Identification of Biomarker for Determining Genotypic Potential of Nitrogen-Use-Efficiency and Optimization of the Nitrogen Inputs in Crop Plants

Kumar, Anil,Gupta, Nidhi,Gupta, Atul Kumar,Gaur, Vikram Singh 한국작물학회 2009 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.12 No.4

Worldwide, the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for crop plants is of great concern. The burgeoning world population needs crop genotypes that respond to higher nitrogen and show a direct relationship to yield with use of nitrogen inputs, i.e. high nitrogen-responsive genotypes. However, for fulfilling the high global demand of organic produce, it requires the low nitrogen responsive genotypes with greater NUE and grain yields. The lack of knowledge about precise regulatory mechanisms to explain NUE in crop plants hampers the goal of agricultural productivity. Understanding the molecular basis of NUE will enable to provide handle for crop improvement through biotechnological means. With the advent of modern genomics and proteomics approaches such as subtractive hybridization, differential display, and microarray techniques are revolutionizing to identify the candidate genes which play a pivotal role in the regulation of NUE. Beside it, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technology is also being used to establish marker-trait association for NUE. The identification of potential candidate genes/proteins in the regulation of NUE will serve as biomarker(s) for screening genotypes for their nitrogen responsiveness for optimization of nitrogen input in agriculture. This paper describes the molecular basis of NUE with respect to nitrogen metabolism and its intimate relationship with carbon metabolism, use of molecular-physiological-genetics approaches for understanding the role of various genes/proteins, and their validation to use as biomarker(s) for determining genotypic potential for NUE. Since NUE in plants is a complex trait which not only involves the primary process of nitrogen uptake and assimilatory pathways but also a series of events, including metabolite partitioning, secondary remobilization, C-N interactions, as well as molecular signalling pathways and regulatory control outside the metabolic cascades. Therefore, identification of novel nitrogen responsive genes and their cis- and trans-acting gene elements is essential. Thus, fishing out a single gene, biomarker or a master regulator controlling complex trait of NUE could serve as an appropriate strategy for nitrogen management in agriculture.

Identification of Biomarker for Determining Genotypic Potential of Nitrogen-Use-Efficiency and Optimization of the Nitrogen Inputs in Crop Plants

Anil Kumar,Nidhi Gupta,Atul Kumar Gupta,Vikram Singh Gaur 한국작물학회 2009 Journal of crop science and biotechnology Vol.12 No.4

Worldwide, the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for crop plants is of great concern. The burgeoning world population needs crop genotypes that respond to higher nitrogen and show a direct relationship to yield with use of nitrogen inputs, i.e. high nitrogenresponsive genotypes. However, for fulfilling the high global demand of organic produce, it requires the low nitrogen responsive genotypes with greater NUE and grain yields. The lack of knowledge about precise regulatory mechanisms to explain NUE in crop plants hampers the goal of agricultural productivity. Understanding the molecular basis of NUE will enable to provide handle for crop improvement through biotechnological means. With the advent of modern genomics and proteomics approaches such as subtractive hybridization, differential display, and microarray techniques are revolutionizing to identify the candidate genes which play a pivotal role in the regulation of NUE. Beside it, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technology is also being used to establish marker-trait association for NUE. The identification of potential candidate genes/proteins in the regulation of NUE will serve as biomarker(s) for screening genotypes for their nitrogen responsiveness for optimization of nitrogen input in agriculture. This paper describes the molecular basis of NUE with respect to nitrogen metabolism and its intimate relationship with carbon metabolism, use of molecular-physiological-genetics approaches for understanding the role of various genes/proteins, and their validation to use as biomarker(s) for determining genotypic potential for NUE. Since NUE in plants is a complex trait which not only involves the primary process of nitrogen uptake and assimilatory pathways but also a series of events, including metabolite partitioning, secondary remobilization, C-N interactions, as well as molecular signalling pathways and regulatory control outside the metabolic cascades. Therefore, identification of novel nitrogen responsive genes and their cis- and trans-acting gene elements is essential. Thus, fishing out a single gene, biomarker or a master regulator controlling complex trait of NUE could serve as an appropriate strategy for nitrogen management in agriculture. Worldwide, the nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) for crop plants is of great concern. The burgeoning world population needs crop genotypes that respond to higher nitrogen and show a direct relationship to yield with use of nitrogen inputs, i.e. high nitrogenresponsive genotypes. However, for fulfilling the high global demand of organic produce, it requires the low nitrogen responsive genotypes with greater NUE and grain yields. The lack of knowledge about precise regulatory mechanisms to explain NUE in crop plants hampers the goal of agricultural productivity. Understanding the molecular basis of NUE will enable to provide handle for crop improvement through biotechnological means. With the advent of modern genomics and proteomics approaches such as subtractive hybridization, differential display, and microarray techniques are revolutionizing to identify the candidate genes which play a pivotal role in the regulation of NUE. Beside it, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction technology is also being used to establish marker-trait association for NUE. The identification of potential candidate genes/proteins in the regulation of NUE will serve as biomarker(s) for screening genotypes for their nitrogen responsiveness for optimization of nitrogen input in agriculture. This paper describes the molecular basis of NUE with respect to nitrogen metabolism and its intimate relationship with carbon metabolism, use of molecular-physiological-genetics approaches for understanding the role of various genes/proteins, and their validation to use as biomarker(s) for determining genotypic potential for NUE. Since NUE in plants is a complex trait which not only involves the primary process of nitrogen uptake and assimilatory pathways but also a series of events, including metabolite partitioning, secondary remobilization, C-N interactions, as well as molecular signalling pathways and regulatory control outside the metabolic cascades. Therefore, identification of novel nitrogen responsive genes and their cis- and trans-acting gene elements is essential. Thus, fishing out a single gene, biomarker or a master regulator controlling complex trait of NUE could serve as an appropriate strategy for nitrogen management in agriculture.

