건강생활환경의 개념과 구성요소에 관한 연구

신화경 ( Shin Hwakyoung ),조인숙 ( Jo Insook ) 한국공간디자인학회 2022 한국공간디자인학회논문집 Vol.17 No.7

(연구배경 및 목적) 본 연구에서는 현대사회 생활환경이 도시 커뮤니티의 문제를 해결하기 위한 대안적 접근으로 건강생활환경의 개념을 설정하고 구성요소를 도출하고자 한다. (연구방법) 첫째, 건강생활환경 개념 정립과 구성요소 도출을 위한 이론연구를 실시하였다. 건강생활환경 구성요소를 도출하기 위해 생태학 이론에서 제시하고 있는 구성요소와 생활환경이 구성요소에 대해 이론연구를 실시하였고, 2000년 이후 관련 21편의 선행연구를 대상으로 키워드 분석을 실시하였다. 생활환경의 개념을 설명하는 키워드에 대해 축코딩을 실시한 후 비슷한 개념의 키워드를 그룹핑하여 구성요소를 도출하였다. 키워드 분석을 위해서는 MAXQDA를 활용하여 키워드간 관련성을 분석하였다. 둘째, 건강생활환경의 개념과 구성요소의 적절성을 평가하기 위해 전문가심층면접과 전문가델파이 조사를 실시하였다. 전문가심층면접은 개방형 조사도구를 활용하여 심층면접 방식으로 진행되었고, 이론연구를 통해 정립된 건강생활환경 개념의 적절성, 건강생활환경 구성요소의 적절성을 평가하였다. 전문가델파이조사는 2회에 걸쳐 진행되었고, 전문가심층면접결과를 토대로 수정된 개념과 구성요소의 적절성을 평가하기 위해 구조화된 조사도구를 개발하여 온라인으로 진행되었다. (연구결과) 건강생활환경 개념 정립을 위해 생태학적 관점을 검토하여, 건겅생활환경의 대안적 관점으로 적용하였다. 건강생활환경 구성요소를 도출하기 위해 선행연구를 대상으로 키워드를 도출 결과, 112개 키워드가 도출되었으며, 유사한 의미를 가진 키워드를 그룹핑하여 주체적 인간, 환경적 지원, 사회적 관계, 이념적 가치로 구성 요소를 분류하였다. 이에 대해 전문가조사 결과, 건강생활환경 개념 정립에 있어 생태학적 접근은 바람직한 것으로 나타났다. 전문가 의견을 토대로 건강생활환경의 개념을 수정하였다. 건강생활환경 구성요소는 이론연구에서 도출된 주체적 인간은 인간으로, 환경적 지원은 지원으로, 사회적 관계는 관계로, 이념적 가치는 가치로 변경하였다. 전문가조사결과를 토대로 각 구성요소별 하위 세부 요소를 구성하였다. (결론) 건강생활환경 개념은 인간이 공유된 물리적 환경인 생활환경에서 사회적 관계를 통해 정서를 공유하면서 변화에 적응하는 유기체적 속성을 기반으로 지속가능한 생활환경으로 정의할 수 있다. 건강생활환경의 구성요소는 인간, 지원, 관계, 가치 4개의 요소로 구분할 수 있으며, 인간의 하위요소는 주체적 인간, 객체적 인간, 매개체적 인간으로, 지원은 물리적 지원과 활동적 지원으로, 관계는 개인적 친밀관계, 사회적 관계, 공적 관계로, 가치는 가치와 정서로 구성하였다. 건강생활환경 마련을 위해서는 인간에 대한 배려와 인간들의 관계를 기본으로 그들의 관계를 형성하기 위한 다양한 지원과 가치적 요소를 함께 고려해야 한다. (Background and Purpose) This study aims to establish the concept of a healthy living environment and its components as an alternative to solve the problems of urban communities in modern society. (Method) The components of a healthy living environment were derived from a study of the ecological theory and the living environment. In addition, keyword analysis was performed on 21 studies that were published since 2000. The keywords were axially coded and similar concepts were grouped to deduce the components using MAXQDA. To evaluate the appropriateness of the concept and the components of a healthy living environment, in-depth interviews were conducted with experts and through Delphi survey. For the interviews, open research tools were used. The appropriateness of the concept and components of the healthy living environment were established through an evaluation of theoretical research. The Delphi survey was conducted twice. The appropriateness of the revised concepts and components that reflected the results of the in-depth interview with experts were evaluated. (Results) As an alternative, the ecological theory was used to establish the concept of a healthy living environment. A total of 112 keywords were derived from previous studies to determine the components of the healthy living environment, and keywords with similar meanings were grouped together. The components were classified into subjective human beings, environmental support, social relations, and ideological values. The findings of the Delphi survey revealed that an ecological approach was desirable in establishing the concept of a healthy living environment, which was revised based on expert opinions. Consequently, the components of the healthy living environment were revised from subjective human to human, environmental support to support, social relationship to relationship, and ideological value to value. Secondary elements were also constructed for each component. (Conclusions) The concept of a healthy living environment is defined as a sustainable living environment that is based on the organic attributes of adapting to changes while sharing emotions through social relationships in the living environment, which is a shared physical environment. The components of a healthy living environment were divided into four factors: human, support, relationship, and value. The secondary elements for each factor are, respectively: subjective human, object human, and intermediary human; physical support and active support; personal intimate relationship, social relationship, and public relationship; and value and emotion. To create a healthy living environment, various support and value factors in forming relationships must be considered.

