The Concept Definition of “Northeast Asia” and the Analysis from Cultural Perspective

Jianyi Piao,Yunpeng Ma 국제지역연구학회 2014 국제지역학논총 Vol.7 No.1

동북아국제관계 연구 중에는 오랫동안 한가지 문제가 존재해오고 있다. 이는 바로 동북아의 개념과 그 지역 범위의 정의가 확실하지 않다는 것이다. 엄격한 지리학적 견해로는 이른바 “동북아” 지역이 존재하지 않지만, “동북아” 지역은 국제관계연구 중에서는 이미 지정학 개념으로 자리잡고 있다. 기존의 연구에서는 “동북아”의 내재적 의미, 즉, 동북아의 중심지역이 비교적 명확했지만, 그 경계는 매우 불분명했다. 본 논문에서는 “동북아”의 범위를 확정한 기초 위에서 이 지역의 지리적 분포 및 지정학적 특징에 대하여 연구 결론을 제시하였다. 또한 “동북아”는 하나의 지정학적 개념으로서 발전, 변화의 중요한 특징을 가지고 있다. 현재 동북아 지역의 각종 요소들의 상호 작용의 결과는 동북아의 지역 범위 및 문화형태 등 특징을 결정할 것이다. A problem long existing in the research of international relations in northeast Asia is the ambiguous definition of the concept of northeast Asia and its area limits. In the strict sense of geo-related science, there is no so-called “northeast Asia”. Rather, “northeast Asia” is a geo-concept that has been gradually developed in the research of international relations. Current research has basically defined the connotation of “northeast Asia”, namely, its central area, but not its denotation. Based on the longtime research, the relatively clear area limits of northeast Asia have been defined in this paper-the north, west and south boundaries are spherical lines, while the east is characterized by northeast-to-southwest spherical diagonal, which contributed to its overall appearance as a spherical trapezoid. This paper further generalizes the geo-related distributive characteristics of “Northeast Asia”, based on which the paper put forward the thesis―the geo-features and the geo-related distributive characteristics is one of the most stable and constant factors that determine the regional security of northeast Asia. As a geo-related concept, one of the most important features of “northeast Asia” is its character with development and changes, further explained, the current elements interactive results in Northeast Asia region would determine the scope, culture form and other features in the next stage of Northeast Asia.

동북아경제협력과 중국동북3성의 역할

박병인 韓國外國語大學校 外國學綜合硏究센터 中國硏究所 2004 中國硏究 Vol.33 No.-

Generally speaking, Northeast Asia(NEA) includes the Russian Far East (RFE), the Northeast provinces (Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang Provinces) of China, Both Koreas, Mongolia and Japan. The countries of NEA are highly heterogeneous in terms of various factors. There are differences in the stages of economic development and in living standards. Population density, natural resource endowment, economic system and structure, political system, historical and cultural background, and languages differ from country to country. Therefore, it is dangerous to generalize or over-simplify the features of Northeast Asia. This diversity for economic cooperation within the region. Simply speaking, if the rich resources of Russia and Mongolia, the labor forces of China and the DPRK, and the capital and technology of Japan and the POK are combined, NEA could form an economic community. There are three provinces in the region Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning. In general, soils in the Northeast region are fertile and productive. That is why people in China very often refer to the Northeast region as the "Grain Base" of China. In the past year, revitalization of China's Northeast industrial base has become a rallying point for the government of transforming China's economy from the state-controlled model of the past into a self-sustaining, demand-led engine of growth. The three northeastern provinces were the cradle of China's industrialization. Building on the infrastructure and facilities left behind after the collapse of Japanese colonial occupation at the close of World War Ⅱ, the oil fields, coal mines, steel mills and chemical plants of the region underpinned the drive to bring modern industry to China in the early years of the economic reform period the three northeast provinces contributed 14.3% of China's total output. There are also considerations of international trade underlying the focus on the Northeast. The three provinces lie in the geographical centre of Northeast Asia and are in a key position to promote China's participation in economic integration with its neighbours. The rejuvenation and development of the Northeast, therefore, supports Beijing's efforts to strengthen regional economic co-operation to take advantage of globalization and regional economic integration.