호흡률법에 의한 하수의 질산화성 질소화합물 추정

김동한 ( Dong Han Kim ) 대한상하수도학회 2007 상하수도학회지 Vol.21 No.3

Nitrogen compounds in municipal wastewater can be divided into biodegradable and nonbiodegradable fractions with biodegradability. Biodegradable nitrogen compounds can be removed through biological nitrification and denitrification processes, and nonbiodegradable nitrogen compounds affect the effluent quality of biological nutrient removal processes. The amount of nitrifiable nitrogen compounds, which are the sum of ammonia and biodegradable organic nitrogen, has been estimated by respirometry. Respirometry shows good estimation of the concentration of nitrifiable nitrogen when a synthetic sample of ammonium chloride is dosed. The estimated concentration of nitrifiable nitrogen compounds in municipal wastewater is close to ammonia concentration in municipal wastewater, but it is lower than that for the synthetic sample. If nitrogen assimilated into cell synthesis of nitrifiers and heterotrophs is considered, the total amounts of nitrifiable nitrogen compounds, which are nitrified and assimilated, could be more accurately estimated. The concentration of nitrifiable nitrogen compounds, which are biodegradable, is about 31 mg N/l, and this is 119% of ammonia and 94% of total nitrogen. Ammonia, nitrate, biodegradable organic nitrogen, and nonbiodegradable nitrogen are about 79%, 1%, 15%, and 5% of the total nitrogen in municipal wastewater, respectively.

Phytobiome as a Potential Factor in Nitrogen-Induced Susceptibility to the Rice Blast Disease

Junhyun Jeon 한국식물병리학회 2019 식물병연구 Vol.25 No.3

Roles of nutrients in controlling plant diseases have been documented for a long time. Among the nutrients having impact on susceptibility/resistance to crop diseases, nitrogen is one of the most important nutrients for plant growth and development. In rice plants, excess nitrogen via fertilization in agricultural systems is known to increase susceptibility to the rice blast disease. Mechanisms underlying such phenomenon, despite its implication in yield and sustainable agriculture, have not been fully elucidated yet. A few research efforts attempted to link nitrogen-induced susceptibility to concomitant changes in rice plant and rice blast fungus in response to excess nitrogen. However, recent studies focusing on phytobiome are offering new insights into effects of nitrogen on interaction between plants and pathogens. In this review, I will first briefly describe importance of nitrogen as a key nutrient for plants and what changes excess nitrogen can bring about in rice and the fungal pathogen. Next, I will highlight some of the recent phytobiome studies relevant to nitrogen utilization and immunity of plants. Finally, I propose the hypothesis that changes in phytobiome upon excessive nitrogen fertilization contribute to nitrogen-induced susceptibility, and discuss empirical evidences that are needed to support the hypothesis.