어린이 녹색생활환경 구축연구(Ⅱ) 위해저감을 위한 녹색소비 이행전략

정다운,주문솔,오규림,최효미,박은정,김혜진,박수미 한국환경정책평가연구원 2020 사업보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 1. 연구의 필요성 ❏ 위해 관리 패러다임 전환 ㅇ 최근 사전 예방 및 사후 관리로 이원화된 기존의 환경유해인자 관리에서 더 나아가, 물질 및 제품의 전주기 관리의 각 단계에서 위해 요소에 대한 노출을 최소화하는 새로운 패러다임이 제시됨 ❏ 어린이 생활환경의 위해 관리에 대한 인식 전환 ㅇ 어린이 생활환경에 존재하는 다양한 제품들에 대하여 위해저감을 위한 우선순위 관리 대상 제품군을 파악한 후, 이에 대한 전주기 관리 및 녹색소비 유도를 통해 어린이 환경건강 보호 방안을 수립할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 공급자에 대한 규제 및 관리에 집중된 현재에서 더 나아가 소비자들의 행동 관리 등 수요자 측면의 관리 방안을 연구할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 유해물질 노출 저감을 위한 소비 행동에 대한 이론 정립 및 시범사업을 통해 가이드라인을 마련할 필요가 있음 2. 연구의 목적 및 내용 ❏ 연구의 목적 ㅇ 어린이 생활환경에 존재하는 유해물질의 위해를 저감하고 녹색소비 유도를 통하여 어린이 생활환경의 녹색화에 기여 ❏ 연구의 내용 ㅇ 녹색소비와 위해 관리의 연계성 확인 ㅇ 어린이 생활환경에 대한 위해 관리 개선 지점 도출 ㅇ 유해물질 위해저감을 위한 우선순위 제품군 도출 및 위해 저감방안(안) 마련 ㅇ 녹색소비 이행 전략(안) 제시 Ⅱ. 위해 관리와 녹색소비 1. 녹색소비의 정의 ❏ 유해물질과 녹색소비 ㅇ 녹색소비 개념은 지속가능한 소비 개념을 기반으로 대두됨 ㅇ 지속가능한 소비 개념에는 ‘유해물질 사용의 최소화’ 개념이 포함됨 ㅇ 소비자의 녹색소비 행동에는 환경오염인자 노출에 대한 저감이 우선 고려됨 ㅇ 「녹색성장법」, 「녹색제품구매법」, 「환경기술산업법」에 따라 녹색제품의 법적 정의는 친환경제품 및 인체에 미치는 영향을 고려하여 생산된 제품의 개념을 포괄함 ❏ 녹색소비의 정의 ㅇ 본 연구에서는 녹색소비를 인체 건강에 미치는 영향을 최소화하는 제품의 소비로 정의함 Ⅲ. 어린이 녹색생활환경 구축 현황 및 사례 1. ‘유해물질 없는 건강한 학교 만들기’ 사업 ❏ 사업 개요 ㅇ 서울시 녹색서울실천공모사업의 일환으로 진행된 사업으로, 학교환경의 유해물질을 점검 및 모니터링하고 학생, 학부모, 교사를 대상으로 유해물질 교육 등을 진행 ❏ 학습교구 유해물질 현황 ㅇ 학교용품의 유해물질 검출 결과 PVC 재질 제품이 46%로 나타남 ㅇ 학습교구는 교체 주기가 정해져 있지 않아 노후화될 때까지 사용하는 문제점이 존재함 ❏ 교육환경 유해물질 현황 ㅇ 초등학교 교실 및 도서관을 대상으로 가구류, 건축재, 소품류를 분석한 결과, 사물함, 책장 등에서 납이 검출됨 ㅇ 11개 초등학교를 대상으로 먼지 시료 중 프탈레이트를 분석한 결과, 상대적으로 농도가 높은 학교는 PVC 재질의 책장 및 바닥재가 비치되어 있었음 ❏ 시사점 ㅇ 학교 공간을 구성하는 각종 내장재, 건축마감재 등의 어린이 관련 기준은 주로 중금속 위주로 제한적이며, 설치 후 유해인자 노출에 대한 별도 안전기준이 필요함 ㅇ ‘안전한 학교용품 지원센터(가칭)’와 같은 기관 설립 또는 지방자치단체에서 운영중인 녹색구매지원센터를 통해 건강한 교육환경을 조성하고 녹색제품 구매를 활성화 할 필요가 있음 2. 아토피·천식 안심학교 ❏ 아토피·천식 안심학교 사례 검토 ㅇ 아토피피부염, 천식, 알레르기비염 등 알레르기 질환이 있는 아동이 학교에서 건강하게 생활하고 학습할 수 있도록 지원하는 예방관리 프로그램으로 전국적으로 운영됨 ㅇ 알레르기의 직접적인 원인을 찾아내고 이를 대체하는 예방 중심의 생활환경 위해 관리가 아닌 상담과 교육 위주의 제한적인 활동 위주로 진행되어 실질적인 성과가 저조함 Ⅳ. 어린이 생활환경(어린이집) 위해 관리 1. 