Methanogenesis and Methane Oxidation in Paddy Fields under Organic Fertilization

( Chungwoo Kim ),( Denver I. Walitang ),( Tongmin Sa ) 한국환경농학회 2021 한국환경농학회지 Vol.40 No.4

BACKGROUND: Global warming is one of the most pressing environmental issues which concomitantly complicates global climate change. Methane emission is a balance between methanogenesis and methane consumption, both of which are driven by microbial actions in different ecosystems producing methane, one of the major greenhouse gases. Paddy fields are major sources of anthropogenic methane emissions and could be compounded by organic fertilization. METHODS AND RESULTS: Literature reviews were conducted to give an overview of the global warming conditions and to present the relationship of carbon and methane to greenhouse gas emissions, and the need to understand the underlying processes of methane emission. A more extensive review was done from studies on methane emission in paddy fields under organic fertilization with greater emphasis on long term amendments. Changes in paddy soils due to organic fertilization include alterations of the physicochemical properties and changes in biological components. There are diverse phylogenetic groups of methanogens and methane oxidizing bacteria involved in methane emission. Also, multiple factors influence methanogenesis and methane oxidation in rice paddy fields under organic fertilization and they should be greatly considered when developing mitigating steps in methane emission in paddy fields especially under long term organic fertilization. CONCLUSION(S): This review showed that organic fertilization, particularly for long term management practices, influenced both physicochemical and biological components of the paddy fields which could ultimately affect methanogenesis, methane oxidation, and methane emission. Understanding interrelated factors affecting methane emission helps create ways to mitigate their impact on global warming and climate change.

Methane Emission from Semi-aerobic Landfill Test Cell Operated in Tropical Climate: Case Study of Thailand

( Noppharit Sutthasil ),( Chart Chiemchaisri ),( Wilai Chiemchaisri ),( Komsilp Wangyao ),( Kazuto Endo ),( Tomonori Ishigaki ),( Masato Yamada ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2015 한국폐기물자원순환학회 3RINCs초록집 Vol.2015 No.-

Two test cells (4,000 ton deposit solid wastes each) were used to investigate methane emission from semi-aerobic landfill condition and compared to that of typical anaerobic landfill at a solid waste disposal site in Thailand. Surface methane emission rate was measured by static flux chamber method whereas methane content in landfill gas inside waste body was also monitored. The measurements revealed that average methane emission rate from semi-aerobic test cell (57.9 g/m².d) was about half of the emission from anaerobic test cell (124.6 g/m².d). Nevertheless, methane emission rates during wet period in semi-aerobic landfill (88.3 g/m².d) were found to be about 4 times of that during dry period (25.0 g/m².d) whereas it was only about 2 times in anaerobic landfill, being 171.9 g/m².d and 77.3 g/m².d during wet and dry periods respectively. Methane emission rate from the test cells fluctuated and influenced by rainfall intensities. The measurements of methane concentrations in landfill layer beneath the landfill surface at 1 m depth suggests an increase of high methane concentration hotspots on the surface of semi-aerobic landfill after rainfall events leading to higher localized surface emission. This research demonstrates that semi-aerobic landfill concept could be applied to reduce methane emission in landfill operated in tropical region.

Methane Emission in Rice Paddy Under Different Fertilization Management: A Critical Review

( Pia Husna Israt ),백누리 ( Nuri Baek ),박현진 ( Hyun-jin Park ),최우정 ( Woo-jung Choi ) 한국농공학회 2022 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2022 No.-

Paddy rice fields are the most important sources of methane (CH₄), and thus many studies investigated the effects of fertilization managements on CH₄ emission as well as rice yield. In this review, to suggest best fertilization management practices, we have collected area-scaled and yield-scaled CH₄ emission data from literature to investigate the effects of 1) fertilization regimes (chemical fertilizers and organic inputs), 2) fertilizer (urea, controlled-release urea, and ammonium sulfate) and organic inputs (composts of different source materials), and 3) the application rates of urea, which is most widely used chemical fertilizer, on CH₄ emission. Changes of % CH₄ emission in treatments (CH₄ index) relative to the control without nutrient inputs were calculated, and the % change was normalized by dividing with N application rate to calculate CH₄ index per unit N. Area-scaled CH₄ index per unit N was greater when both chemical fertilizers and organic inputs were co-applied than when either chemical fertilizers or organic inputs were applied; whereas yield-scaled CH₄ index per unit N was greatest for organic inputs only. These results indicate that application of organic inputs either alone or with chemical fertilizers increases CH₄ emission over chemical fertilizers alone. Chemical fertilizer types further affected CH₄ emission, i.e., CH₄ index per unit N decreased in the order of urea > controlled-release urea > ammonium sulfate, which suggests that ammonium sulfate has a lower CH₄ emission potential due to the ability of SO₄ ^2- to accept electron and thus reduce CH₄ production potential. Both area- and yield-scaled CH₄ indexes increased with the application rate of urea, and this should be ascribed to improved rice biomass by fertilization translate into increased CH₄ emission. Organic input types also affected CH₄ index per unit N, and a greater index was found for organic inputs with a higher C/N, probably due to increased application rates of organic inputs to supply sufficient N required by rice plants. Our data analysis suggests that application of chemical fertilizers (in particular ammonium sulfate) or organic inputs with a low C/N is a feasible measure to reduce CH₄ emission.

