한국의 저출산⋅고령화 정책 변화에 대한 사회교과서의 내용 분석: 제1차-제4차 저출산⋅고령사회기본계획과 2015개정교육과정에 따른 중학교 사회교과서를 중심으로

박선미,강순희 한국사회과교육연구학회 2023 사회과교육 Vol.62 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examine how middle school social studies textbook under the 2015 revised curriculem approaches the low birth rate and aging problems in Korea, to identify the weaknesses of the textbook in dealing with these issues, and to suggest future directions of improvement. In the last 20 years, the dominant paradigm of the government’s low birth rate and aging policy in Korea has changed from “labor and productivity” to “improvin quality of life.” According to our analysis, the middle school textbook does not fully include this change. First, the description on low birth rate and aging population is based on the perception that individuals are viewed as labor for national development, and the perception that the elderly are viewed as a social burden. Second, a couple of factors causing low birth rate and aging are simply listed in parallel, but the description does not guide students to analyze the relationship between low birth rate⋅aging and social structure. Third, Efforts to solve the problem of low birth rate and aging are also described from an economic perspective that emphasizes national growth. Fourth, the contents of low birth rate and aging in the geography areas and general social studies areas are overlapped with similar perspectives and contents. When publishing social studies textbooks according to the 2022 revised curriculum, the geography area should be organized to analyze the relationship between low birth rate⋅aging and regional disparity, and the general social studies area should be organized to analyze the relationship between low birth rate⋅aging and social structure. 본 연구는 한국의 중학교 사회교과서에서 저출산⋅고령화 문제를 어떻게 접근하고 있는지, 어떤 문제점이 있으며 향후 개선 방향은 무엇인지를 분석하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 지난 약 20여 년간 한국의 저출산⋅고령화 정책은 ‘노동력⋅생산력’의 패러다임에서 ‘삶의 질 제고’ 패러다임으로 전환되어 왔다. 본 연구에 의하면 2015 개정교육과정에 따른 중학교 사회교과서는 이러한 변화를 충분히 반영하고 있지 않다. 첫째, 교과서에 제시된 저출산⋅고령화 내용 기저에는 개인을 국가 발전을 위한 노동력으로 인식하고, 노인들을 사회적 부담으로 보는 인식이 깔려있었다. 둘째, 저출산⋅고령화를 유발하는 요인 역시 여러 요인들을 병렬적으로 나열했을 뿐 학생들이 한국 사회구조와 연결하여 원인을 분석하도록 안내하고 있지 않다. 셋째, 저출산⋅고령화 문제에 대한 대응에 관한 내용 역시 국가경쟁력을 우선시하는 성장주의 관점에서 벗어나지 못했다. 넷째, 지리와 일반 사회 영역의 저출산⋅고령화 내용은 유사한 관점과 내용으로 조직되었다. 향후 저출산⋅고령화 현상에 관해 일반사회 영역은 한국 사회구조와의 관계를 중심으로 구성하고, 지리 영역은 지역 불균형 문제와의 관계를 중심으로 조직함으로써 차별화할 필요가 있다.

The changing trends in live birth statistics in Korea, 1970 to 2010

Lim, Jae-Woo The Korean Pediatric Society 2011 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.54 No.11

Although Korean population has been growing steadily during the past four decades, the nation is rapidly becoming an aging society because of its declining birth rate combined with an increasing life expectancy. In addition, Korea has one of the lowest fertility rates in the world due to fewer married couples, advanced maternal age, and falling birth rate. The prevalence of low birth weight infants and multiple births has been increased compared with the decrease in the birth rate. Moreover, the number of congenital anomalies is expected to increase due to the advanced maternal age. In addition, the number of interracial children is expected to increase due to the rise in the number of international marriages. However, the maternal education level is high, single-mother birth rate is low, and the gender imbalance has lessened. The number of overweight babies has been decreased, as more pregnant women are receiving adequate prenatal care. Compared to the Asian average birth weight, the average birth weight is the highest in Asia. Moreover, the rate of low birth weight infants is low, and infant mortality is similarly low across Asia. Using birth data from Statistics Korea and studies of birth outcomes in Korea and abroad, this study aimed to assess the changes in maternal and infant characteristics associated with birth outcomes during the past four decades and identify necessary information infrastructures to study countermeasures the decrease in birth rate and increase in low birth weight infants in Korea.

