Methane Emission from Semi-aerobic Landfill Test Cell Operated in Tropical Climate: Case Study of Thailand

( Noppharit Sutthasil ),( Chart Chiemchaisri ),( Wilai Chiemchaisri ),( Komsilp Wangyao ),( Kazuto Endo ),( Tomonori Ishigaki ),( Masato Yamada ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2015 한국폐기물자원순환학회 3RINCs초록집 Vol.2015 No.-

Two test cells (4,000 ton deposit solid wastes each) were used to investigate methane emission from semi-aerobic landfill condition and compared to that of typical anaerobic landfill at a solid waste disposal site in Thailand. Surface methane emission rate was measured by static flux chamber method whereas methane content in landfill gas inside waste body was also monitored. The measurements revealed that average methane emission rate from semi-aerobic test cell (57.9 g/m².d) was about half of the emission from anaerobic test cell (124.6 g/m².d). Nevertheless, methane emission rates during wet period in semi-aerobic landfill (88.3 g/m².d) were found to be about 4 times of that during dry period (25.0 g/m².d) whereas it was only about 2 times in anaerobic landfill, being 171.9 g/m².d and 77.3 g/m².d during wet and dry periods respectively. Methane emission rate from the test cells fluctuated and influenced by rainfall intensities. The measurements of methane concentrations in landfill layer beneath the landfill surface at 1 m depth suggests an increase of high methane concentration hotspots on the surface of semi-aerobic landfill after rainfall events leading to higher localized surface emission. This research demonstrates that semi-aerobic landfill concept could be applied to reduce methane emission in landfill operated in tropical region.

Monitoring of Hydrogen Sulfide from an Industrial Waste Landfill in Japan

( Noppharit Sutthasil ),( Tomonori Ishigaki ),( Yuka Ogata ),( Kazuto Endo ),( Masato Yamada ),( Masanao Nagamori ),( Osamu Oishi ),( Yoshinori Yabuki ),( Tanaka Hirokazu ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2018 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2018 No.1

Landfill management in Japan was developed more than Centuries. At industrial rapid growth era, numbers of waste were disposed with less control, such as co-disposal of Construction and Demolition waste (C&D waste) and organic Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW). Generally, Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) is detectable in ppm by human as odor, but more seriously it causes toxic effect in hundreds ppm. H₂S is often generated in landfill containing sulfate source (such as gypsum board) and organic waste thorough the activity of the Sulfate Reducing Bacteria (SRB). This study was carried out to investigate the emission behavior and environmental parameters related to H₂S generation in a landfill under aftercare phase, which has been disposed of C&D waste, and to develop the methodology to assess the environmental situation in landfills to be monitored. This survey was also involved in the project that aim to develop the methodology of appropriate management of the landfills. The objected landfill was located nearby the river and was operated by private sector. After the “standard of landfill disposal” regulation was enforced in Japan, this landfill was closed and started to monitoring. Figure 1 shows schematic of geological section of landfill, the area of dumping was mountainous, North and Eastern side of landfill was mounted to the hill called ‘Upper Zone’. South and Western side called ‘Lower Zone’. The slope of landfill surface was from upper to lower part. The approximate landfill surface is 4000 m². Landfill investigation was conducted on October 2017. The location for measurement of surface gas emission by static chamber method was selected by grid placing. Soil gas concentration was measured by a gas analyzer and gas detecting tube. Water quality from landfill layer in monitoring well was analyzed in laboratory. The results show H₂S gas was detected 5 out of 29 grid points from 0.7 m beneath cover soil in range 0.2-800 ppm. These H₂S gas concentrations were related to surface H₂S emissions which emitted in range 0.3-37.7 l/m²/d. The detected H₂S emitted points were located at the lower zone of this landfill. In the same area, CH₄ emission were found in 10 out of 29 points in range 0.1-62.7 l/m²/d. H₂S emission and CH₄ emission were negatively correlated. In contrast to the lower zone, CH₄ emission was detected at few points and no H₂S gas was found at the upper zone. It is widely known that SRB and Methane Generating Bacteria inhabited or competitive of carbon source under anaerobic condition. Landfill gas results indicated that anaerobic degradation was comparably active in lower zone due to the existing of organic matter inside waste body. To compare biogas generation from lower and upper zone, CH₄ and CO₂ emissions from lower zone was about 10.1 and 3.2 times higher than that from upper zone, respectively. The higher degradation rate explain by the different amount of organic matter from upper to lower zone. Quality of inner water of landfill layer in the monitoring wells which located in lower zone were analyzed. The SO₄ concentration were in range 110-710 mg/l. Low concentration of dissolved oxygen (0.68 mg/l) and remaining of organic carbon (33.7 mg/l) were confirmed in inner water of landfill. These would possibly provide condition of H₂S generation. From the result, landfill gas emission still active even the landfill already close for several years. It could suggest that the intensive and log-term monitoring program for this landfill must be necessary. It was also shown that the integration of monitoring of behavior of gas emission and dissolved component must be necessary to identify the practical situation of landfills, and to apply for future investigation in terms of improving the accuracy and simplification of methodology.