Methane Emission in Rice Paddy Under Different Fertilization Management: A Critical Review

( Pia Husna Israt ),백누리 ( Nuri Baek ),박현진 ( Hyun-jin Park ),최우정 ( Woo-jung Choi ) 한국농공학회 2022 한국농공학회 학술대회초록집 Vol.2022 No.-

Paddy rice fields are the most important sources of methane (CH₄), and thus many studies investigated the effects of fertilization managements on CH₄ emission as well as rice yield. In this review, to suggest best fertilization management practices, we have collected area-scaled and yield-scaled CH₄ emission data from literature to investigate the effects of 1) fertilization regimes (chemical fertilizers and organic inputs), 2) fertilizer (urea, controlled-release urea, and ammonium sulfate) and organic inputs (composts of different source materials), and 3) the application rates of urea, which is most widely used chemical fertilizer, on CH₄ emission. Changes of % CH₄ emission in treatments (CH₄ index) relative to the control without nutrient inputs were calculated, and the % change was normalized by dividing with N application rate to calculate CH₄ index per unit N. Area-scaled CH₄ index per unit N was greater when both chemical fertilizers and organic inputs were co-applied than when either chemical fertilizers or organic inputs were applied; whereas yield-scaled CH₄ index per unit N was greatest for organic inputs only. These results indicate that application of organic inputs either alone or with chemical fertilizers increases CH₄ emission over chemical fertilizers alone. Chemical fertilizer types further affected CH₄ emission, i.e., CH₄ index per unit N decreased in the order of urea > controlled-release urea > ammonium sulfate, which suggests that ammonium sulfate has a lower CH₄ emission potential due to the ability of SO₄ ^2- to accept electron and thus reduce CH₄ production potential. Both area- and yield-scaled CH₄ indexes increased with the application rate of urea, and this should be ascribed to improved rice biomass by fertilization translate into increased CH₄ emission. Organic input types also affected CH₄ index per unit N, and a greater index was found for organic inputs with a higher C/N, probably due to increased application rates of organic inputs to supply sufficient N required by rice plants. Our data analysis suggests that application of chemical fertilizers (in particular ammonium sulfate) or organic inputs with a low C/N is a feasible measure to reduce CH₄ emission.

Dark aerobic methane emission associated to leaf factors of two Acacia and five Eucalyptus species

Watanabe, M.,Watanabe, Y.,Kim, Y.S.,Koike, T. Pergamon Press ; Elsevier [distribution] 2012 Atmospheric environment Vol.54 No.-

We sought the biological factors determining variations in the methane emission rates from leaves of different plant species under aerobic conditions. Accordingly, we studied relations between the methane emission rate and leaf traits of two Acacia and five Eucalyptus species. We grew seedlings of each species in a glasshouse and measured the methane emission rate of the detached leaves under dark conditions at 30 <SUP>o</SUP>C. At the same time we measured the leaf mass per area (LMA), water content, and concentrations of carbon and nitrogen. There was no correlation between the leaf nitrogen concentration and the methane emission rate. This is consistent with previous findings that enzymatic processes do not influence methane emission. We found a significant negative correlation between LMA and the methane emission rate. Our results suggest that leaf structure is primarily responsible for differences in the rates of aerobic methane emission from leaves of different species.

