아프리카 국가들의 지속 가능한 발전을 위한 미세조류(microalgae) 개발과 잠재적 기여도 분석

배유진(Bae, Yuh-Jin) 한국아프리카학회 2017 한국아프리카학회지 Vol.52 No.-

아프리카는 빠른 경제 성장과 더불어 인구 또한 증가하고 있어 향후 대다수의 국가들이 더 많은 에너지 공급원을 필요로 할 것으로 전망된다. 특히, 최근 강조되고 있는 환경오염 감소 부문은 아프리카를 포함한 전세계 국가들로 하여금 대체에너지, 또는 재생에너지 개발 및 투자를 증진하게 했고 이는 향후 에너지 안보에서 큰 역할을 할 것으로 보인다. 최근 바이오 디젤을 추출할 수 있는 대체에너지원으로 주목받고 있는 미세조류(microalgae)는 대체 단백질원, 항생제, 폐수 정화 등 다양한 방면으로 사용될 수 있다. 이렇게 다양한 사용도를 자랑하는 미세조류가 경제 성장, 사회적 통합, 환경 보호 등 복합적인 지속가능 발전(sustainable development)을 추구하는 최근 세계적 동향에 적합한 자원으로써 지속가능한 발전 달성에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 사료되어 본 논문은 아프리카 국가들의 지속 가능한 발전에 있어 미세조류의 개발과 사용의 기여도를 분석한다. 본 논문은 미세조류가 아프리카에서 바이오 연료 추출을 비롯해 온실가스 감소, 폐수 정화 등에 일조할 수 있는 청정 에너지원으로써 에너지 안보와 환경오염 감소원으로 사용될 수 있을 뿐 아니라, 미세조류 섭취를 통해 아프리카의 고질적 문제인 식량 안보와 HIV/AIDS 감소에도 기여할 수 있다고 시사한다. 또한 SDGs의 틀에서 볼 때 22개의 세부 목표와 연관됨으로써 사회적 통합/발전(대목표 1, 2, 3, 6)과 환경보호(대목표 7, 12, 14, 15) 부문목표 달성에 직 ‧ 간접적으로 기여할 수 있다. 하지만 국제적으로, 특히 바이오 에너지원 측면에서 대규모 바이오 연료 추출이 기술적인 이유로 제대로 이루어지지 않고 생산비가 높아 경제적으로 실용적이지 않은 현실과 아프리카 국가의 부족한 연구 및 개발 능력을 볼 때 미세조류가 어느 정도의 수준에서 아프리카의 지속가능 발전에 기여할 수 있는지 정확히 규명하기에는 한계가 있다. 즉, 아프리카 국가들은 각 국가의 환경(예: 날씨, 지형, 수량 등)과 경제 현황에 적합한 미세조류를 규명한 후 연구 및 개발하는 것이 기본적으로 이루어져야 한다. 이런 기본적인 단계를 기반으로 정부차원에서 미세조류의 사용을 각 국가의 자원, 경제 정책 등에 적합하게 적용하여 개발했을 시 최대의 성과를 낼 수 있을 것이며 지속가능한 발전이라는 목표 달성에 일조할 수 있을 것이다. In recent years, many African countries have experienced both rapid economic and population growth which suggest that there will be an increase in the demand for energy in the continent. Accordingly, coinciding with the growing awareness of global pollution issues, the development and the use of renewable energy has been receiving increased attention in Africa and the rest of the world. Microalgae is one of the more recent alternative energy sources that has gained growing attention as it is considered as a promising green energy source which can be used to produce biodiesel. Microalgae is also used in various other dimensions as it contains essential nutrients for human, used as antibiotics, and wastewater purification. As Microalgae can be used in diverse ways, it has the potential to contribute to sustainable development which is seen as a holistic approach in achieving diverse aims such as economic growth, social inclusion and environmental protection. Accordingly, this paper aims to identify microalgae’s potential contribution to sustainable development in Africa by looking at different benefits that can be derived from microalgae development. The main findings of this paper is that; as microalgae can grow in a purify wastewater, using flue gas produced from various factories for its growth, it can be considered as a green energy source which can contribute to energy security matter and reducing pollution in Africa. Further, dietary microalgae can contribute to the reduction of malnutrition/poverty and reducing HIV/AIDS. In the framework of SDGs, the use of microalgae is linked to 22 specific targets which directly/indirectly contribute to achieving social inclusion(target 1, 2, 4, 6) and environmental protection(target 6, 7, 14, 15). However, the use of microalgae, especially as a source of biofuel, is not currently at a sufficient level globally. Africa also lacks the research and development capacity regarding in this field making it unclear whether its potential contribution to achieving sustainable development can be materialized. Accordingly, it is crucial that sufficient research and development can identify the most suitable microalgae for individual country’s environment and economic status first, and its use must be clearly included in resources, energy, economic policies in order to bring about microalgae’s potential to the highest level to achieve sustainable development in Africa.