‘東北’인가, ‘滿洲’인가 ― 근대 동북 지역연구과제 설정의 가능성

성근제 한국중국현대문학학회 2011 中國現代文學 Vol.0 No.56

This study intends to examine some basic matters required in the process of setting a research agenda of northeast regional studies as a sub category of history of modern China. For this purpose, this article initially investigates the ambiguity of formation process of ‘Northeast’ concept and its concept category. Based on this initial sketch, the study argues the necessity of a categorical setting that is more open and dynamic without being subordinated by the concept of national state territory. Furthermore, it aims to reveal any conceptual entanglement between ‘Northeast’ and ‘Manchuria’ by pointing out the perspective of centralism hidden in the concept of ‘Northeast’ and also historical limitation in the ‘Manchuria’. This conceptual entanglement reflects the existence of a historical ‘layer’ in the regional history, and this study attempts to figure out the historical process of forming a ‘layer’ by defining it as ‘the decline of Manchuria and appearance of Northeast’. The modern city formation process in the north eastern region represented by Harbin clearly demonstrates the special character in the process of the appearance of Northeast as a modern space. This is another model of modernization different to those of Shanghai and Canton. Accordingly, the creation of Harbin and modern Northeast can be accepted as raising an issue against the writings of current Chinese modern and contemporary history which are linear and centralistic description. Here, the research task for the Northeastern region itself has reached a potential point to overcome the current modern Chinese history beyond a simple regional studies.

중국 지역발전전략 성과에 관한 비교 연구- ‘동북진흥(振兴东北)’과 ‘중부굴기(中部崛起)’를 중심으로

유은하 국제지역학회 2022 국제지역연구 Vol.26 No.2

After reform and opening up, China adopted the coastal priority development strategy while shifting from the previous theory of balanced development to the theory of unbalanced development. As a result, the coastal region grew rapidly, driving the growth of China as a whole. On the other hand, however, as the development gap with inland regions widened, the Chinese government implemented a series of regional development strategies like the Great Development of Western China, the Revitalization of the Northeast, The Rise of Central China etc. Since then, each region's economy has shown growth while securing a policy driving force. However, since the mid-2010s, the so-called 'New Northeast phenomenon', in which the Northeast economy plummets, has arisen, raising questions about the fundamental effectiveness of the Revitalization of the Northeast Strategy. This study demonstrates the difference in performance of these regional development strategies through a comparative study on the northeast and central China. At the same time, it is argued that an important factor in the recent economic decline in the Northeast region is the expansion of the proportion of the state-owned sector, which has been relatively overlooked in previous studies. 개혁개방 이후 중국은 이전의 균형발전론에서 불균형발전론으로 전환하면서 연해우선 발전전략을 택하였고, 이에 연해지역이 빠르게 성장하면서 중국 전체의 성장을 견인하였다. 그러나, 다른 한편으로 내륙지역과의 발전 격차가 확대되자 중국 정부는 일련의 지역발전전략-서부대개발, 동북진흥, 중부굴기-을 잇따라 추진하였다. 이후 각 지역 경제는 정책적 동력을 확보하면서 성장세를 보여왔는데, 2010년대 중반 이후 동북 경제가 급락하는 이른바 ‘신동북현상’이 발생하면서 동북진흥의 근본적 효과성에 의문이 제기되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 동북진흥과 중부굴기에 대한 비교 연구를 통하여 이러한 지역발전전략의 성과 차이를 실증하고 있으며, 아울러 최근의 동북지역 경제 하락의 한 요인으로 기존연구에서 상대적으로 간과되었던 국유부문 비중의 확대를 제시하고 있다.