Nitrogen release and pore formation through KOH activation of nitrogen-doped carbon materials: an evaluation of the literature

Wabo Samuel Ghomsi,Klepel Olaf 한국탄소학회 2021 Carbon Letters Vol.31 No.4

The simultaneous use of KOH and nitrogen to manufacture carbon materials provides these materials with properties that the presence of only one of these additives would not give them, such as high porosity and reactivity. However, it is difcult to obtain nitrogen-doped carbon materials with both high porosity and high nitrogen content, as the KOH signifcantly reduces the nitrogen content. In this review the complex relationships between nitrogen content and nitrogen precursor amount, KOH amount and the activation temperature are discussed, with a focus on the diferent N-functional groups and the porosity of the fabricated carbons. Generally, increasing activation temperature and increasing KOH amount decrease the nitrogen content due to reactions with the N-containing substructures of carbon, resulting in the release of nitrogen as N2, HCN and other N gases. Increasing these parameters can also result in the reduction of pyridine-N while the amount of quaternary-N increases simultaneously. Besides this, an increase in the amount of nitrogen precursor leads to an increase in the porosity of N-doped materials. However, too high amounts of the nitrogen precursor generate an excess of nitrogen which blocks the pore system and consequently reduces the porosity of the doped carbons.

Research on soil net nitrogen mineralization in Stipa grandis grassland with different stages of degradation

Wanyu Wen,Xiaobing Li,Lihong Chen,Dandan Wei,Han Wang,Meng Zhang,Jing Yu 한국지질과학협의회 2016 Geosciences Journal Vol.20 No.4

Net nitrogen mineralization is one of the nitrogen cycling process, and it is very important to understand nitrogen mineralization characteristics in degradation grassland. In the upper 0–10 cm soil layer of Stipa grandis P. A. Smirn. grassland in the Xilin river basin, Inner Mongolia, we studied the soil net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification among three varying stages of degradation grassland and analyzed the relationship between the mineralization rate of the soil net nitrogen and environmental factors, using the resin-core incubation method. Our results demonstrated that, from May to October 2012, the accumulated net nitrogen mineralization was 21.620 mg kg–1, 12.486 mg kg–1, and 48.053 mg kg–1 in the slightly, medium, and heavily degraded grasslands, respectively and varied greatly among the three stages of degradation shown by the S. grandis grassland plots. During the cultivation period, the variation of net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification was similar to the variation of soil mineral nitrogen. The higher soil mineral nitrogen content indicated higher mineralization of net nitrogen. In July and August, soil moisture was positively correlated with the net nitrogen mineralization rate, and the correlation coefficients between these two factors of 0.73, 0.58, and 0.79 for the slightly, medium, and heavily degraded plots, respectively. The rates of net nitrogen mineralization and nitrification were negatively correlated with soil total nitrogen, but positively correlated with C/N ratio, and weakly correlated with other physicochemical properties.

질소시비가 산국의 수량과 유효성분에 미치는 영향

이경동,양민석,이용복,김필주,Lee, Kyung-Dong,Yang, Min-Suk,Lee, Young-Bok,Kim, Pil-Joo Korean Society of Soil Science and Fertilizer 2002 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.35 No.1