Ecotoxicological effects of enrofloxacin and its removal by monoculture of microalgal species and their consortium

Xiong, Jiu-Qiang,Kurade, Mayur B.,Jeon, Byong-Hun Elsevier Applied Science Publishers 2017 Environmental pollution Vol.226 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Enrofloxacin (ENR), a fluoroquinolone antibiotic, has gained big scientific concern due to its ecotoxicity on aquatic microbiota. The ecotoxicity and removal of ENR by five individual microalgae species and their consortium were studied to correlate the behavior and interaction of ENR in natural systems. The individual microalgal species (<I>Scenedesmus obliquus, Chlamydomonas mexicana, Chlorella vulgaris, Ourococcus multisporus, Micractinium resseri</I>) and their consortium could withstand high doses of ENR (≤1 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP>). Growth inhibition (68–81%) of the individual microalgae species and their consortium was observed in ENR (100 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP>) compared to control after 11 days of cultivation. The calculated 96 h EC<SUB>50</SUB> of ENR for individual microalgae species and microalgae consortium was 9.6–15.0 mg ENR L<SUP>−1</SUP>. All the microalgae could recover from the toxicity of high concentrations of ENR during cultivation. The biochemical characteristics (total chlorophyll, carotenoid, and malondialdehyde) were significantly influenced by ENR (1–100 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP>) stress. The individual microalgae species and microalgae consortium removed 18–26% ENR at day 11. Although the microalgae consortium showed a higher sensitivity (with lower EC<SUB>50</SUB>) toward ENR than the individual microalgae species, the removal efficiency of ENR by the constructed microalgae consortium was comparable to that of the most effective microalgal species.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Toxicity of enrofloxacin on pure microalgae and microalgae consortium was studied. </LI> <LI> Enrofloxacin influenced the biochemical characteristics of microalgae cells. </LI> <LI> 96 h EC<SUB>50</SUB> of enrofloxacin ranged from 9.6 to 15.0 mg L<SUP>-1</SUP> for microalgae. </LI> <LI> Microalgae consortium showed highest sensitivity to enrofloxacin. </LI> <LI> Enrofloxacin removal by the consortium was comparable to that of the individual microalgal species. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Recent progress in microalgal biomass production coupled with wastewater treatment for biofuel generation