안전한 어린이집 환경 조성 관련 정책 ❏ 어린이집 시설환경 관련 정책 ㅇ 어린이집 건물 내부의 위해물질에 관한 안전관리 규정은 거의 없으나, 마감재 등에 관한 규정 등이 일부 존재 ㅇ 놀이터 설치 기준 관련 규정은 반드시 갖춰야 하는 기본 사항과 안전 환경의 물리적 측면에 집중하고 있음 ❏ 교재교구 관련 정책 ㅇ 대다수의 지침은 교재교구의 기능과 물리적 안전 환경에 집중되어 있음 ㅇ 어린이집 보육실 내 교재교구 위해물질에 대한 직접적인 안전관리 규정이 없으며, 간접적으로 제조 단계에서 어린이용품에 대한 규제만 적용되고 있음 ❏ 급식 안전 관련 정책 ㅇ 「농수산물의 원산지 표시에 관한 법률」 제5조 제3항에 따라 식재료의 원산지 표시가 필수임 ㅇ 어린이집 급식의 규모가 학교 급식에 비해 매우 작아 개별 어린이집에서 식자재를 구입하는 과정 등에서의 녹색소비 구현이 현실적으로 어려운 한계가 있음 ㅇ 조리실 위생관리 관련 규정은 주로 시설 측면에 집중되어 있으며, 조리 기구의 청결상태 유지 등을 제외한 제품 자체의 안정성(녹색소비) 등에 관한 별도의 규정 없음 ㅇ 식기류 등에 관한 별도의 규제가 없음에도, 최근 친환경제품에 대한 영유아 부모들의 요구가 많아져 친환경 식기를 사용하는 경향이 증가함 ❏ 해외 사례 ㅇ 유럽 아동 환경보건 실행계획 - 2004년 『유럽 아동 환경보건 실행계획(CEHAPE)』 수립 ㆍ아동의 건강에 영향을 미치는 환경적 위해 요인을 해결하기 위한 국제적 노력에 합의 - RPG IV의 위해 요소 중 어린이 환경유해인자 관련 조치 확인 가능 ㅇ 유럽 SINPHONIE 프로젝트 - 유럽 아동 환경보건 실행계획 목표 RPG Ⅲ의 실질적인 이행 사례 - 목표: 실외 및 실내공기오염으로 인한 아동의 호흡기 질병 예방 및 감소 - 실내 공간의 공기 질과 학교 및 어린이집 환경, 아동 건강 관련 기타 요소에 대한 모니터링 실시 ㅇ 독일 사례 - 일상용품 및 건축자재 등에 환경호르몬 화학물질을 사용하는 것을 규제 ㆍ2007년부터 시행된 유럽연합 화학제품 규정인 REACH 규정 적용 ㆍ최근비스페놀A 사용을 전면 금지함 ㆍ프탈레이트 4종인 DEHP, DBP, BBP, DIBP에 대한 규제 강화 2. 녹색생활환경에 대한 어린이집 관계자의 인식과 개선점 ❏ 어린이집 심층면담 개요 ㅇ 면담 대상 어린이집 표집 기준은 어린이집의 규모와 유형으로, 어린이집에 대한 정부 지원 기준에 맞춰 총 5회 22명에 대한 면담 진행 ❏ 녹색소비에 대한 인식 ㅇ 어린이집 원장들은 녹색소비를 ‘저탄소’, ‘에너지 효율’, ‘친환경’, ‘생태 교육’ 등 다양한 방식으로 이해하고 있었으며, 매우 포괄적 개념으로 접근하고 있었음 ㅇ 전반적으로 급식과 관련하여 친환경 식재료 사용 등에 대해서는 공감대가 높음 ㅇ 어린이집 원장들은 녹색생활환경 혹은 녹색소비에 대한 높은 관심과 지지를 표현했으나, 위해한 환경 기준치나 친환경 인증 마크 등에 대한 인지 수준이 높다고 보기는 어려움 ❏ 시설환경 정책에 대한 인식 및 의견 ㅇ 어린이집 시설 환경과 관련한 부분에서 녹색생활 환경에 대한 접근은 주로 생태교육과 연관된 응답이 많음 ㅇ 최근 미세먼지로 인해 기준이 강화되고 있는 공기 질 관리나 한때 크게 문제가 되던 석면 등에 대한 인식 수준이 높음 ㅇ 가정 어린이집 등 상대적으로 소규모인 경우에 시설물 자체의 결함과 위해 요소의 개선에 대해 난감함을 표현함 ❏ 교재교구 관련 정책에 대한 인식 및 의견 ㅇ 교재교구의 구입 과정에서 어떠한 제품이 위해물질로부터 안전한지를 구분하는 것 자체가 어렵다는 의견이 많음 ㅇ 교재교구는 학습적 목적이 있는 제품이기 때문에, 제품 구입 단계에서 친환경적 요소도 중요하지만 교육 과정상의 목적을 잘 달성할 수 있는지가 보다 주된 기준으로 여겨짐 ㅇ 교재교구의 경우에는 사용 후 폐기하는 과정에서도 녹색소비를 위한 제도 개선 방안이 시급히 요구됨 ❏ 급식 관련 정책에 대한 인식 및 의견 ㅇ 저탄소 친환경 식재료의 사용을 녹색소비로 인지하는 경우가 대부분임 ㅇ 녹색소비에 앞서 위생관리 및 식중독 예방 등에 훨씬 방점을 두는 경향을 보임 ㅇ 조리도구를 통한 위해물질의 섭취와 관련하여 플라스틱 제품 및 코팅팬 사용 자제 등에 관해서는 비교적 인지 수준이 높음 ㅇ 급식 관련 녹색소비와 관련하여서는 원장을 대상으로 한 인식 개선도 중요하지만, 조리사에 대한 교육의 필요성과 이를 담당하는 급식지원센터의 역할에 대한 요구가 높음 ❏ 녹색소비 활성화 방안에 대한 의견 ㅇ 녹색소비의 활성화는 규제와 지침 등에 따른 의무 이행의 방식보다는 지원 방식으로 진행하는 것이 보다 효과적일 것으로 보임 ㅇ 일반인들도 쉽게 알 수 있는 인증 방식과 제품 성분 표기 등에 관한 지지도가 높고, 가정 연계 사업으로 진행할 수 있는 방안에 대한 요구가 높음 ❏ 녹색생활환경 조성을 위한 제도 개선 방안 ㅇ 환경인증마크 등급제 도입 검토 - 현재 인증과 미인증 가부로만 구분되는 환경인증마크를 세분하여 등급화 ㅇ 녹색소비 교육 강화 및 콘텐츠 개발에 대한 필요성 - 교육과정에 활용할 