吴大澂东北边务书法遗迹考论

쉬지엔 한국서예학회 2022 서예학연구 Vol.40 No.-

Wu Dacheng is a famous official, scholar, an expert in epigraphy, paleographer, calligraphers and painters of the late Qing Dynasty. He made achievements in his life as an official, scholar and artist. September of the sixth year of Guangxu (1880) - September of the fifteenth year of Guangxu (1886), Wu was ordered twice to carry out border affairs in the northeast of China, including Sanxing city, Ninggu tower and Hunchun, to benefit the local community and the people, and achieved a great deal during the six years. While performing border duties in the northeast, Wu also left a large calligraphic legacy here, which was one of the largest among the literati of the Qing Dynasty. The calligraphic remains handed down from ancient times in the Northeast are very rare compared to the culturally developed areas of the Central Plains, making the authentic calligraphic inscriptions left behind by Wu Dacheng during his border duties all the more precious. These calligraphic remains left by Wu in the northeast fully testify to his historical achievements in defending China's sovereignty and the development of frontier areas, such as boundary markers, bronze pillars, and dragon and tiger stone carvings, all of which are good proof of Wu's indelible contributions to boundary settlement. Wu Dacheng was between 45 and 51 years old when he was carrying out border affairs in the northeast. These calligraphic remains left behind are a reflection of his mature style, enough to highlight his calligraphic style and artistic characteristics, and the value of these calligraphic remains is worth studying and discovering. In order to study the calligraphic remains of Wu Dacheng in the northeast, the author personally went to the field to investigate and research, and combined the documentary and historical records and thesis research to systematically sort out the places Wu Dacheng visited in his northeast border affairs, his achievements in border affairs, and the calligraphic remains he left here; this paper discusses three aspects of the calligraphic legacy left by Wu Dacheng,calligraphy taking method, calligraphy style aesthetic, calligraphy achievements, and calligraphic achievements; this paper summarizes the completed background and artistic characteristics of these calligraphic remains, reflecting the artistic value of Wu's northeastern border affairs calligraphic remains, with a view to providing the calligraphic community and researchers with more historical materials and tablet calligraphy about Wu's calligraphy to study and research. 吴大澂,晚清著名的官员、学者、金石学家、古文字学家及书画家,一生为官、为学、为艺皆有建树。光绪六年九月(1880年)——光绪十五年(1886年)九月,六年间吴大澂前后两次奉命来到三姓、宁古塔、珲春等东北地区执行边务,造福地方,福祉于民,成就了一番事业。 吴大澂在东北执行边务的同时还为这里留下了大量的书法遗产,是清代文人中最多的一位。东北地区古代流传下来的书法遗迹相对中原文化发达的地区非常稀少,因此,吴大澂执行边务时留下的书法碑刻真迹更显珍贵。吴大澂在东北留下的这些书法遗迹充分见证了他对捍卫中国主权及边疆地区开发的历史功绩,如界碑、铜柱、龙虎石刻等都很好地证明了吴大澂为勘边所作出的不可磨灭的贡献。同时对研究在东北边务时期的吴大澂具有重要的史料价值。吴大澂东北执行边务时在45—51岁之间,这些遗留下来书法遗迹正是其成熟风格的体现,足以彰显其书法风格及艺术特色,对于这些书法遗迹的价值是值得研究发掘的。 为了研究吴大徵东北的书法遗迹,笔者亲自到实地考察调研,结合文献史料的记载和论文的研究。对吴大徵东北边务的所到之地,边务政绩,以及他在这里留下书法遗迹进行做了系统梳理;对吴大澂留下书法遗迹的书学取法、书风审美、书法成就三个方面进行了论述;对这些书法遗迹的完成背景和艺术特点进行了总结,反映了吴大澂东北边务书法遗迹的艺术价值,以期为书法界和研究人员提供更多有关吴大澂的史料和碑刻书法来学习和研究。