Salama, El-Sayed,Kurade, Mayur B.,Abou-Shanab, Reda A.I.,El-Dalatony, Marwa M.,Yang, Il-Seung,Min, Booki,Jeon, Byong-Hun Elsevier 2017 RENEWABLE & SUSTAINABLE ENERGY REVIEWS Vol.79 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Microalgae are a potential source of sustainable biomass feedstock for biofuel generation, and can proliferate under versatile environmental conditions. Mass cultivation of microalgae is the most overpriced and technically challenging step in microalgal biofuel generation. Wastewater is an available source of the water plus nutrients necessary for algae cultivation. Microalgae provide a cost-effective and sustainable means of advanced (waste)water treatment with the simultaneous production of commercially valuable products. Microalgae show higher efficiency in nutrient removal than other microorganisms because the nutrients (ammonia, nitrate, phosphate, urea and trace elements) present in various wastewaters are essential for microalgal growth. Potential progress in the area of microalgal cultivation coupled with wastewater treatment in open and closed systems has led to an improvement in algal biomass production. However, significant efforts are still required for the development and optimization of a coupled system to simultaneously generate biomass and treat wastewater. In this review, the systematic description of the technologies required for the successful integration of wastewater treatment and cultivation of microalgae for biomass production toward biofuel generation was discussed. It deeply reviews the microalgae-mediated treatment of different wastewaters (including municipal, piggery/swine, industrial, and anaerobic wastewater), and highlight the wastewater characteristics suitable for microalgae cultivation. Various pretreatment methods (such as filtration, autoclaving, UV application, and dilution) needed for wastewater prior to its use for microalgae cultivation have been discussed. The selection of potential microalgae species that can grow in wastewater and generate a large amount of biomass has been considered. Discussion on microalgal cultivation systems (including raceways, photobioreactors, turf scrubbers, and hybrid systems) that use wastewater, evaluating the capital expenditures (CAPEX) and operational expenditures (OPEX) of each system was reported. In view of the limitations of recent studies, the future directions for integrated wastewater treatment and microalgae biomass production for industrial applications were suggested.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Challenges in using wastewater for microalgae cultivation and biomass production. </LI> <LI> Treatment of different wastewaters and reuse of the treated water. </LI> <LI> Recovery of valuable nutrients (N/P) and removal of organic pollutants. </LI> <LI> Application of wastewater in raceways, photobioreactors, turf scrubbers, and hybrid systems. </LI> <LI> Genetically engineered microalgae for efficient wastewater treatment. </LI> </UL> </P>

이산화탄소 농도 및 유속에 따른 하천 내 미세조류의 이산화탄소 고정 효과

박효민,이상돈 한국습지학회 2018 한국습지학회지 Vol.20 No.4

One of the recent environmental problems is climate change due to the increase of atmospheric CO2, which causes ecological changes and various environmental problems. Therefore, various studies are being carried out to reduce CO2 in the world in order to solve various environmental problems caused by increase of CO2. The CO2 reduction using microalgae is an environmentally friendly method by using photosynthesis reaction of microalgae. However, most studies using single species. There is no study on the CO2 fixing efficiency of microalgae in natural rivers. Therefore, this study was to identify the microalgae in the Sum river and to analyze the growth characteristics of microalgae in the river to obtain optimal culture conditions. And the changes of biomass and chlorophyll-a of microalgae were analyzed according to CO2 concentration and injection rate. The purpose of this study was to investigate the fixing efficiency of carbon dioxide in microalgae in natural rivers. Six kinds of dominant species were observed as a result of the identification of microalgae in Sum river(Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Scenedesmus intermedius, Selenodictyum sp., Xanthidium apiculatum var. laeve, Cosmarium pseudoquinarium, Dictyosphaerium pulchellum ). All of these species were green algae. Biomass and chlorophyll-a increased with the increase of CO2 concentration and biomass and chlorophyll-a increased faster flow rate at the same CO2 concentration. Also, the quantity of CO2 fixation on the microalgae tended to be higher when the flow rate of injected gas was faster. This study can be referred as being significant in the micro-algae in river. In addition, the optimal conditions for CO2 fixation of microalgae in rivers and the quantification of the quantity of CO2 fixation from microalgae in rivers can be used as basic data for future policy of CO2 reduction. 최근 환경 문제로 대두되고 있는 것 중 하나는 대기 중 CO2의 증가로 인한 기후변화이다. 이에 대한 영향으로 생태계가변화하고 있으며, 다양한 환경문제가 발생되고 있다. 이로 인해 전 세계적으로 CO2 저감을 위한 다양한 연구들이 수행중이며, 이 중 미세조류를 이용한 CO2 저감 방안은 환경 친화적인 방법이라 할 수 있다. 그러나 미세조류를 이용한CO2 저감 방안은 대부분 단일 종을 대상으로 하고 있으며, 자연 하천을 대상으로 한 미세조류의 CO2 고정 효율에 대한연구는 전무한 실정이다. 그러므로 본 연구는 우리나라 하천 내 존재하는 미세조류들을 파악하고, 미세조류의 생장특성을분석하여 최적의 배양조건을 도출 하였다. 그리고 CO2 농도와 주입 속도에 따른 미세조류의 biomass와 클로로필 a의변화를 분석하여 자연 하천 내 존재하는 미세조류의 CO2 고정효율에 대해 연구하고자 하였다. 섬강 내 존재하는 미세조류를배양하여 동정한 결과 6종의 우점종(Ankistrodesmus falcatus, Scenedesmus intermedius, Selenodictyum sp., Xanthidium apiculatum var. laeve, Cosmarium pseudoquinarium, Dictyosphaerium pulchellum)이 관찰되었으며, 이 종들은 모두녹조류에 해당하였다. 한편 이산화탄소 농도 구배(5% CO2, 10% CO2, 15%CO2, 대기조건의 가스 0.038% CO2)와 유속(0.25, 0.5LPM)이 다른 가스를 주입하여 미세조류의 biomass와 클로로필 a의 변화를 살펴본 결과 이산화탄소의 농도가 증가할수록 biomass와 클로로필 a가 증가하였으며, 같은 이산화탄소 농도에서는 유속이 더 빠른 곳에서 미세조류의 biomass와클로로필 a의 양이 더 증가하였다. 또한 미세조류에 고정화된 이산화탄소의 양은 주입되는 가스의 유속이 빠를수록 고정되는 이산화탄소의 양이 더 높아지는 경향을 보였다. 본 연구는 기존의 단일 종에서 행해지는 연구가 아닌 하천 전체의미세조류를 대상으로 수행한 연구이며, 하천 내 존재하는 미세조류의 이산화탄소 고정을 위한 최적의 조건을 도출하고, 하천 내 존재하는 미세조류로부터 고정화된 이산화탄소의 양을 정량화하여 향후 이산화탄소 감축을 위한 정책을 위한기초자료에 이용할 수 있다는 것에 큰 의의가 있다.