수 있는 콘텐츠 위주의 온라인 정보 제공(교안 등) - 원장 사전 직무 교육 과정에 녹색생활환경 조성과 관련된 내용을 다루거나, 전반적인 환경 교육을 필수 내용으로 포함하여 진행하는 것이 필요하다고 사료됨 ㅇ 시설환경 개선 지원금 지원 기준 정비 및 신축 설치 기준 강화 - 어린이집 관리 주체인 보건복지부뿐 아니라 각 지방자치단체와 환경부, 국토부 등 다부처 간 협력을 통해 어린이집 시설 환경을 개선하려는 노력과 재원 마련이 시급함 - 어린이집 설치 기준을 강화하여 어린이집 신축 시 처음부터 위해 물질로부터 아이들을 보호할 수 있는 체계를 갖출 필요가 있음 ㅇ 교재교구 재활용 방안 발굴 및 확산 - 교재교구의 수리 서비스를 어린이집과 연계하는 방안을 적극 검토할 필요가 있음 - 장난감 부품을 활용한 새로운 놀이 공간의 창출 등 교재교구의 새사용(업사이클링) 측면에서의 대안 또한 적극적으로 모색할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 친환경 조리도구 사용 확대 및 식자재 과대 포장을 축소하려는 노력 - 조리사 교육 과정 및 위생관리 등에 영향력이 큰 급식지원센터와의 연계하여 급식 관련 녹색소비 활성화 방안을 발굴 및 확산할 필요가 있음 - 반영구적 혹은 재활용 가능한 포장재 사용을 권장하는 방안에 대한 적극적 검토가 요구됨 Ⅴ. 어린이 생활환경 학부모 인식 조사 1. 학부모 인식 설문조사 개요 ❏ 어린이집에 등원하는 2~6세 자녀를 둔 학부모를 대상으로 전국 단위 730명 조사 2. 학부모 인식 설문조사 결과 분석 ❏ 어린이제품 노출 행동 패턴 ㅇ 완구류 놀이 시간은 하루 평균 2시간 이상 3시간 미만이 가장 높게 나타남 ㅇ 완구를 가지고 노는 자녀들의 58.5%에서 구강접촉이 일어난다고 응답함 ㅇ 구강접촉은 하루 평균 3.6회로 나타났으며, 연령이 낮을수록 구강접촉 횟수가 높아짐 ㅇ 응답자 자녀의 67.4%는 ‘애착물건’이 있으며, 그 유형은 인형, 의류, 완구(플라스틱)순으로 나타남 - 애착물건의 경우 어린이용품이 아닌 일반 소비자 제품이 상당 부분을 차지하는데 주목하여 관리 방안을 마련할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 애착물건 놀이 시간은 하루 평균 3시간 이내로 나타남 ㅇ 완구류와 마찬가지로 애착물건의 구강접촉은 하루 평균 3.6회로 나타났으나, 접촉횟수는 연령별로 뚜렷한 특징을 보이지 않음 ㅇ 일반 소비자 제품의 구강접촉은 문구류, 리모컨, 핸드폰 순으로 높게 나타남 ㅇ 소비자 제품의 하루 평균 구강접촉 횟수는 약 2회로 나타남 - ‘입에 넣어서 사용할 용도로 제작된 제품’이 아님에도 구강접촉이 일어나고 있음 ㅇ 가정 내 주로 사용하는 어린이용 식기류 재질은 스테인리스와 플라스틱으로 나타남 - 어린이용이 아닌 일반 식기류에 대하여, 특히 플라스틱 재질의 관리를 강화할 필요가 있음 ❏ 환경 요인에 대한 인식 ㅇ 화학물질에 대한 우려는 어린이용품이 가장 높았으며 일반 소비자 제품에 대한 우려는 상대적으로 낮게 나타남 ㅇ 어린이와 관련하여 우려되는 유해물질 노출에 관한 이슈는 코로나 관련 문제를 제외하면 ‘장난감 유해물질’에 대한 우려가 높았으며 뒤이어 ‘식품 속 유해물질’로 나타남 - ‘일반 제품’에 대한 우려 수준은 상대적으로 낮았으나 ‘학용품 속 유해물질’에 대한 우려 수준보다는 높게 나타남 ❏ 어린이 생활환경 환경 요인에 대한 인식 ㅇ 어린이집 생활환경의 유해물질에 대한 노출과 관련하여 식품 및 실내공기를 통한 노출에 대한 관심이 높게 나타남 ㅇ 그러나 어린이 생활공간 내에서 중요하게 생각하는 부분을 조사한 결과, ‘식품’이 압도적으로 높게 나타났으며 ‘공간 유해인자’는 상대적으로 낮게 나타나 상반된 결과를 보임 - 이는 학부모들이 실내공기질을 건축자재와 연관시키지 않고, 대기오염과의 연관성을 더 높게 보기 때문으로 판단됨 ㅇ 유해물질 저감과 관련하여, 학부모들은 제품이 시장에 출시된 후 정보 제공 등으로 소비자의 선택에 도움을 주는 방안보다는 유해 화학물질이 함유된 제품의 시장 진입을 차단하는 방식을 선호하는 것으로 나타남 ㅇ 녹색제품 구매의 필요성에는 대부분의 학부모들이 공감함 3. 