중국의 동북진흥전략(東北振興戰略)과 북·중 경제협력

김재기 한국동북아학회 2013 한국동북아논총 Vol.18 No.1

This paper is analysis the political background one of China's regional development policy in Northeast Development Strategy. After nearly 30 years’ reform, China’s economic and social development has made note worthy achievements, the northeast‘s industrial base was very strong, has once made indelible contributions to the new China’s construction and the economic’s development. China's influence on North Korea was increasing rapidly, northeast development strategy, which is closely related to the national strategy. Persist, such as the current economic cooperation with North Korea, economic dependence on China will strengthen and accelerate its integration into the China's economy. The strained inter-Korean relations became friendly relations through the strengthening of economic cooperation China and North Korea. Relations with North Korea in Northeast Development Strategy led by China in the China-North Korea border region promoted a national-level project budget is estimated at $ 2.4 billion. 'Changjitu' plan of 12 projects to build a transportation infrastructure that connects the North Korea. China's Northeast promotion strategy is clear progress with North Korea These initiatives in order to reap the performance from the perspective of China to South Korea's capital and technology needed to geographically adjacent, as well as there is a need to recognize and respond to that need a stable surrounding environment. The opening of North Korea to Close China-North Korea recognizing the relationship of history and tradition more than 60 years, and for the reunification of the Korean peninsula. Military tensions on the Korean peninsula and to promote peace between the South and North Koreas and the United States for close dialogue and cooperation is required. Park Geun-hye government to restore confidence and to establish a peace regime on the Korean Peninsula. 북한이 유엔 안보리의 대북 제재 결의 2087호에 대한 반발로 제3차 핵실험을 강행하면서 이에 대한 중국의 대북 영향력에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있다. 중국이 북한의 로켓 발사까지는 참아도 핵실험을 할 경우 대북 원조 축소와 북중 경협도 동결할 수 있다는 전망 등이 나오고 있다. 김정일 사후 김정은 체제가 안정적으로 유지되고 2012년 12월 광명성 3호 발사와 제3차 핵실험이 가능케 한 배경에는 중국의 지속적인 대북지원이 중요한 역할을 했다고 볼 수 있다. 김일성 사후 3년 상을 치른 후 권좌에 오른 김정일과는 달리 김정은이 북한의 최고지도자로 등극하는데 4개월 밖에 안 걸렸다. 이러한 김정은 체제의 안착의 외부적 배경으로 중국을 빼놓고 설명할 수 없다. 북한에서 큰 문제없이 김정은 체제를 구축하고 김정은 시대를 안착할 수 있게 한 요인 중에 하나는 중국이 적극적으로 후원과 지지를 했기 때문에 가능한 것이라고 할 수 있다. 김정일 시대에도 중국은 북한의 가장 큰 후원자였다. 유엔 등의 국제무대에서 북한을 지지했고, 이명박 정권 출범이후 남북관계가 경색되자 북중 경협의 강화를 통해 친선관계를 대외에 과시했다. 북중 접경지역에서 중국 주도로 추진하고 있는 동북진흥전략이라는 국가 급 프로젝트 중 북한과 관계되는 예산이 24억 달러 규모이다. 이중 ‘장길도선도구’ 계획 12개 프로젝트 중 10개가 북한과 연결되는 교통인프라를 구축하는 것이다. 이러한 내용을 보면 중국의 동북진흥 전략은 분명 북한을 염두 해 두고 진행되고 있음을 알 수 있다. 이와 같이 이명박 정부이후 남북 관계는 갈수록 경색되었지만, 북중 관계는 더욱 긴밀하게 강화되었다. 이러한 측면에서 북중 접경지역에서 북중 밀착 현상이 남북통일에 어떠한 영향을 미칠지 면밀하게 분석할 필요가 있다. 이 논문은 중국이 지역개발 정책의 하나로 추진하고 있는 동북진흥전략의 정치적 배경을 고찰해 보고, 이 전략이 향후 북중 관계뿐만 아니라 한반도에도 어떠한 의미를 갖는지 전망해 보고자 한다.