Microalgae Engineering Toolbox: Selectable and Screenable Markers

bashirkhawajamuhammadimran,김무상,Ulf Stahl,조만기 한국생물공학회 2016 Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering Vol.21 No.2

Engineering microalgae has opened a new era for plant biologists and biotechnologists. Microalgae had been proved as a promising candidate for the production of biopharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, antioxidants, antimicrobial and antiviral compounds, in dyeing and food industry as well for biofuel production. Genetic transformation of some important microalgae has been successful, but several other potential microalgae species still need scientific attention. The success of the genetic transformation depends mainly on the utilization of the selectable and screenable markers. Like for other higher crop plants, several useful markers have been reported for microalgae transformation. In this follow-up, we compared different marker genes for genetic engineering of approximately all the industrially important microalgae. We have discussed the expression host, the targeted genome, appropriate selection agent, as well as the transformation method. Genetic transformation is an expensive and labor intensive process and this review will aid to shorten the time span by providing a database of appropriate markers for microalgae research which could serve as a guide for those involved in the genetic engineering of microalgae.

Current Advances in Cryopreservation of Microalgae

Nugroho, Wahyu Sri Kunto,Kim, Do-A,Kim, Dong-Woo,Koo, Bon-Won,Hur, Young Baek,Kim, Hak Jun The Korean Society of Marine Life Science 2016 한국해양생명과학회지 Vol.1 No.1

Microalgae are of significant importance for future biotechnological applications. Many microalgae banks or laboratories attempt to maintain various microalgae for further research purposes. Cryopreservation has been preferred to reduce a labor-intensive and costly routine sub-culturing. Cryopreservation can also diminish the genetic drift risk. However, cryopreservation as a long term storage of microalgae method are still in developing progress because it cannot be generalized for all microalgae. Microalgae types, cryoprotectant agents (CPAs) types, freezing and thawing methods are the most important factors that should be considered for cryopreservation. In this short review the basic principles and the current advanced of microalgae cryopreservation methods are discussed with a suggested starting parameters for microalgae cryopreservation.