오염퇴적물의 주요 영향인자에 따른 메탄발생 생성률 평가

김동현(Dong Hyun Kim),박형준(Hyung Jun Park),방영준(Young Jun Bang),이승오(Seung Oh Lee) 한국방재안전학회 2023 한국방재안전학회 논문집 Vol.16 No.4

세계적으로 온실가스 감축을 위해 주로 이산화탄소 발생에 초점을 맞춰왔지만, 최근에는 메탄 발생에 대한 관심이 커지고 있다. 습지, 저수지, 호소 등 수중 환경을 포함한 자연은 온실 가스 중요한 발원지이다. 호수와 저수지 바닥에 쌓인 퇴적된 유기 오염물질은 산소가 부족한 상태에서 미생물 분해를 통해 메탄과 같은 온실 가스를 생성할 수 있다. 메탄 배출은 비점오염원의 증가와 하천에 설치되는 횡단 구조물에 의한 흐름변화에 의해 증가하고 있는 실정이다. 또한, 기후 변화로 인한 수온의 상승 등은 메탄 배출을 가속화하는 원인이다. 메탄은 다양한 경로를 통해 대기로 배출될 수 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 메탄발생의 주요인자가 미치는 영향을 정량화하기 위하여 BMP test을 수행하였다. 실험조건에 따라 메탄발생량을 직접 계측하였으며, 실험조건은 온도, 기질의 종류, 전단응력 및 퇴적물 특성으로 구분하였다. 또한, 바닥의 전단 응력은 실험적으로 측정하기가 어려워 수치모의를 수행하였다. 실험결과, 생화학적 요소는 메탄 생성에 영향을 미치지만, 전단 속도는 메탄 분리에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 퇴적물 특성은 메탄 생성 및 분리에 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 메탄 생성과 주요인자들 간의 관계를 경험식으로 제시하였으며, 향후 전단응력 및 유기물에 대한 실험조건을 구체화하고 실험규모를 확대한다면 메탄발생과 생지화학 및 수환경인자간의 관계를 도출할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. The global focus on mitigating climate change has traditionally centered on carbon dioxide, but recent attention has shifted towards methane as a crucial factor in climate change adaptation. Natural settings, particularly aquatic environments such as wetlands, reservoirs, and lakes, play a significant role as sources of greenhouse gases. The accumulation of organic contaminants on the lake and reservoir beds can lead to the microbial decomposition of sedimentary material, generating greenhouse gases, notably methane, under anaerobic conditions. The escalation of methane emissions in freshwater is attributed to the growing impact of non-point sources, alterations in water bodies for diverse purposes, and the introduction of structures such as river crossings that disrupt natural flow patterns. Furthermore, the effects of climate change, including rising water temperatures and ensuing hydrological and water quality challenges, contribute to an acceleration in methane emissions into the atmosphere. Methane emissions occur through various pathways, with ebullition fluxes— where methane bubbles are formed and released from bed sediments—recognized as a major mechanism. This study employs Biochemical Methane Potential (BMP) tests to analyze and quantify the factors influencing methane gas emissions. Methane production rates are measured under diverse conditions, including temperature, substrate type (glucose), shear velocity, and sediment properties. Additionally, numerical simulations are conducted to analyze the relationship between fluid shear stress on the sand bed and methane ebullition rates. The findings reveal that biochemical factors significantly influence methane production, whereas shear velocity primarily affects methane ebullition. Sediment properties are identified as influential factors impacting both methane production and ebullition. Overall, this study establishes empirical relationships between bubble dynamics, the Weber number, and methane emissions, presenting a formula to estimate methane ebullition flux. Future research, incorporating specific conditions such as water depth, effective shear stress beneath the sediment’s tensile strength, and organic matter, is expected to contribute to the development of biogeochemical and hydro-environmental impact assessment methods suitable for in-situ applications.

폐기물매립지의 메탄 배출량 측정 정확도 향상을 위한 시·공간적 배출 특성 고찰

송상훈 ( Sang-hoon Song ),김란희 ( Ran-hui Kim ),이남훈 ( Nam-hoon Lee ),박진규 ( Jin-kyu Park ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2022 한국폐기물자원순환학회지 Vol.39 No.6

First-order decay models have been used to estimate annual landfill methane emissions for national greenhouse gas inventories. These models vary greatly. Inaccurate input values or oversimplified processes, such as methane oxidation or dynamic methane emission rates, cause this downside. Direct field measurements can be used to predict total methane emissions more accurately. Methane emission rates fluctuate weekly and daily and are influenced by the soil cover and meteorological conditions such as barometric pressure, temperature, rain, and wind speed. Hotspot emissions contribute significantly to landfill methane emissions. To accurately estimate annual methane emissions, direct field measurements must account for meteorological effects and quantify hotspot emissions during landfill emission monitoring programs. In South Korea, there are no field-based calculations, hampering the development of a strategic strategy to reduce methane emissions from solid waste landfills. South Korea must develop innovative methods to quantify landfill methane emissions and a mitigation strategy.