산국(Chrysanthemum boreale M.)은 국화과에 속하는 다년생 식물이며 우리나라에 널리 분포하는 자생식물자원으로서 오래 전부터 식용과 약용으로 널리 이용되어 왔다. 최근 건강에 대한 관심이 고조되면서 산국의 수요가 급증하고 있으나 자연채집을 위주로 하기 때문에 공급을 충당하지 못하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 우수품질의 산국을 대량생산하기 위해 질소시비반응 시험을 실시하였다. 처리구는 질소수준에 따라 6처리구(0, 50, 100, 150, 200, $250kg\;ha^{-1}$)로 설정하였다. 이때 모든 처리구에서 기본적으로 $P_2O_5-K_2O=80-80kg\;ha^{-1}$을 시비하였다. 그 결과, 질소의 시비량이 증가할수록 수량이 증가하였다. 전체 산국을 건물중으로 하여 회귀곡선을 통해 추정한 결과 N $246kg\;ha^{-1}$였으며, 꽃의 수량은 N $226kg\;ha^{-1}$이였다. 꽃의 주요 아미노산은 proline이였고 질소의 시비량이 증가할수록 아미노산의 함량이 증가하였다. 이때 질소의 이용율은 41.5-61.8%였고 N100처리구에서 가장 높았다. Sespuiterpene계 화합물로서 우수한 혈압강하효과를 가지고 있는 물질인 Cumambrin A의 함량은 식물부위 중 꽃에 가장 많이 함유되어 있었다. 질소의 시비량이 증가할수록 Cumambrin A의 함량이 다소 감소하였으나 통계적 유의성은 인정되지 않았다. 꽃에서 Cumambrin A의 전체 함량은 산국의 수량증가에 따라 질소 시비량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 따라서 유효성분이 많이 함유된 양질의 산국재배를 위해 질소의 적정시비량은 $225{\sim}250kg\;ha^{-1}$ 수준으로 판단되었으며 포장시험을 통한 현장입증시험이 있어야 할 것으로 판단된다. Chrysanthemum boreale M. (hereafter, C. boreale M.), a perennial flower, has been historically used as a natural medicine in Korea. With increasing concerns for health-improving foods, the demand for C. boreale M. has become higher than ever. Howevr, the amount of wild C. boreale M. collected from mountainous areas is not enough to cover all demands. The cultivation system and fertilization strategy are required to meet increasing demand on C. boreale M. with a good quality. We investigated the effects of nitrogen application on plant growth and effective components of C. boreale M. to suggest optimum rate of nitrogen fertilization. C. boreale M. was cultivated in a pot scale (1/2000a scale), and nitrogen applied with rate of 0(N0), 50(N50), 100(N100), 150(N150), 200(N200), and $250(N250)kg\;ha^{-1}$. Phosphate and potassium were applied at the same level ($P_2O_5-K_2O=80-80kg\;ha^{-1}$) in all treatments. Maximum yield achieved in 246 and $226kg\;ha^{-1}$ N treatment on the whole plant and the flower part, a valuable part as a herbal medicine, respectively. Proline was the most abundant amino acid in the flower of C boreal M. and the contents of amino acids increased with increasing nitrogen application rate in flower. Nitrogen recovery efficiency was high more than 41% in all nitrogen treatments and increased to 61.8% in nitrogen N100 treatment. From the nitrogen content, the high nitrogen uptake, the low residue of mineral N and the reasonably good apparent fertilizer recovery, it can be inferred that C. boreale M. made efficient use of the available nitrogen. In flower, contents of Cumambrin A. which is a sesquiterpene compound and has the effect of blood-pressure reduction, decreased with increasing nitrogen application. However, the amount of Cumambrin A in flower increased as nitrogen rate increased, because of increasing flower yield. Conclusively, nitrogen fertilization could increase yields and enhance quality. The optimum nitrogen application rate might be on the range of $225{\sim}250kg\;ha^{-1}$ in a mountainous soil.

Change in Nitrogen Fractions and Ruminal Nitrogen Degradability of Orchardgrass and Alfalfa during the Ensiling Process and the Subsequent Effects on Nitrogen Utilization by Sheep

Nguyen, H.V.,Kawai, M.,Takahashi, J.,Matsuoka, S. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2004 Animal Bioscience Vol.17 No.11

In order to determine the extent of change in nitrogen fractions and in vitro ruminal degradability of forage protein during ensilage and the influence on nitrogen utilization by sheep, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) were ensiled in separate 120 L silos for 5, 21 and 56 days. With respect to nitrogen fractions, fraction 1 (buffer solution soluble nitrogen), fraction 2 (buffer solution insoluble nitrogen-neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen), fraction 3 (neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen-acid detergent insoluble nitrogen), and fraction 4 (acid detergent insoluble nitrogen) were determined. Fractions 1 and 2 accounted for more than 80% of total nitrogen in orchardgrass and 90% of that in alfalfa. The proportion of fraction 1 in orchardgrass increased from 33.0% at day 0 to 52.0% after day 56 of ensiling. In the case of alfalfa silage it was 41.7% and 62.9%, respectively. Seventy percent of this increase occurred within the first 5 days of ensiling. A similar change of in vitro ruminal degradability of total nitrogen was also observed in both forages. Nitrogen retention in sheep tended to decrease as the length of ensiling increased, with a significantly positive correlation between urinary nitrogen and fraction 1, and in vitro ruminal degradability of total nitrogen.