동북아 다자간 안보협력과 한반도 평화체제 구축

성병욱(Byung-Wook Sung) 한국통일전략학회 2006 통일전략 Vol.6 No.1

다자주의는 21세기 국제정치질서를 유지하기 위한 새로운 관리방법으로 주목받고 있다. 냉전종식과 함께 역내 질서재편이라는 새로운 변화를 겪고 있는 동북아에서 다자간 안보대화 및 협력체가 필요하다. 동북아 지역에 있어서의 신뢰구축, 분쟁해결 및 예방, 군비통제 등 전통적인 안보 이슈뿐만 아니라 포괄적 안보개념에 입각한 비군사적 안보의제들을 다루기 위한 다자협력의 필요성이 점차로 증대되고 있다. 동북아 지역의 안보환경을 개선하고, 한반도의 통일과 평화체제를 구축하기 위해서는 동북아 다자안보 협력체의 창설이 시급하다. 동북아 다자안보 협력체는 한반도의 군사적 대치 완화와 군비축소 등을 통해 지역분쟁을 억지하고, 역내 국가들의 군사대결을 통제하며 한반도의 통일과정에서 발생할 수 있는 갈등이나 분쟁을 평화적으로 통제하여 통일한국의 안보를 집단적으로 보장할 수 있는 방안이다. 따라서 한반도의 냉전구도를 해체하고 외교의 자주성을 표방하면서 한반도를 비롯한 동북아 지역의 평화와 안정을 제도적이고 지속적으로 보장하기 위한 동북아 다자안보 협력체를 구축하는 것이 바람직하다. Multilateralism is paid attention as the new way of preserving the 21st centry's international political order. We need a talks for security and cooperation for new change of system reorganization with the cessation of the cold war. The necessity of cooperation of multilateralism is getting more important to deal with nonmilitary security subject based on not only traditional security issues but also expansive security concept such as northeastern's construction of trust, solution and prevention of a dispute and controling armaments. It's urgent to establish a cooperation of northeast's multilateral security in order to improve security surroundings and to creat Korean peninsula's unification and peace regime. A cooperation of northeast's multilateral security is one of the ways to control a regional conflict through disarmament and Korean peninsula's military relief of confrontation, and to control confrontation of military envoy and regulate a dispute which happens in the process of unification of Korean peninsula, so that the cooperation is the plan for unified Korean security which secures collectively. Therefore, we should establish a cooperation of northeast's multilateral security in order to secure northeast's peace and stability institutionally and consistantly and to get rid of Korean peninsula's composition of the cold war professing diplomatic independence.

실체를 상실한 문화상상으로서의 동북아시아 : 한 · 중 · 일 드라마 『꽃보다 남자』 연구

권유리야(Kwon Juria),이재봉(Lee Jae-Bong) 동북아시아문화학회 2010 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.24

This thesis reveal that the reappearance of east-asia as the leader of globalization is not symbolized through Men over flowers as the complete independence from the Occident but rather border of Occident without its own character. Even this fact though, serious reveal of Men over Flowers in Korea, China, and Japan and got huge fan is based on the fact the life of Northeast-asia is founded on the occidental life style. When the life is based on the occidental spirit, the thought of east-asia can be whether postponed or discarded. This phenomenan is revealed directly in the show. In the show, luxurious goods reveal the sensation of longing and imitation through all the classes so it can be revealed the solidarity of Northeast-asian. It, however, it fronts this appropriateness of solidarity, it gives dilemmas to give east-asia to terran of Occident. This simple idea brought about the result that the love for family is seized by the occidental capital. All the conflict is collected by the family value of asia, but in fact, familism is the hostage of capitalism by the Occident. The temptation of capital vested Northeast-asia into the occidental terran using the familiarity of family. The loss of memory of this show is given shape by skepticism about the presence of oriental Northeast-asian spirit. The memory loss of the character shows the fear of second-in-command of east-asia that without assimilation with the Occident, he cannot exist. Forever occidental others. Likewise, the show reveals clearly that Northeast-asia is not the geographical true nature. The ultimate conclusion of Men over Flowers is the negative perspect that east-asia is a cultural imagination, a floating ballot made from identification such as orientalism or narcissism. This cultural imagination controls the space of imagination of east-asian public, and after all the imagination of joining the world powers is just mere judge of imperialism. After all, the limit of east-asia through Men over Flowers is quite clear. It avoid deliberately the fact that the universality does not match with the real life and is contrary to people's expectation and finally betray. As long as it is believed that east-asia's comeback only can be realized through surrendering to Occident as the universality, east-asia cannot help but be alienated itself. The idea to recover the Occident from the solidarity of asian resisting european can only make it sure to accept european. The mind of substitute cannot be premised without the others. The important thing is to recognize the Occident as a true nature of terran. If not, like in the Men over Flowers, the true nature of east-asia can be far to be realized.