The changing trends in live birth statistics in Korea, 1970 to 2010

Jae Won Lim 대한소아청소년과학회 2011 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.54 No.11

Although Korean population has been growing steadily during the past four decades, the nation is rapidly becoming an aging society because of its declining birth rate combined with an increasing life expectancy. In addition, Korea has one of the lowest fertility rates in the world due to fewer married couples, advanced maternal age,and falling birth rate. The prevalence of low birth weight infants and multiple births has been increased compared with the decrease in the birth rate. Moreover, the number of congenital anomalies is expected to increase due to the advanced maternal age. In addition, the number of interracial children is expected to increase due to the rise in the number of international marriages. However, the maternal education level is high, single-mother birth rate is low, and the gender imbalance has lessened. The number of overweight babies has been decreased,as more pregnant women are receiving adequate prenatal care. Compared to the Asian average birth weight, the average birth weight is the highest in Asia. Moreover, the rate of low birth weight infants is low, and infant mortality is similarly low across Asia. Using birth data from Statistics Korea and studies of birth outcomes in Korea and abroad, this study aimed to assess the changes in maternal and infant characteristics associated with birth outcomes during the past four decades and identify necessary information infrastructures to study countermeasures the decrease in birth rate and increase in low birth weight infants in Korea.

한국에서 최근 7년간 저체중 출생아 및 미숙아 출생률의 변화

김민희 대한소아청소년과학회 2008 Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics (CEP) Vol.51 No.3

In recent years, Korea has experienced a steadily declining birth rate, which is a serious social problem in the country. Although living conditions have improved, the birth rates for low birth weight infants and preterm babies has increased because more and more women choose to give birth later in life and the social environment has changed. The rise in low birth weight infants may increase infant mortality rates and morbidity rates. However, the recent improvements in neonatal care has elevated the survival rate of low birth weight infants up to 90 percent and lowered the weight of the very low birth weight infants that can now be saved. In this study, we used dynamic population statistics from the Korea National Statistical Office,■which represents the current trend of social stratification and the population of this period. We analyzed birth records for a seven-year period and studied the changes in the delivery rate of preterm and low birth weight infants and the problems related to those changes. The results show that the rate of low birth weight infants has increased from 3.79% to 4.35% for the past seven years. The rate of preterm babies rose from 3.79% to 4.89%. The number of babies born from mothers aged 35 or more went up from 6.69% to 11.83% of the total number of the babies born. As maternal age has risen, the risks of delivering a preterm or low birth weight infant have also increased.

사회과에서 저출산·고령화 교육의 방향 모색

정문성(Jeong, Moon Seong),박기범(Park, Kee Burm),한동균(Han, Dong Kyun) 한국사회과교육연구학회 2019 사회과교육 Vol.58 No.3

본 연구는 빠른 속도로 전개되는 저출산·고령화 현상을 사회과에서 어떻게 다루어야 할지에 대한 교육방향을 전문가 델파이 조사를 통해 제안하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 그 결과 전문가들은 저출산과 고령화 주제를 교육적으로 함께 다루어야 한다는 의견이 많았으며, 인지적 측면뿐만 아니라 가치·태도와 같은 정서적 측면의 접근도 필요하다고 하였다. 특히 교과의 특성상 저출산·고령화 현상을 사회과에서 주도적이면서도 이전보다 더욱 강조하여 다룰 필요가 있다고 하였다. 아울러 저출산·고령화 문제를 단순히 사회문제로 볼 것이 아니라 종합적이고 통합적으로 이해하고 대안을 만들어가는 방향으로 다루어야 한다고 하였다. 그리고 사회과에서 저출산·고령화 교육 방안으로 구체적인 사례 중심으로 다루되, 학생들이 자기주도적으로 문제를 인식하고 해결책을 찾는 방안도 필요하다고 여기고 있다. 이와 같은 분석 결과를 바탕으로 사회과에서 저출산·고령화 현상 관련 교육 방향을 모색하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 저출산·고령화 관련 주제를 사회과에서 적극적으로 다루어야 한다. 둘째, 저출산·고령화 관련 사회과 성취기준을 개선해야 한다. 셋째, 사회과에서 저출산·고령화 교육에 관한 구체적인 구성 방안이 필요하다. 넷째, 저출산·고령화 시대에 세대 간 갈등에 대비한 사회과 시민교육이 필요하다. 본 논문은 다양한 영역의 사회과 전문가들의 의견을 종합하여 사회과에서 저출산·고령화 교육의 방향을 제시하였다는 점에서 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다. The purpose of this study was to suggest an educational direction on how to deal with rapidly developing low birth rate and aging in social studies through expert Delphi survey. As a result, many experts argued that the topic of low birth rate and aging should be addressed educationally and that emotional approaches such as values, attitudes, and cognitive aspects should be discussed. In particular, it is necessary to deal with the low birthrate and aging phenomena in social studies and emphasize it more than before. In addition, the issue of low fertility and aging should not only be viewed as a social problem, but also should be dealt with in a comprehensive and integrated way and in the direction of providing alternatives. In social studies, the low birthrate and aging education plan is focused on concrete cases while students consider themselves to be selfdirected to find solutions. Based on these analysis results, social studies should seek education directions related to low birth rates and aging phenomenon as follows. First, the subject of low fertility and aging should be dealt with actively in social studies. Second, social studies achievement standards related to low fertility and aging should be improved. Third, a concrete composition plan for low birth rate and aging education in social studies is needed. Fourth, social studies and civic education for generational conflict are necessary in the era of low fertility and aging. This paper is meaningful in that it suggests the direction of low fertility and aging education in social studies by combining opinions of social studies experts in various fields.