해양 생태계 부착 미세조류 채집을 위한 소재 비교 연구

박재영,기장서 한국해양과학기술원 2023 Ocean and Polar Research Vol.45 No.1

Marine microalgae have different collection methods depending on their habitat. In the case of adhesive microalgae, it is difficult to separate organisms from the substrate surface, and contamination is likely to occur during the sampling process. In this study, we analyzed the collection efficiency of adhesive microalgae using three artificial fiber materials (nylon, blend fabric, and viscose rayon). Each fiber showed different fiber diameter and pore characteristics (nylon 26.09 μm, blend fabric 56.6 μm, viscose rayon 101.3 μm). In addition, attached organisms were collected on the surface of artificial substrates at Bukseong Port in Incheon using each tested fiber material. After that, we investigated the population and species composition. The highest number of cells was found in nylon, which was 8 times higher than in the least collected viscose rayon material. In addition, we identified 24 microalgal species from the substrate, demonstrating that the species composition differed from that of surface water. The number of collected microalgae species varied depending on the fiber materials, with nylon containing all the adhesive microalgae. In contrast, only a few microalgae were observed in other fibers. These results suggest that, of the tested fibers, nylon material may be suitable for collecting adhesive microalgae. As a result, this study may be useful for future research on adhesive microalgae.

응집·침전공정에서 무기고분자응집제를 이용한 미세조류의 제거

정정조(Cheong Jo Cheong) 大韓環境工學會 2008 대한환경공학회지 Vol.30 No.1

정수 처리공정의 응집·침전공정에서 무기고분자응집제를 이용한 미세조류의 제거 가능성을 파악하기 위해서 응집제의 종류(Alum, PAC)와 응집영향인자(알칼리도, 응집제 주입량, 침전시간)에 따른 미세조류의 제거율과 미세조류의 크기(micro-, nano-, picoplankton)별 제거율과 주입된 응집제가 미세조류의 제거에 미치는 기여율을 평가하였다. 알칼리도의 주입량에 따른 조류의 제거율은 Alum의 경우 알칼리도가 25 mg/L의 조건에서 87.2%, PAC의 경우 알칼리도가 30 mg/L의 조건에서 90.1%로 가장 높은 제거율을 나타내었다. 조류의 제거율이 가장 높은 응집제 주입량은 Alum의 경우 40 mg/L로 제거율이 88.1%이었고, PAC의 경우는 주입량이 50 mg/L에서 제거율이 89.0%로 가장 높은 제거율을 나타내었다. 그리고 조류의 제거에는 PAC보다는 Alum이 다소 유리하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 응집제가 주입되었을 경우 주입되지 않은 조건에 비해서 조류의 제거율이 약 2배 정도 증가하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 최적조건 하에서 조류의 제거율은 nanoplankton>microplankton>picoplankton의 순으로 나타났으며, 특히 picoplankton의 제거율은 약 30% 미만으로 제거율이 매우 낮은 것을 알 수 있었다. The purpose of this study is to understand the removal possibility of microalgae using inorganic coagulants in coagulation and sedimentation process for water treatment. Removal of microalgae was studied according to coagulant type(Alum and PAC), coagulation factors(alkalinity, coagulant dosage, and setting time), and size fraction of microalgae. The contribution of applied coagulants for removal of microalgae was also examined. The removal rate of the microalgae by change of alkalinity was most high in 25 mg/L of alkalinity(Alum) as 87.2% and 30 mg/L of that(PAC) as 90.1%. Optimal coagulant dosage to remove the microalgae was 40 mg/L(removal effi.; 88.1%), and PAC was 50 mg/L(removal effi.; 90.1%). Alum was better than the PAC to remove the microlgae. In the water treatment processes such as rapid·slow mixing and sedimentation the removal efficiency of microalgae with coagulants was 2 times higher than that of without. In optimal condition, the removal efficiencies of microalgae were nanoplankton>microplankton>picoplankton. Especially, the removal efficiency of the picoplankton was very low as below 30%.