Effect of Soil Texture and Tillage Method on Rice Yield and Methane Emission during Rice Cultivation in Paddy Soil

조현숙,서명철,김준환,상완규,신평,이건휘 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.50 No.4

As the amount of rice straw collected increases, green manure crops are used to provide the needed organic matter. However, as green manure crops generate methane in the process of decomposition, we tested with different tillage depths in order to reduce the emission. The atmosphere temperature of the chamber was 25~40°C during the examination of methane and soil temperature was 2~10°C lower than air temperature. The redox potential (Eh) of the soil drastically fell right before irrigated transplanting and showed -300~-400 mV during the cultivating period of rice (7~106 days after transplant). When hairy vetch was incorporated to soil and the field was not irrigated, the generation of methane did not occur from 12 to 4 days before transplanting rice and started after irrigation. Regarding the pattern of methane generation during the cultivation of rice, methane was generated 7 days after transplanting, reached the pinnacle at by 63~74 days after transplanting, rapidly decreased after 86~94 days past transplanting and stopped after 106 days past transplanting. When tested by different soil types, methane emission gradually increased in loam and clay loam during early transplant, whereas it sharply increased in sandy loam. The total amount of methane emitted was highest in sandy loam, followed by loam and clay loam. In all three soil types, methane emission significantly reduced when tillage depth was 20 cm compared to 10 cm. The rice growths and yield were not affected by tillage depth. Therefore, reduction of methane emission could be achieved when application hairy vetch to the soil with tillage depth of 20 cm in paddy soil.

Effect of Soil Texture and Tillage Method on Rice Yield and Methane Emission during Rice Cultivation in Paddy Soil

Hyeon-Suk Cho,Myung-Chul Seo,Jun-Hwan Kim,Wan-gyu Sang,Pyeong Shin,Geon Hwi Lee 한국토양비료학회 2016 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.49 No.5

As the amount of rice straw collected increases, green manure crops are used to provide the needed organic matter. However, as green manure crops generate methane in the process of decomposition, we tested with different tillage depths in order to reduce the emission. The atmosphere temperature of the chamber was 25~40°C during the examination of methane and soil temperature was 2~10°C lower than air temperature. The redox potential (Eh) of the soil drastically fell right before irrigated transplanting and showed -300~-400 mV during the cultivating period of rice (7~106 days after transplant). When hairy vetch was incorporated to soil and the field was not irrigated, the generation of methane did not occur from 12 to 4 days before transplanting rice and started after irrigation. Regarding the pattern of methane generation during the cultivation of rice, methane was generated 7 days after transplanting, reached the pinnacle at by 63~74 days after transplanting, rapidly decreased after 86~94 days past transplanting and stopped after 106 days past transplanting. When tested by different soil types, methane emission gradually increased in loam and clay loam during early transplant, whereas it sharply increased in sandy loam. The total amount of methane emitted was highest in sandy loam, followed by loam and clay loam. In all three soil types, methane emission significantly reduced when tillage depth was 20 cm compared to 10 cm. The rice growths and yield were not affected by tillage depth. Therefore, reduction of methane emission could be achieved when application hairy vetch to the soil with tillage depth of 20 cm in paddy soil.

Correlation between Methane (CH4) Emissions and Root Aerenchyma of Rice Varieties

김우재,Liem T. Bui,전재범,Anna M. McClung,Jinyoung Y. Barnaby 한국육종학회 2018 Plant Breeding and Biotechnology Vol.6 No.4

Percentage of aerenchyma area has been closely linked with amounts of methane emitted by rice. A diversity panel of 39 global rice varieties were examined to determine genetic variation for root transverse section (RTS), aerenchyma area, and % aerenchyma. RTS and aerenchyma area showed a strong positive correlation while there existed no significant correlation between RTS area and % aerenchyma. Five varieties previously shown to differ in methane emissions under field conditions were found to encompass the variation found in the diversity panel for RTS and aerenchyma area. These five varieties were evaluated in a greenhouse study to determine the relationship of RTS, aerenchyma area, and % aerenchyma with methane emissions. Methane emissions at physiological maturity were the highest for ‘Rondo’, followed by 'Jupiter', while 'Sabine', 'Francis' and 'CLXL745' emitted the least. The same varietal rank, ‘Rondo’ being the largest and ‘CLXL745’ the smallest, was observed with RTS and aerenchyma areas. RTS and aerenchyma area were significantly correlated with methane emissions, r = 0.61 and r = 0.57, respectively (P < 0.001); however, there was no relationship with % aerenchyma. Our results demonstrated that varieties with a larger root area also developed a larger aerenchyma area, which serves as a gas conduit, and as a result, methane emissions were increased. This study suggests that root transverse section area could be used as a means of selecting germplasm with reduced CH4 emissions.