Preliminary study on breaking down of organic waste composition; A case study in Thailand

( Noppharit Sutthasil ),( Tomonori Ishigaki ),( Satoru Ochiai ),( Masato Yamada ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2019 No.1

The municipal solid waste (MSW) in developing countries contains a large portion of organic waste about 40-60% due to the consumption behavior and lifestyle. The organic composition in MSW is one of the problems for solid waste management around the world. The presence of organic matter together with moisture negatively affects to treatment processes such as incineration, MBT, composting, landfilling, and so on. In especial, the stickiness of organic waste is a big issue to reduce the mechanical separation efficiency. Likewise, it reduces the ventilation capacity during aerobic biodegradation. To solve the problem of solid waste treatment derived from organic matter, the understanding of organic waste composition and property is necessary. However, previous researches reported about the amount of organic waste in the surface scale but the insight detail of each composition still limited. This study aims to investigate the details of composition of organic waste in tropical developing countries which is facing difficulties for appropriate handling of organic waste. The investigation was conducted in three different sites in Thailand at February 2019. The Sainoi (SN) waste disposal site is being received MSW from Nonthaburi city which the closest urban area nearby Bangkok. Two waste transfer stations are being received the MSW from different districts in Bangkok. Onnut (ON) transfer station is received the MSW from East-Bangkok and Nongkhaem (NK) transfer station is received from West-Bangkok. The targeted waste was quartered onsite to collect about 50 kg for each sample. The waste sampling was triplicated. Firstly, the waste was separated into organic and inorganic waste. After that, the organic waste was divided into 4 main categories. The “Plant related composition” consists of soft part (such as starch product, fruit meat, vegetable or leaves) and hard part (such as fruit core, fruit bunch or trim). The “Animal-related composition” consists of organic part (such as meat or cooked egg) and inorganic part (such as crab-shrimp shell or bone). The remaining 2 categories are “artificial product composition” (such as tissue paper) and “unidentified composition”. The preliminary result showed the small difference on the composition of organic waste in total waste was observed; (SN: 49.2%, ON: 54.4%, NK: 58.2%). It could be related to similar consumption behavior between the investigated urban area. The national statistical office reported the personal income in Bangkok (45,707 Baht/Cap.) was higher than that in Nonthaburi (40,860 Baht/Cap.) in the year 2015. Since the last decade, the gap of personal income between both areas becomes shorter from the distribution of residential area from Bangkok to the province nearby. The plant-related compositions were the main composition in all site. The highest percentage of plant-related composition was found in SN at 71.0%. The high amount of plant-related part in SN (mainly vegetable) might be ascribed to the high agricultural production in Nonthaburi province. In the year 2015, the Gross Provincial Product (GPP) for the agricultural section in Nonthaburi was 5,053 Million Baht while in Bangkok was 2,826 Million Baht. The plant-related composition in NK (mainly fruit) was higher than that in ON. It was explained by the abundance of fresh markets in West-Bangkok, which was accounted for 39.1% in total Bangkok. On the other hand, the high percentage of plant leaves in ON could be explained by the public park in East-Bangkok covered 44.0% of Bangkok. The animal-related composition was found in ON, NK and SN at 11.4%, 5.4% and 4.4%, respectively. This could be related to the large number of normal and curbside restaurants locate in East-Bangkok over 40%. The high composition of artificial related waste in ON could confirm the influence of the restaurant waste to the total organic waste composition. Moreover, the high percentage of inorganic animal related was due to the meat preparing process is mostly done before sale in the market. Furthermore, the organic part of animal-related is easily for degradation. A part of them could include in “unidentified” composition. The result indicated that organic waste composition related to resident consumption behavior and activities. The plant-related part is the main composition due to the food process. However, this investigation was conducted only in the single season. The different composition of waste might be shown when the season is changing. The investigation will continue conducting in different season and different location.

