Design of Supervisory Model Predictive Control for Building HVAC System Subject to Time-Varying Operating Points

Sitthiphat Promchaiwattana,David Banjerdpongchai 제어로봇시스템학회 2022 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2022 No.11

This paper presents the design of supervisory model predictive control for HVAC systems with consideration of peak demand shaving and thermal comfort. In this work, we analyze the operating points with the thermal comfort requirement. Afterwards, we linearize the nonlinear dynamic model to a linear time-varying model. In particular, we specify that the operating point of the open-loop HVAC system satisfies the thermal comfort condition. This makes the predicted mean vote (PMV) equal to zero or nearly to zero. Subsequently, we calculate the zone temperature, the zone humidity ratio, and the volumetric flow rate. When considering the time-varying disturbance profiles, it appears that the operating points are time-varying. We observe that the coefficient of performance (COP) and the operating points are time-varying which lead to time-varying model. Moreover, we design supervisory control (SC) and model predictive control (MPC) for linear time-varying model. In the SC design, we aim to find the optimal reference zone temperature which is used as the reference signal for MPC. In the MPC design, the objectives are twofold. First, the zone temperature tracks the reference signal. Second, both electrical energy cost and deviation of desired thermal comfort are minimized. The computer simulation shows that MPC of time-varying HVAC system yields the best reference tracking. In addition, it reduces total electrical energy cost the most. We conclude that the optimal temperature reference can be effectively applied to the building HVAC systems while the occupants feel comfortable and the total electrical energy cost is the lowest.

전략·전술과 비교를 통한 작전술의 특성 연구

전갑기 미래군사학회 2019 한국군사학논총 Vol.8 No.2

The ROK Army which employs mass armed forces has studied the operational art since the 1980's. The effort has resulted in publishing of the field manuals of the operational art and numerous findings of research work in operational art by military specialists. However, it is necessary to thoroughly comprehend 1) the background of the birth of the operational art, 2) the meanings of time and space, combat power as basic components, and 3) the role and function of the operational art. This comprehension should help us to creatively apply the operational art in practice. This is especially more useful to have a better understanding of North Korea Army's operational art, influenced by the Soviet military art. This paper closely examines the background of the birth of the operational art in the Soviet Army, the position of the operational art in the military art on the basis of closeness with the political purpose of war, subjects and main points of the instruction, and the view points on means. The role and function of the operational art have been defined based on previous research and the assertion of military theorists. In addition, it redefines the meaning of the operational art. Lastly, its implications for the ROK Army have been presented. In summary, the operational art is the theory and the practice which operate the tactical military actions in order to efficiently attain the strategic goals. That is, the operational art is the theory and the practice that transfer a war plan to a plan for fulfillment of the military actions, create favorable conditions for tactical echelons to efficiently conduct combats, and effectively operate many combats in variable spaces and instruct the combats in order to achieve military strategic goals.

전임자에 대한 근로시간면제제도 적용과 부당노동행위

박종희 ( Jong-hee Park ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2019 고려법학 Vol.0 No.92