학부모 인식 설문조사 시사점 ❏ 시사점 ㅇ 설문조사 결과는 학부모들의 관찰 및 기억을 바탕으로 재구성된 수치이기 때문에 정량적으로 분석하기엔 한계가 있음 ㅇ 어린이는 생활환경에서 완구류뿐 아니라 소비자 제품에 접촉하는 시간 및 횟수가 높았음 ㅇ 일반 소비자 제품이 포함된 애착물건에 대한 구강접촉 비율 또한 높았음 ㅇ 영유아뿐 아니라 5~6세 어린이도 구강접촉으로 인한 노출이 일어남을 확인 ㅇ 따라서 어린이집에 등원하는 모든 연령대 어린이들에 대하여 경구노출을 고려한 제품 관리가 필요함 ㅇ 제품, 공간, 식품 모두를 아우르는 통합누적위해성평가 및 이에 기반한 위해 관리가 필요함 ㅇ 추후 어린이집의 녹색제품 구매 지원 사업 진행을 검토할 필요가 있음 Ⅵ. 우선순위 환경유해물질 위해 저감방안(안) 마련 1. 국내 프탈레이트류 통합위해성평가 결과 검토 ❏ 프탈레이트류 노출 알고리즘 검토 ㅇ 어린이용품 노출 알고리즘 - 「환경보건법 시행령」의 「환경유해인자의 위해성 평가를 위한 절차와 방법 등에 관한 지침」 제22조 제2항에 의거한 [별표 18] ‘어린이용품 특성을 고려한 노출 알고리즘’을 통해 어린이용품 위해성평가 노출 알고리즘 제시 - 바닥재에 대한 노출 알고리즘 제시 - 기존 지침 적용 불가 제품군인 물놀이욕조, 수유용품, 수유패드, 식품용기에 대한 노출 알고리즘을 추가로 제시 ㅇ 인체 통합위해성평가의 노출 알고리즘 - 식품, 음용수, 집먼지, 생활화학용품을 포함한 전반적인 노출 경로에 대하여 각 매체에 대한 노출 알고리즘 제시 ㅇ 어린이 활동공간의 노출 알고리즘 - 토양, 먼지 및 실내먼지에 대한 노출 시나리오별 노출 알고리즘 제시 ❏ 프탈레이트류 주요 노출원 및 통합위해성평가 결과 검토 ㅇ 인체 통합위해성평가 - 연령이 높아짐에 따라, 주요 노출원은 어린이용품에서 소비자 제품 및 생활용품으로 변화함 - 전 연령에서 프탈레이트의 주요 노출원은 식품으로 나타남 - 총 프탈레이트 위해지수는 개별 프탈레이트 위해지수보다 높았으나, 시나리오 기반의 0~2세를 제외하고 우려할 수준의 위해지수를 보이지 않음 - 식품의약품안전처 관리 대상 식품용기에 대한 유해화학물질 규제를 프탈레이트 총합에 대한 규제로 강화할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 어린이용품 통합위해성평가 - 어린이용품 전반에 관하여 금속류, 노닐페놀류 및 프탈레이트류의 주요 노출원은 섬유제품과 어린이용 장신구로 나타남 - 우선관리대상 환경유해인자 물질군으로 프탈레이트가 도출됨 ㅇ 어린이 활동공간 통합위해성평가 결과 - 실내 및 실외 바닥재 대상 환경유해물질 분석 결과, 바닥재 중 데코타일 및 PVC 비닐시트에서 프탈레이트 경구 노출량이 높게 나타남 - 프탈레이트류 6종 중 DEHP 및 DINP의 위해지수가 상대적으로 높게 나타남 - 실내먼지 속 프탈레이트류 14종 중 DEHP의 위해지수가 상대적으로 높게 나타남 ㆍ바닥재 농도가 실내먼지와 상관성이 있을 것으로 추정됨 ❏ 시사점 ㅇ 제품 및 식품을 통한 노출 위해성보다 공간에서의 노출 위해성이 높게 나타남 - 바닥재 및 실내먼지 등 활동 공간 일부의 프탈레이트 위해도가 1을 초과 ㅇ 제품, 식품, 공간을 모두 고려했을 때 어린이에 대한 프탈레이트의 위해성은 우려할만한 수준임 ㅇ 어린이제품의 경우, 입에 넣을 용도로 제작된 제품이 아니더라도 어린이들의 경구노출이 일어나고 있으므로 프탈레이트 총합 기준으로 관리를 강화할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 어린이는 생활환경에서 프탈레이트 단일 물질에 노출되지 않고 프탈레이트류 및 기타 환경유해인자에 복합적으로 노출되므로, 다물질의 시간적 누적을 고려한 다매체 다중노출 위해성평가인 ‘통합누적위해성평가’가 필요함 ㅇ 일반 소비자 제품의 어린이 기준 관리 강화가 필요함 2. 우선순위 관리 대상 제품군의 프탈레이트 위해 저감방안(안) 마련 ❏ 바닥재 및 가구 ㅇ 본 연구에서 검토한 위해성평가 결과 실내먼지가 프탈레이트의 주요 노출 경로로 나타남 ㅇ 가구 및 바닥재가 그 원인으로 지목되었으므로 이를 우선순위 관리 대상 제품군 중 하나로 선정함 ㅇ 「환경보건법 시행령」 [별표 2] ‘어린이 활동공간에 대한 환경안전관리기준’에 프탈레이트류에 대한 기준을 추가할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 어린이집, 학교 등에서 많이 사용되는 가구류(책장, 사물함 등)에 대한 프탈레이트 안전 기준을 어린이제품 공통 안전 기준 수준으로 강화할 필요가 있음 - 어린이용 가구의 정의를 ‘어린이 활동공간에 배치되는 가구’로 확대하여 관리할 필요가 있음 ❏ 교재교구 ㅇ 교재교구 구매 시 위해성보다 교육과정상 학습 목적 및 편의성 등이 우선적으로 고려되는 현실적인 한계가 있음 ㅇ 어린이용으로 분류되지 않은 교재교구, 학용품 등에 대한 노출 및 구강접촉이 