Effect of synthesized and neoformed ettringite on immobilization of toxic metals in municipal solid waste incineration fly ash

( Hiroki Kitamura ),( Noppharit Sutthasil ),( Masato Ueshima ),( Seungki Back ),( Hirofumi Sakanakura ),( Tomonori Ishigaki ),( Masato Yamada ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2019 No.1

Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly ash is usually classified as hazardous waste owing to high contents of toxic metals such as Pb. In Japan, chelating treatment is mainly used to immobilize toxic metals. However, unreacted and/or remained chelating reagent in leachate at landfill causes long-tern leachate treatment owing to COD component and nitrification inhibition. Thus, stabilization of landfill site is delayed. Therefore, new metal immobilization method is desirable instead of chelating treatment or in order to reduce the amount of chelating reagent. In this context, this study investigated the effect of mineralogical immobilization, in particular synthesized and neoformed ettringite (3CaO·Al₂O₃·3CaSO₄·32H₂O), on toxic metals in MSWI fly ash. MSWI fly ash sample used in this study was collected from bag filter of a stoker-type MSW incinerator in Japan. The incineration capacity is 80 tons/day. Ettringite was synthesized by mixing 0.02 mol/L Ca(OH)₂ solution and 0.7 mol/L Al₂(SO₄)₃·14-18H₂O solution in sealed plastic bottle in order to avoid CO₂ via atomosphere. The mixing volume of these solutions were theoretically decided according to molar ratio of Ca/Al (= 6) in ettringite. After mixing the solutions by magnetic stirrer for 24 hours, synthesized ettringite was collected by vacum filtration and dried at room temperature. Synthesized ettringite was added to MSWI fly ash sample at different dosage (0%, 5%, 25%, 50%, and 100% of fly ash weight). In the case of neoformed ettringite, powdary Ca(OH)₂ and Al₂(SO₄)₃·14-18H₂O were added to MSWI fly ash. The amount of powdery additives were stoichiometrically decided in order to form the same amount as synthesized ettringite added to MSWI fly ash. Then, these mixtures were subjected to leaching experiments. The mixture added distilled water were shaken at 200 rpm for 6 hours in leaching test bottle. The liquid to solid (fly ash) ratio was 10. After shaking the bottle, the suspension was filtrated through 0.45 μm membrane filter in order to obtain leachate. Leaching concentrations of regulated heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Se) in leachate were measured by ICP-MS and -OES. The results showed that only Pb concentration exeeded regulated limit ( > 0.3 mg/L). Concentration of As and Cd were lower than regulated limits (0.3 mg/L and 1.5 mg/L, respectively). Concentrations of Cd and Se were below detection limit in this analysis (0.4 μg/L and 3.0 μg/L, respectively). Lead concentration in leachate is shown in Figure 1. Leaching concentration of Pb slightly decreased until at 25 % dosage (see Figure 1-A). Lead leaching from MSWI fly ash strongly depends on pH value. However, leachate pH at all conditions added synthesized ettringite as well as neoformed ettringite was almost equal to 11.9. Therefore, this result suggests that Pb was immobilized by synthesized ettringite through interaction with negatively charged ettringite surface and/or substitution of Ca²⁺ ion in ettringite structure during leaching experiment. In contrast, leaching concentration of Pb under neoformed ettringite was significantly lower than that under synthesized ettringite (see Figure 1-B). It is considered that Pb was efficiently incorporated into ettringite structure and immobilized by ettringite neoformation during leaching experiment. This means that selectively forming ettringite into MSWI fly ash might have possibility of mineralogical metal immobilization.

Effect of superabsorbent polymers from diaper on biodrying process for municipal waste treatment

( Tomonori Ishigaki ),( Noppharit Sutthasil ),( Kosuke Kawai ),( Masato Yamada ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2022 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2022 No.1

Solid Debris Composition Analysis for Numerical Model of Canal Clogging

( Kosuke Nakamura ),( Rawit Thaweesub ),( Sutthasil Noppharit ),( Chart Chiemchaisri ),( Tomonori Ishigaki ),( Masato Yamada ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2018 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2018 No.1

Design of Semi-Aerobic Landfill for Tropical Region

( Masato Yamada ),( Tomonori Ishigaki ),( Komsilp Wangyo ),( Noppharit Sutthasil ),( Chart Chiemchaisri ),( Kazuto Endo ),( Hee Jong Kim ),( Hiroyuki Ishimori ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2013 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2013 No.2

Study of Greenhouse Gas Reduction Potential from Semi-Aerobic Test Cell

( Komsilp Wangyao ),( Masato Yamada ),( Kazuto Endo ),( Tomonori Ishigaki ),( Chart Chiemchaisri ),( Noppharit Sutthasil ),( Sirintornthep Towprayoon ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회 2010 APLAS Vol.2010 No.0