판례는 전임자에 대한 급여지급의 원칙적 금지, 예외적 근로시간 면제한도 허용이라는 구도로 이해하고 있다. 그리고 전임자에게 부여한 면제근로시간이 사회통념상 수긍할 수 있는 범위를 초과하는 경우 이를 부당노동행위로 인정하고 있다. 이러한 판례의 입장에 대해 다음과 같은 점에서 비판적으로 검토하였다. 1. 판례는 전임자에게 면제근로시간 부여를 당연시 하고 있지만, 근로제공의무가 없는 전임자에게 근로시간을 면제해 준다는 것이 논리적으로 수용되기 어렵다. 전임자에게 풀타임금로시간면제자의 지위를 부여하기 위한 가능조건은 면제자 지위를 먼저 부여한 후에 전임자 지위를 인정하는 것이다. 이 경우 전임자로서의 노조활동에 관해서는 제한 없이 노조의 결정에 전적으로 일임되어 있다면 파트타임 근로시간면제자에 대해서도 동일한 조건이 인정되어야 한다. 여기에는 쟁의행위 준비행위도 면제근로시간의 활동대상에 포함되는 것으로 보아야 한다. 2. 근로제공의무가 없는 전임자에게 근로시간을 면제시켜주는 형식이라면 이는 전임자에게 급여를 지급하는 행위가 될 수 있지만, 근로시간면제 자에게 노조 전임 활동을 인정해 주는 것이라면 이는 노조법 제24조 제4항에 따른 활동을 사용자가 허용하는 것이다. 그리고 근로시간면제는 사용자와 노조의 합의로 정해진다. 따라서 풀타임 근로시간면제자(전임자)에게 사회통념상 수긍할 수 있는 한도를 초과하여 면제근로시간을 부여하더라도 이는 전임자에 대한 급여지급이 아니라 노조에 대한 경비원조로 이해하는 것이 타당하다. 그 결과 초과 지급하더라도 이를 통해 노조의 자주성이 침해될 정도가 아니라면 부당노동행위에 해당하지 않는다. 3. 퇴직금의 취지와 그 기준이 되는 법규정이 갖는 편면적 강행규정의 의미를 가질 뿐이므로, 노사가 합의한 금액 혹은 면제근로시간에 상응하는 급여 그 자체는 임금성 여부와 관계없이 퇴직금산정의 기초를 이루는 데에는 하등의 문제가 되지 않는다. 또한 사회통념상 인정할 수 있는 정도라는 면제근로시간에 관한 객관적 판단지표를 세운다는 것은 적절치 않다. 현행법은 면제근로시간 총량과 총 사용인원에 대한 제한의 취지가 제시할 뿐이므로, 그 한도 내에서의 구체적인 배분과 사용에 관해서는 노조의 재량에 맡겨져 있는 취지로 해석함이 타당하다. 4. 근로시간면제와 관련한 관련규정을 금지규정으로서 강행규정의 의미가 아닌 기준적 역할을 수행하는 강행규정으로 이해함이 상당하다. 집단적 자치의 기본이념에 따라 다른 제3자의 이익이나 이해관계를 침해하지 않는 한 노사간에 자율적 합의를 존중해 주는 것이 필요하다. 다만 제3자의 이해가 침해되는 경우에 비로소 관련규정이 기준으로서 강행성을 발휘하는 것이다. 따라서 노사가 자율적으로 근로시간면제를 합의하였다면 이는 존중되는 것이 상당하다. The court ruled that it is prohibited in principle to pay a salary to full-time union officials, but in exceptional cases allowed within the limits of time-off system. If the time-off granted to full-time union officials is not acceptable in terms of social convention, this shall be recognized as unfair labor practice. Such a court's decision can be criticized as follows. The court decided that it was natural to grant full-time union officials time-off. However, it is not logical to grant time-off to full-time union officials who has no obligation to provide labor. If full-time union officials is to be time-off workers, it should logically admit full-time union officials after first granting time-off worker’s status. For full-time union officials who has no obligation to provide labor, if the time-off system is applied, it could be that the employer pays the wages. However, if it is to recognize full-time working for union to time-off workers, it is legal in accordance with Article 244 of TRADE UNION AND LABOR RELATIONS ADJUSTMENT ACT. Considering the purport of retirement Allowance and the standard of law is one-sided mandatory, the amount agreed by labor and management or the corresponding salary for time-off is itself the basis for the calculation of retirement allowance. In addition, the current law only limits the total amount of time-off and the total number of people, within those limits it is reasonable to assume that it can be allocated and used at the discretion of the trade union. The time-off system is an mandatory rule as a prohibition. It should be understood as a mandatory rule that serves as a criterion. In accordance with the basic principle of collective labor-management autonomy, Unless it harms the interests of a third party, autonomous agreement between labor and management should be considered first.

The Learning Curve for Single-Port Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy by Experienced Laparoscopic Surgeon

Soon Hwa Youn,Young Hoon Roh,Hong Jo Choi,Young Hoon Kim,Ghap Joong Jung,Mee Sook Roh 대한외과학회 2011 Annals of Surgical Treatment and Research(ASRT) Vol.80 No.2

Purpose: Single-port laparoscopic surgery is a rapidly advancing technique in laparoscopic surgery. However, there is currently limited evidence on the learning curve for this procedure. The aim of this study was to estimate the number of single port laparoscopic cholecystectomies required until improvement in the performance of the technique ceases. Methods: This is a descriptive, single-center study using routinely collected clinical data from 70 patients who underwent single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy between May 2009 and June 2010 at Dong-A University Medical Center in Busan, Korea. The review includes the mean operating time, conversion cases, intra-operative GB perforation, post-operative wound infection and mean hospital stay. Results: The mean operating time of the first 30 cases (the learning period) was 91.83 minutes. After 30 operations (the experience period), it plateaued to an average of 75.25 minutes, which remained steady in the next 40 operations - a reduction of more than 16%. Reduction in the operating time was significant (P<0.001) between the learning period and the experience period. Other factors including additional ports, intraoperative gall bladder perforation, mean hospital stay, post-operative wound infection were not significantly different between the two periods. Conclusion: We suggest that the learning curve for single port laparoscopic cholecystectomy should be around thirty cases for a surgeon with prior conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy experience and for self-taught single port technique.