빈번하게 일어나므로 법적 관리 강화가 필요함 - 「어린이제품법 시행규칙」의 안전관리 대상 어린이제품에 교재교구를 포함하는 개정안을 제시할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 녹색제품 구매 기관에 인센티브를 부여하는 형식 등으로 교재교구 구입 시 녹색제품을 구매하도록 유도할 필요가 있음 - 조달청의 나라장터 및 환경부의 녹색장터에서 판매되는 녹색제품은 위해성 저감이 아닌 에너지 절약 및 재활용품이 주를 이루고 있음 - 지원 사업 발굴을 통해 유해물질 함유량이 적은 제품 생산을 유도하고 판매 경로를 마련할 필요가 있음 - 중앙정부 및 각 지방자치단체의 소상공인 지원 사업을 통해 친환경 교재교구의 생산을 지원하는 한편, 지역 친환경생활지원센터의 유통을 지원하고 홍보할 필요가 있음 ❏ 섬유제품 ㅇ 이불 등 섬유제품은 어린이들의 경구노출이 쉽고 빈번하게 일어나며, 애착물건 중 섬유제품의 비율이 높아 접촉 시간도 긺 ㅇ 현재 유아용·아동용 섬유제품은 「어린이제품법」, 의류/가방류는 「환경보건법」에 의해 관리되고 있음 ㅇ 일반 침구류 또한 어린이가 접촉할 수 있는 용품이므로 어린이용품 기준을 강화하도록 제안함 ❏ 우선순위 제품군 관리 체계 ㅇ 다양한 바이오모니터링 사업을 통해 안전기준 강화로 인한 어린이의 내적 노출 저감여부를 지속적으로 모니터링할 필요가 있음 ㅇ 모니터링 결과는 통합노출위해성평가 결과와 함께 검토하여 노출 감소 확인, 또는 위해 관리 강화가 필요한 우선관리대상 노출원 선정 등에 과학적 근거로 활용할 수 있음 Ⅶ. 녹색생활환경 구축을 위한 녹색소비 이행 전략 1. 녹색소비 이행 전략의 틀 ❏ 위해 기반 전주기 관리 체계 구축 ㅇ 생산 단계에서 녹색제품 제조 활성화(safe by design) ㅇ 소비 단계에서 인식 전환을 통한 녹색제품 구매 활성화 ㅇ 폐기 단계에서 유해물질 유출을 최소화하도록 환경성 고려 2. 어린이집 녹색생활환경 구축을 위한 녹색소비 이행 전략 ❏ 제품 구매 및 폐기 현황 ㅇ 어린이집 교재교구 구입 수요는 매우 높지만 녹색제품 구입은 제한됨 - 녹색 교재교구의 다양성에 한계가 있음 - 녹색제품 구매처에는 교재교구 제품이 부재함 ㅇ 어린이집 교재교구는 사용 기간이 짧으며 대부분 폐기됨 - 깨끗하고 흠이 없는 제품을 유지하도록 하는 압력이 존재함 - 안전성 문제로 인해 파손된 제품은 즉시 폐기됨 - 일부 부품 파손 시에도 수리가 용이하지 않기 때문에 폐기됨 ㅇ 지역 단위 순환구조를 고려한 녹색소비 이행 전략을 마련할 필요가 있음 ❏ 지역 친환경생활지원센터 중심의 녹색소비 체계 확립 ㅇ 친환경생활지원센터 - 녹색제품의 생산을 장려하고 소비자의 녹색제품 구매 활성화를 통한 친환경소비생활 확산의 거점 역할을 수행하기 위해 설립됨 - 주요 사업 중 ‘녹색 어린이집 및 유치원 만들기 사업’이 포함됨 ㅇ 친환경지원센터를 통한 녹색 교재교구 구입 활성화 - 이미 존재하는 지역 어린이집 네트워크와 녹색제품 사업자 네트워크 활용 - 구매 가능한 녹색제품 목록 다양화 - 어린이집의 수요를 반영한 녹색제품 생산 - 어린이집-사업자 연계를 위한 지원 사업 발굴 ㅇ 친환경생활지원센터를 통한 제품 순환 체계 마련 - 어린이집에서 배출되는 교재교구와 완구류 수거 및 수리·재사용 사업자를 지원하는 사업 진행 - 재사용·나눔 센터 설립을 통한 지역 순환구조 녹색소비 시스템 마련 - 제품 재사용에 관한 인식을 제고하는 교육 진행 - 지역 단위 새사용(upcycle) 지원 사업 발굴 Ⅰ. Background and Research Aims 1. Background ❏ Paradigm shift in risk management ㅇ A new paradigm has emerged which proposes minimizing chemical exposure at each stage of the lifecycle of chemicals and products. ❏ Shift in the perception of risk management in children’s living environment ㅇ For products in children’s living environment, there is a need to first identify products that should be prioritized as targets for risk reduction, and to develop a plan to protect children’s environmental health through