우리나라 사회과 교육의 저출산・고령화 내용 분석 - 2015 및 2022 개정 교육과정 및 중학교 사회 지리 영역의 교과서 분석을 중심으로 -

양병일 한국지리환경교육학회 2024 한국지리환경교육학회지 Vol.32 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 중학교 사회 교과서의 저출산・고령화 내용을 분석해 교과서 제작과 관련한 제안을 하는 것이다. 이목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구는 저출산・고령화와 관련해 2015 및 2022 개정 사회과 교육과정의 교육내용, 다양한 영역에 나타난정의, 중학교 사회 교과서 지리 영역의 내용을 분석했다. 본 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫 번째로 저출산과 고령화가 교과서에설명될 때는 가치 중립적으로 서술될 필요가 있다. 두 번째로 저출산과 고령화의 정의가 제시될 필요가 있다. 저출산을 정의하기위한 핵심 요소는 합계출산율과 시간적 비교의 관점이고, 고령화를 정의하기 위한 핵심 요소는 노인 인구 비율의 증가와 현상의지속성이다. The purpose of this study is to analyze the content of low birth rates and aging in middle school social studies textbooks and suggest implications for textbook production. To achieve this purpose, this study analyzed the educational content of the 2015 and 2022 revised social studies curriculum, definitions in various areas, and the content of the geography section of middle school social studies textbooks in relation to low birth rate and aging. The results of this study are as follows. First, when low birth rates and aging populations are explained in textbooks, they need to be described in a value-neutral manner. Second, definitions of low birth rate and aging need to be presented. The key elements for defining low birth rate are the total fertility rate and the perspective of temporal comparison, and the key elements for defining aging are the increase in the proportion of the elderly population and the persistence of the phenomenon.

저출산, 고령화 시대의 교회교육

박상진 한국기독교교육학회 2014 기독교교육논총 Vol.40 No.-

One of the most important reasons for the recent decrease in student numbers in Korean church schools is our society’s low birth rate and rapidly aging population. Since the 1970s, the number of children have been decreasing due to the low birth rate, and this has influenced the decrease of the number of students within the Korean church. This study focuses on the response that should be made by the church education to this phenomenon of low birth rate and rapid aging. There are two kinds of responses that church education should prepare. One is the effort of church education to adjust to this tendency, and the other is an effort to change this tendency itself through church education. Church education in the era of low birth rates and aging should overcome the limitations of a “schooling” paradigm through emphasizing the importance of relationship, community, participation, inter-generational education, the link between church and family, and life-long education. In order to attempt to overcome low birth rates and aging, church education should set educational goals which pursue the respect of life, family love, transmission of faith, gender equality, and a welfare society. These goals should be duly applied according to each developmental stage and each aspect of educational ministry. Also, the church must prepare itself as a community for nurturing children that can effectively support marriage, childbirths, and nurture of believers and their children within the church. 한국교회 교회학교 학생수 감소의 가장 중요한 요인 중의 하나가 저출산, 고령화 현상이다. 1970년대 이후부터 출산율 저하로 인해서 아동 인구수가 감소하기 시작했으며 이는 학령기 아동 및 청소년 수의 감소와 교회학교 학생수 감소로 이어지게 된 것이다. 본 연구는 이러한 저출산, 고령화 현상에 대해서 교회교육이 어떤 응전을 할 것인지에 초점을 맞추고 있다. 교회교육은 저출산, 고령화 문제에 대해서 크게 두 가지 방식으로 대응하여야 하는데, 하나는 저출산, 고령화 시대에 걸맞는 교회교육으로의 전환을 위한 노력이고, 다른 하나는 이러한 저출산, 고령화 현상 자체를 변화시키기 위한 노력이다. 저출산, 고령화 시대의 교회교육은 학교식 구조를 탈피하여 관계구조가 되어야 하며, 공동체가 형성되어 자라나는 세대가 직접 참여하는 교육, 세대 간에 소통하는 간세대 교육, 교회와 가정이 연계되는 교육, 그리고 평생교육으로 전환되어야 한다. 저출산, 고령화 현상을 극복하기 위한 교회교육의 방안으로는 먼저 생명존중, 가족사랑, 신앙계승, 남녀평등, 복지사회를 지향하는 교육목표의 설정이 필요하다. 그리고 이를 발달단계별, 교육목회 영역별로 적용하는 방안이 요청되며, 교회가 자녀양육공동체로서 결혼, 출산, 양육에 대한 효과적인 지원체제를 갖추어야 할 것이다.

임상 ; 한국의 15년간 산모 및 신생아 관련 통계 지표의 변화

이경석 ( Kyung Suk Lee ),한동훈 ( Dong Hoon Han ),배종우 ( Chong Woo Bae ) 대한주산의학회 2011 Perinatology Vol.22 No.3

Purpose: The statistical birth data related to maternity and newborns over the past 15 years in Korea was analyzed in order to review the changing patterns of maternity and newborns in Korea. Methods: Statistical data after 1995 in Korea were obtained from the Statistics Korea. Birth data related to maternity (distribution of birth rate, maternal age, advanced maternal age group, rank of birth, and time of pregnancy) and newborn (distribution of number of births, birth weight, ratio of sex, and multiple births) were analyzed. Results: The average age of maternity is increasing while births in an advanced age has also increased from 4.7% in 1995 to 15.5% in 2009. There was a decrease in the total number of births, total birth rate and average birth weight. The rate of premature births in an advanced age occupied more than 6% of this study. The ratio of sex from the third born child and beyond has been relieved. The rate of multiple births has increased. The birth rate within two years of cohabitation before giving birth to a couple`s first child has decreased. Conclusions: The rates of newborns requiring perinatal care such as births of prematurity, low birth weight infants, multiple pregnancies, etc are increasing. This is in relation to the increase in age of maternity and number of pregnancies in an advanced age. Therefore, there is an increase demand for strategies in order to decrease the age of maternity and the rate of pregnancies in an advanced age.

Trends and Changes of Maternal Age at Live Birth and Related Statistics in Korea (1981-2019)

( Jungha Yun ),( Se-hyung Son ),( Chong-woo Bae ) 대한주산의학회 2021 Perinatology Vol.32 No.2

Objective: To investigate the changing trends of maternal age at birth in Korea over the past 40 years and related statistics to identify the aging trend. Methods: Population and birth statistics between 1981 and 2019 were obtained from the Statistics Korea. Birth data including total number of births, crude birth rate (CBR), total fertility rate (TFR), and maternal statistics including women's first marriage age, number of women of childbearing potential, distribution of maternal age at birth, maternal age by birth order, and birth weight by maternal age were reviewed. Results: There was a decrease in the total number of births, CBR and TFR. The average age of women at first marriage increased from 23.2 to 30.6 years and the number of women of childbearing potential decreased from 17.6 million to 15.86 million. The number of advanced maternal age women increased from 3.9% to 33.4% and the number of newborns born to advanced maternal age mothers increased threefold from 33 thousands to 100 thousands. The proportion of low-birth weight infants by maternal age increased among mothers under the age of 20 and mothers of advanced maternal age. Conclusion: We found significant trends in low birth rate, decreased number of women of childbearing potential, later first marriage age and increasing maternal age over 40 years in Korea. In terms of perinatal management, this study intended to provide basic data, aiming at overcoming a rising trend in low birth rate and advanced maternal age.

Changes in Survival Rate for Very-Low-Birth-Weight Infants in Korea: Comparison with Other Countries

Shim, Jae Won,Jin, Hyun-Seung,Bae, Chong-Woo The Korean Academy of Medical Sciences 2015 JOURNAL OF KOREAN MEDICAL SCIENCE Vol.30 No.suppl1

<P>Recently the Korean Neonatal Network (KNN) was established in order to enhance treatment outcomes further through the registration of very-low-birth-weight infants (VLBWI) data. The present study was conducted on 2,606 VLBWI, 2,386 registered and 220 un-registered, in the KNN participating centers, with the objective of reporting on recent survival rates of VLBWI in Korea and verifying the changing trends in survival rates with data from the 1960s and beyond. The study also aimed to compare the premature infants' survival rate in Korea with those reported in neonatal networks of other countries. The recent survival rate of VLBWI increased more than twice from 35.6% in the 1960s to 84.8%, and the survival rate of the extremely low birth weight infants (ELBWI) increased by more than 10 times, indicating improvement of the survival rate in premature infants with lower birth weight and gestational age. Comparison of VLBWI between countries showed improved survival rates according to each birth weight group in Canada, Australia-New Zealand, and European countries with Japan at the head, but in terms of comparison based on gestational age, differences, except for Japan, have been reduced. Efforts to increase the survival rate of premature infants in Korea with low birth rate are inevitable, and they should be the foundation of academic and clinical development based on its network with advanced countries.</P>