가마미 해수욕장(전남 영광) 갯벌의 미세조류의 분포에 관한 연구

이학영 한국환경과학회 2003 한국환경과학회지 Vol.12 No.7

Distributional patterns of microalgae were studied in the tidal flats of Gamami Beach(Young-Gwang, Korea) from November 1999 to 2000 July. The tidal flats of Gamami Beach was composed mainly of sandy sediment. The concentrations of nutrients were low compared with other tidal flats. In the present study, 68 species of microalgal flora were identified. These were comprised of 25 species of benthic microalgae and 59 species of planktonic microalgae. Diatoms predominated the benthic microalgae with 96.0% of total species occurred. Dominant species were Amphora sp., Cocconeis sp., Coscinodiscus asteromphalus, Coscinodiscus sp., Nit=schia sigma var. intermedia, Nitsschia distans, Navicula spp., Paralia sulcata, Pleurosigma sp. Skeletonema coastatum, and Surirella sp. Among them, Amphora sp., Paralia sulcata, and species of Pleurosigma and Nitzschia were observed throughout the studied period. Planktonic microalgae of Gamami Beach was also predominated by diatoms. They occupied 88.1% of total planktonic microalgae. The density of microalgal population was higher in silty sediment than in sandy sediment. The population density of microalgae was higher in high tide zone than that in low tide zone. The density of the benthic microalgae in the surface layer of tidal flats showed increasing tendency for 2 hours after the beginning of ebb tide. On the contrary, benthic microalgal density of subsurface layer was decreased during the period. Concentrations of chlorophyll a from sediment and water were not synchronized during the study period. Therefore, the distributional patterns of the benthic microalgae and planktonic algae seemed not to be related. Chlorophyll a of water was highly related with the concentration of NH₄-N, whereas, chlorophyll a of sediment was related with NO₃-N concentration.

미세조류와 박테리아의 공생 배양을 이용한 하폐수 고도처리

무지타바굴람 ( Ghulam Mujtaba ),이기세 ( Kisay Lee ) 한국공업화학회 2016 공업화학 Vol.27 No.1

미세조류와 박테리아의 공배양 시스템은 두 미생물종이 공생적 관계가 있다면 한 배양기에서 BOD와 영양염류의 동시 제거가 가능하다. 이때 영양염류는 미세조류의 바이오매스 성분으로 전환된다. 이 총설은 미세조류와 박테리아의 공생적 혼합배양을 이용한 하폐수처리, 특히 질소와 인의 제거에서의 중요성과 최근의 연구동향을 살펴보았다. 미세조류는 광합성을 통해 산소를 발생시키고 박테리아는 이 산소를 전자수용체로 이용하여 유기물의 산화분해에 활용할수 있다. 호기성 박테리아가 유기물을 산화할 때 발생되는 CO2는 미세조류의 탄소원으로 섭취되어 탄소동화작용에 사용된다. 미세조류와 박테리아의 공배양은 상호 이익이 될 수도 있고 저해가 될 수도 있으므로 지속적인 영양염류제거를 위해서는 상호 이익이 되는 공생적 관계가 필수적으로 요구된다. 이를 위해서는 하폐수처리에 사용되는 상용적인 두 미생물 종의 선택이 중요하다. The co-culture system of microalgae and bacteria enables simultaneous removal of BOD and nutrients in a single reactor if the pair of microorganisms is symbiotic. In this case, nutrients are converted to biomass constituents of microalgae. This review highlights the importance and recent researches using symbiotic co-culture system of microalgae and bacteria in wastewater treatment, focusing on the removal of nitrogen and phosphorus. During wastewater treatment, the microalgae produces molecular oxygen through photosynthesis, which can be used as an electron acceptor by aerobic bacteria to degrade organic pollutants. The released CO2 during the bacterial mineralization can then be consumed by microalgae as a carbon source in photosynthesis. Microalgae and bacteria in the co-culture system could cooperate or compete each other for resources. In the context of wastewater treatment, positive relationships are prerequisite to accomplish the sustainable removal of nutrients. Therefore, the selection of compatible species is very important if the co-culture has to be utilized in wastewater treatment.