G system with forced and scheduled outages

Jung, Kyung-Hee The Korean Operations Research and Management Scie 1991 韓國經營科學會誌 Vol.16 No.2

This paper considers the model of a k-out-of-n :G system with non-identical components which are subject to both forced and planned outages. For the forced outages, it assumes that there are the independent and common-cause outage events causing component failures. Then, the objective is to derive the upper and lower bounds on the mean operating time between system failures in the ample-server model. In addtion, the mean system failure times are also considered.

Bounds on MTBF of a K-out-of-n : G System with Forced and Scheduled Outages

Jung, Kyung-Hee 한국경영과학회 1991 韓國經營科學會誌 Vol.16 No.2

This paper considers the model of a k-out-of-n : G system with non-identical components which are subject to both forced and planned outages. For the forced outages, it assumes that there are the independent and common-cause outage events causing component failures. Then, the objective is to derive the upper and lower bounds on the mean operating time between system failures in the ample-server model. In addition, the mean system failure times are also considered.

복강경담낭절제술과 개복담낭절제술에 따른 진료량 비교

이은미,유승흠,손명세,김석일,Lee, Eun-Mee,Yu, Seung-Hum,Sohn, Myong-Sei,Kim, Suk-Il 대한예방의학회 1995 Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Vol.28 No.2

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy was introduced into Korea in 1990 and has been rapidly replacing open cholecystectomy when the indications were met. In this study a medical utilization and technology was assessed on the selected hospitalized patients with cholelithiasis who underwent open or laparoscopic cholecystectomy from April 1, 1991 to March 31, 1994. The results are as follows. Despite the low reimbursement rate by the health insurance, the number of laparoscopic cases have been steadily increased. The post-operative days before health insurance coverage were significantly shortened from 8.4 days to 4.6 days. The preoperative days before health insurance coverage were significantly shorted from 8.4 days to 4.0 days. The total length-of-stays in the hospital were also significantly shortened from 15.2 days to 10.7 and 9.8 days in laparoscopic cholecystectomy. The laparoscopic cholecystectomy showed low expenses in all aspects expect the average hospital charges per day. For the hospital to have cost containment, it is more effective if length-of-stay is shorter because of high daily inpatient hospital charge. The laparoscopic cholecystectomy also showed shortened anesthesia time and operation time compared with open cholecystectomy that were statistically significant. The mean anesthesia and operation time for open cholecystectomy were 113.2 and 90.2 minutes but those of laparoscopic cholecystectomy were 105.7 and 68.6 minutes. According to this study the laparoscopic cholecystectomy has reduced the medical expenditure and we recommend this procedure over open cholecystectomy. The further discussion on the different morbidity rate between two types of procedure is essential in providing quality medical care, and to educate specialist.

A Study on the Reliability Growth Trend of Operational S/W Failure Reduction

Che Gyu-Shik,Kim Yong-Kyung 한국정보기술응용학회 2005 한국정보기술응용학회학술대회 Vol.2005 No.1

해상감시레이더의 RAM 값 산출을 위한 OMS/MP 분석

조강훈(Kang Hoon Cho),박상철(Sang Chul Park) (사)한국CDE학회 2015 한국 CAD/CAM 학회 학술발표회 논문집 Vol.2015 No.동계

RAM (Reliability, Availability, Maintainability) is important performance factor to verify three evaluation scale of weapon systems using predicting and analyzing and to support output of objective value. OMS/MP (Operational Mode Summary / Mission Profile) analysis of the weapon system should be performed before RAM analysis is performed. Recently, OMS/MP analysis of naval warship and tank mostly have been studied for many years. However, it is difficult to apply this results to OMS/MP of Sea Surveillance Radar and it has many restrictions. In this paper, we describe quantification method of OMS/MP for RAM value about Sea Surveillance Radar and illustrate study of RAM Calculation method.

계층적 RAM 시뮬레이션 모델 프레임워크

김혜령,최상영,Kim, Hye-Lyeong,Choi, Sang-Yeong 한국군사과학기술학회 2010 한국군사과학기술학회지 Vol.13 No.1

In this paper, we propose a hierarchical RAM simulation model framework which are used to analyze the RAM specifications on the concept refinement phase. The hierarchical RAM simulation model framework consists of RAM simulation models, class library and each model's input and output data lists. The hierarchical RAM simulation models are co-operated with 3 kinds of model - type I, II, III. Type I, II models are used to analyze the target operational availability and Type III is used to establish the initial RAM specifications. Each model's input and output data lists are defined by considering each model's purpose of RAM analysis. The class library is arranged with each model's classes for implementing the hierarchical simulation models. The proposed framework may be applied for executing the RAM activities effectively.