17세기 중반 동북아 국제정세와 조선의 나선정벌

김경록 열상고전연구회 2018 열상고전연구 Vol.65 No.-

러시아의 동양진출은 17세기 흑룡강 유역을 중심으로 청나라와 러시아, 조선과 청나라의 관계에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 중국의 통일전쟁에 국가의 역량을 집중하였던 청나라는 모든 병력을 남방의 전선에 투입하였다. 청나라는 가장 안전한 배후지역 으로 인식하였던 동북방에 새로운 러시아세력의 진출에 대해 처음 사소한 지역의 무력충돌로 판단하였다. 그러나, 청나라의 중앙정부는 패전소식을 인지했지만, 현 실적으로 남방의 병력을 옮겨 투입할 수 없었기 때문에 동북방의 가용한 병력을 투입하여 대응했다. 또한, 청나라는 첫 전투에서 패전한 이유를 화력의 부재라고 분석하고 가장 근접한 위치에서 조총부대를 보유한 조선에 파병을 강요했다. 청나라의 파병부대 요구를 받은 조선은 당시 국왕이었던 효종의 즉위과정에서 발생한 왜정자문사건을 무마하고, 조선과 청나라의 국제관계를 원활하게 진행시 키기 위해 청나라의 파병요구를 적극적으로 수용했다. 효종은 파병 가능한 병력을 고려하고, 파병부대의 안전을 최대한 확보하고자 최정예 부대를 차출하여 파병했 다. 조선의 정치, 외교, 군사적 목적에 부합하여 파병부대는 큰 승리를 거두고 안 전하게 귀국했다. 이후 지속적으로 러시아군의 국경침입에 대응하여 청나라는 지방군대를 강화하 면서 한편으로 조선에 2차 전투부대의 파병을 요구했다. 청나라는 남쪽 전선에서 저항세력에 대한 정벌전쟁을 지속적으로 추진하였기 때문에 강력한 부대를 동북 방으로 옮겨 투입할 수 없었다. 조선은 청나라로부터 파병요구를 받고 1차 파병부 대의 승리경험을 바탕으로 2차 파병부대를 구성하고 출병시켰다. 조선의 2차 파 병부대는 전투에서 용감하게 싸웠으며, 청나라의 승리에 크게 기여했다. 조선의 나선정벌은 17세기 중반 동북아 국제정세에 크게 영향을 받아 실시되었 으며, 향후 국제질서에 영향을 주었다. 청나라는 부족한 병력으로 중국에 진입하 여 반항세력을 제압하였으며, 투항한 군대에 대한 통제 및 반란세력의 진압을 위 해 주요 병력을 중요 지점에 배치했다. 청나라는 러시아군의 침입을 계기로 동북 방에 대해 높은 관심을 가지고 군사통치제도를 정비했으며, 남쪽의 해군세력을 동 북방에 배치하기도 했다. 조선은 나선정벌을 통해 미묘한 갈등관계였던 청나라와 의 관계를 원활한 관계로 전환시킬 수 있었다. 이후 조선은 어느 정도 청나라의 간섭에서 벗어나 자체적인 군사력 강화를 시도할 수 있게 되었다. Russia's advance into the East, influenced the relationship between the Qing and Russia, Joseon and Qing, centering around Heilongjiang River(黑龍江) basin in the 17th century. The Qing Dynasty, which had concentrated its national capabilities on the Chinese reunification war, put all its troops on the Southern Front. The Qing Dynasty was the first small armed conflict in the region to be recognized as the safest backdrop for the advance of new Russian forces in the northeast. However, the central government of the Qing Dynasty recognized the news of the defeat, but because of the fact that it could not transfer the troops from the south, it put the local troops into the northeast. In addition, the Qing Dynasty analyzed the reason for the defeat in the first battle as the absence of the firepower, and forced it to dispatch to the Joseon, which had the rifle unit in the closest position. Upon receiving the request of the Qing troops, Joseon actively accepted the request for dispatch of the Qing to smoothly promote the international relations between Joseon and the Qing, and to dispel the dispute on the whistleblowing that occurred during the king(孝宗)'s ascension. The King of Joseon took into account the troop dispatchable troops and dispatched the most elite troops to secure the maximum security of the dispatched troops. In line with the political, diplomatic and military objectives of Joseon, the dispatched troops returned victoriously and safely. Since then, in response to Russian invasion of the border, the Qing dynasty strengthened the local army, while demanding the Joseon of the second combat unit. The Qing continued to pursue a war of captivity against the insurgents in the southern front, so it was not possible to transfer powerful troops to the northeast. Joseon received a dispatch request from the Qing, and based on the victory experience of the 1st dispatch unit, the 2nd dispatch unit was formed and dispatched. The 2nd dispatched troops of Joseon fought bravely in battle and contributed greatly to the victory of the Qing. The Manchu-Joseon Expeditions to the Amur of Joseon was greatly influenced by the international situation of Northeast Asia in the mid 17th century, and it affected the international order in the future. The Qing entered China with scarce troops and overthrew the rebel forces, and placed major troops at key points in order to control the troops that were deployed and suppress the insurgency. With the invasion of the Russian army, the Qing improved its military rule with a high degree of interest in the northeast and deployed naval forces in the south to the northeast. Chosun was able to transform the relationship with the Qing Dynasty, which was a subtle conflict, through a Manchu-Joseon Expeditions to the Amur into a smooth relationship. Since then, Joseon has been able to escape the interference of Qing and try to strengthen its own military power.