밭토양 조건에서 질소함량별 유기자원의 질소 무기화율 추정

임진수,이방현,강승희 한국환경농학회 2019 한국환경농학회지 Vol.38 No.4

BACKGROUND: To investigate mineralization characteristics of organic resources in the soil, five materials (rice straw, cow manure sawdust compost, microorganism compost, mixed oil-cake, and amino acid fertilizer) were treated according to the nitrogen content, and an indoor incubation experiment was conducted for 128 days. The results of this analysis were applied to determine the nitrogen mineralization pattern of these organic resources. METHODS AND RESULTS: During the constant temperature incubation period, the nitrogen net mineralization rate of the organic resources was the highest in the amino acid fertilizer with the highest nitrogen content, and the lowest in the rice straw with the lowest nitrogen content. A positive correlation (0.96) was observed between the potential nitrogen mineralization rate and total nitrogen content. The mineralization rate constant, k, was negatively correlated with the organic matter (-0.96) and carbon content (-0.97). The nitrogen mineralization rate during the first cropping season, as estimated by the model, was 6.6%, 11.6%, 30.9%, 70.7%, and 81.0% for the rice straw, the cow manure sawdust compost, the microorganism compost, the mixed oil-cake, and the amino acid fertilizer, respectively. CONCLUSION: The nitrogen mineralization rate varies depending on the type of organic resources or the nitrogen content; thus, it can be used as an index for determining the nitrogen supply characteristics of the organic resource. Organic resources such as compost with low nitrogen content or those undergoing fermentation contain organic nitrogen. Organic nitrogen is stabilized during the composting process. Therefore, as the nitrogen mineralization rate of these resources is lower than that of non-fermented organic resources, it is desirable to use the fermented organic materials only to improve soil physical properties rather than to supply nutrients for the required amount of fertilizer.

Effects of Nitrogen Doping and Working Pressure on the Crystallization of Ge1Sb4Te7 Thin Films for PRAM Applications

김형근,최두진,이승윤,신상우,조형희,Jae Sung Roh 한국물리학회 2009 THE JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSICAL SOCIETY Vol.55 No.5

The phase change random access memory (PRAM) has recently been ascending to become the most potential candidate for the next-generation nonvolatile memory. In this paper, we deposited Ge1Sb4Te7 as a phase change material on a glass substrate by DC magnetron sputtering at various working pressures of 5 × 10−3, 9 × 10−3 and 13 × 10−3 Torr and we performed nitrogen doping by flowing nitrogen gas during deposition. To verify the nitrogen doping we analyzed the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) data and observed the presence of nitrogen-doping contents. We measured the sheet resistance and the thickness reduction. We observed a reduction of the sheet resistance and the thickness of the films that had been annealed, we also observed an increase of the sheet resistance from 4.3 × 103 Ohm/sq to 2.8 × 105 Ohm/sq with additional nitrogen doping after annealing in the case of the film deposited at 9 × 10−3 Torr. Through the 3-! thermal conductivity measurements, we observed an increase in the thermal conductivity from 0.37 to 0.49 W/mK and a decrease with nitrogen doping from 0.49 to 0.43 for the films that had been annealed. In X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, FCC and HCP peaks were observed at annealing temperatures of 175 ˚C and 300 ˚C and the role of nitrogen doping that disturb the crystallization during a phase change was also observed. The phase change random access memory (PRAM) has recently been ascending to become the most potential candidate for the next-generation nonvolatile memory. In this paper, we deposited Ge1Sb4Te7 as a phase change material on a glass substrate by DC magnetron sputtering at various working pressures of 5 × 10−3, 9 × 10−3 and 13 × 10−3 Torr and we performed nitrogen doping by flowing nitrogen gas during deposition. To verify the nitrogen doping we analyzed the secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) data and observed the presence of nitrogen-doping contents. We measured the sheet resistance and the thickness reduction. We observed a reduction of the sheet resistance and the thickness of the films that had been annealed, we also observed an increase of the sheet resistance from 4.3 × 103 Ohm/sq to 2.8 × 105 Ohm/sq with additional nitrogen doping after annealing in the case of the film deposited at 9 × 10−3 Torr. Through the 3-! thermal conductivity measurements, we observed an increase in the thermal conductivity from 0.37 to 0.49 W/mK and a decrease with nitrogen doping from 0.49 to 0.43 for the films that had been annealed. In X-ray diffraction (XRD) results, FCC and HCP peaks were observed at annealing temperatures of 175 ˚C and 300 ˚C and the role of nitrogen doping that disturb the crystallization during a phase change was also observed.