과: 골수강외 정복은 골수강내 정복과 비교하여 평균 초기 축성 강성(422.7 N/mm vs. 332.0 N/mm, p=0.017), 최대 실패 하중(2,848.7 N vs. 1,966.5 N, p=0.012) 및 고정실 패까지 총 흡수 에너지(27,969.9 N·mm vs. 14,751.0 N·mm, p=0.012)가 각각 27.3%, 44.9%, 89.6% 높았다. 결론: 후내측 피질골 결손을 동반된 불안정성 전자간 골절에서 골수강외 정복은 골수강내 정복과 비교하여 생역학적으로 우수한 결과를 보였다. 전내측 피질골은 후내측 피질골 결손에도 불구하고 적절한 지지대가 될 수 있으며 골절 고정의 안정성을 높이는 데도 도움을 줄 수 있음을 확인하였다. Purpose: To prevent excessive sliding and subsequent fixation failures in unstable intertrochanteric fractures with posteromedial comminution, extramedullary reduction through overlapping of the anteromedial cortices of both proximal and distal fragments as a buttress has been introduced. The purpose of this study was to compare the biomechanical properties between two reduction methods-intramedullary reduction and extramedullary reduction-in treating unstable intertrochanteric fractures with posteromedial comminution (AO/OTA classification 31-A2.2). Materials and Methods: Eight pairs of frozen human cadaveric femora were used. The femora of each pair were randomly assigned to one of two groups: the intramedullary reduction group or the extramedullary reduction group. A single axial load-destruction test was conducted after cephalomedullary nailing. Axial stiffness, maximum load to failure, and energy absorbed to failure were compared between the two groups. Moreover, the pattern of mechanical failure was identified. Results: The mean axial stiffness in the extramedullary reduction group was 27.3% higher than that in the intramedullary reduction group (422.7 N/mm vs. 332.0 N/mm, p=0.017). Additionally, compared with the intramedullary reduction group, the mean maximum load to failure and mean energy absorbed to failure in the extramedullary group were 44.9% and 89.6% higher, respectively (2,848.7 N vs. 1,966.5 N, p=0.012 and 27,969.9 N·mm vs. 14,751.0 N·mm, p=0.012, respectively). In the intramedullary reduction group, the mechanical failure patterns were all sliding and varus deformities. In the extramedullary reduction group, sliding and varus deformities after external rotation were noted in 3 specimens, sliding and varus deformities after internal rotation were noted in 3 specimens, and medial slippage was noted in 2 specimens. Conclusion: In unstable intertrochanteric fractures with posteromedial comminution, the biomechanical properties of extramedullary reduction are superior to those of intramedullary reduction. Anteromedial cortex could be the proper buttress, despite a comminuted posteromedial cortex. It could help enhance the stability of the bone-nail construct.

체중감량이 태권도 선수의 운동능력과 면역반응에 미치는 영향

박계순,박익렬 한국운동과학회 2004 운동과학 Vol.13 No.1

박계순, 박익렬, 체중감량이 태권도 선수의 운동능력과 면역반응에 미치는 영향. 운동과학, 제13권 제1호, 65-76, 2004. 본 연구의 목적은 태권도 선수들을 대상으로 1주일의 감량기간 동안 2일 간격으로 자기체중의 0%(0kg), 3%(약 2kg), 6%(약 4kg), 9%(약 6kg)를 감량했을 때 선수들의 무산소성 운동능력, 유산소성 운동능력, 면역반응에 미치는 영향을 규명하여 적절한 체중감량과 경기력 향상에 필요한 자료를 제공하는 데 있다. Y 대학교 경력 6년 이상의 태권도 선수 8명을 대상으로 운동, 식이조절, 발한 방법으로 체중감량을 실시하였으며, 운동능력의 측정은 Wingate test와 트레드밀 달리기를 이용하였다. 자료 처리는 반복측정 분산분석(repeated measure ANOVA)을 이용하였으며, 각 측정 시기간의 차이 분석을 위해 대비검정(contrast test)을 실시하였다. 최대 무산소성 파워와 평균 무산소성 파워, 최저 무산소성 파워는 3% 감량 시기까지는 증가하다가 그 이후 6%와 9% 감량 시기에서는 유의하게 감소하였다. 최대산소섭취량은 3%와 6% 감량시기에서 유의하게 감소되었으며, 운동지속 시간은 지속적인 감소 경향을 보였으나, 0%와 9% 감량 시기 사이에서는 유의하게 감소하였다. 백혈구수는 6%까지 계속 감소하다가 9%에서 약간 증가하였다. B 세포와 T 세포, 보조 T 세포, 보조 T 세포/억제 T 세포 비율은 6%까지 증가하다가 9%에서 약간 감소하였다. NK 세포는 6%까지 유의하게 감소하다가 9% 시기에서 약간 증가하였다. 결론적으로 태권도 선수들에 있어 운동능력과 면역반응의 측면에서 부정적 영향이 최소한으로 감소되고, 면역반응이 경기 전ㆍ후 최상의 상태가 되기 위해서는 무산소성 운동능력은 3%, 유산소성 운동능력과 면역반응은 약 6%(약 4kg) 정도를 감량하는 것이 가장 바람직한 것으로 나타났다. Park, K.S., Park I.R. The Effect of Weight Reduction on Exercise Capacity, Immune Response of Taekwondo player. Exercise Science, 13(1): 65-76, 2004. The purpose of this study, was subjected to Taekwondo players weight reduction each time in 0%, 3%, 6%, 9%, weight reduction for a week(two days intervals) so as to examine closer the effect on changes Aerobic Exercise Capacity, Immune Response to provide necessary data for the right weight reduction and improvement of play performance. The subjects were 8 Taekwondo players, who have excellent practical skills and have more than 6 years experience, executed weight reduction through the exercises, dietaries and exhalation of sweat as 'Y' university. The methods to measure Exercise Performance were cardiopulmonary endurance test by treadmill, Wingate test by Ergometer and the data were handled by repeated measure ANOVA and executed contrast test to analyze the differences each time of weight reduction. As reduced weight Maximal Anaerobic Power, Mean Anaerobic Power and Minimal Anaerobic Power were increased slightly in 3%, weight reduction but it decreased significantly in 6%, and 9%, weight reduction. ??O_(2)max decreased significantly in 3% and 6% weight reduction, Exercise Duration had a tendency to decrease each time weight reduction and decreased significantly between 0%, and 9%. WBC Count was shown decreases with weight reduction by 6% weight reduction and slight increased in 9% weight reduction. B, T, Th/Ts ratio were increase by 6%, but slight decreased in 9% weight reduction. NKcell was decreased significantly by 6% and increased in 9% weight reduction. Therefore, In terms of Anaerobic Capacity are 3%, Aerobic Capacity and Immune Response are 6%(4kg) being considered of self-weight reduced body's best level for weight reduction in Taekwondo players.