고려말 東北面 영토개척과 영토의식: 公嶮鎭 두만강북설의 출현 배경

윤경진 서울대학교 규장각한국학연구원 2019 한국문화 Vol.0 No.88

Examined in this article is how expansion of territory progressed in the Northeast Realm(“東北面, Dongbuk-myeon”) of Goryo at the end of the dynasty, and how the Goyreo people’s recognition of their own territory enlarged accordingly. Alongside the examination of this issue, their recollection of the so-called “Northeast Nine Fortresses(東北九城)” is also observed, in order to determine exactly when the notion of considering the location of Gongheom-jin(公嶮鎭) to have been 700 ri units above the Duman-gang river line actually began to develop. The Goryeo people considered the location of the ‘9 fortresses in the Northeast’ as part of their territory, and established Gongheom-jin as the borderline. They also believed an old stone tablet which had been considered to have belonged to the Goguryeo era as a tablet that was more recently erected by Yun Gwan(尹瓘) in order to mark the borderline. Later, Gongheom-jin served as a basis for Goryeo’s defense against Ming’s threats to establish Cheolryeong-wi(鐵嶺衛) in the region, and as territory expansion continued, its own location also continued to move northward. Meanwhile, Goryeo, while enlarging its territory, also dealt with the Jurchen tribes. The Aldori(斡都里) faction which was living in the Songhwa-gang river basin relocated to the Duman-gang area and surrendered to Goryeo. Goryeo and Joseon both considered their original habitat as part of their own territories. And as Gongheom-jin and Yun Gwan’s tablet continued to be cited as foundations of territorial defense and preservation, the notion that Gongheom-jin had really always been above the Duman-gang river line began to take shape.