lifecycle management and green consumption of these products. ㅇ There is a need to shift from the current focus on supplier regulation and management to consumer-focused management, such as consumer behavior management. ㅇ For exposure reduction, establishment of theories on consumption behavior and development of guidelines through pilot projects are necessary. 2. Research objectives and contents ❏ Research objectives ㅇ Contribute to the greening of children’s living environment by reducing the risk of hazardous chemicals existing in the children’s living environment and promote green consumption ❏ Content ㅇ Establish the link between green consumption and risk management ㅇ Determine elements for improvement in risk management of children’s living environment ㅇ Identify priority product groups for risk reduction of hazardous chemicals, and develop a risk reduction plan ㅇ Propose a green consumption implementation strategy Ⅱ. Risk Management and Green Consumption 1. Definition of green consumption ❏ Hazardous chemicals and green consumption ㅇ The concept of green consumption emerged based on the concept of sustainable consumption. ㅇ The concept of sustainable consumption includes the concept of “minimizing the use of hazardous chemicals.” ㅇ Reduction of exposure to environmental pollutants is a priority concern that dictates consumers’ green consumption behavior. ㅇ According to the Green Growth Act, the Green Product Purchasing Act, and the Environmental Technology Industry Act, the legal definition of green products encompasses the concept of eco-friendly products and products produced in consideration of their impact on the human health. ❏ Definition of green consumption ㅇ In this study, green consumption is defined as the consumption of products that minimize the impact on human health. Ⅲ. Case Studies on Building a Green Living Environment for Children 1. ‘Creating Healthy Schools by Eliminating Hazardous Chemicals’ Project ❏ Project overview ㅇ Part of Seoul’s ‘Green Seoul Action Project’ - Monitoring hazardous chemicals in school environments - Educating students, parents, and teachers on hazardous chemicals ❏ Hazardous chemicals in school supplies ㅇ 46% of school supplies were made of PVC. ㅇ School supplies were used until they were deteriorated, due to the unfixed replacement cycle. ❏ Status of hazardous chemicals in the school environment ㅇ When furniture, building materials, and small items in classrooms and libraries were inspected, lead was detected in lockers and bookshelves. ㅇ Among the eleven elementary schools inspected, schools with relatively high concentrations of phthalates had PVC bookcases and floor materials. ❏ Implications ㅇ Children-related standards such as those on various interior materials and construction finishing materials that make up the school space are mainly limited to heavy metals. ㅇ A separate safety standard for managing exposure to hazardous factors after installation is necessary. ㅇ It is necessary to create a healthy school environment and promote the purchase of green products through the establishment of institutions such as “Safe School Supplies Support Center” or through the green purchase support center operated by local governments. 2. ‘Atopy and Asthma-Safe School’ Project ❏ ‘Atopy and Asthma-Safe School’ Project review ㅇ Operated nationwide as a preventive management program that supports children with allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, asthma, and allergic rhinitis to spend time and learn healthily at school ㅇ Practical performance is poor due to limited activities focused on counseling and education, not risk management for the living environment that focuses on finding and replacing direct causes of allergy. Ⅳ. Risk management for Children’s Living Environment (Daycare Center) 1. Policies related to creating a safe daycare environment ❏ Policy on the physical environment (facility) of daycare centers ㅇ There are few regulations related to chemical safety of the indoor environment, but some regulations regarding finishing materials exist. ㅇ Regulations related to playground installation standards focus on the basic requirements and the physical aspects of the safe environment. ❏ Policy related to teaching materials ㅇ Most of the guidelines are focused on the function of teaching materials and physical safety. ㅇ There is no direct safety regulation for hazardous chemicals in teaching materials in the daycare center, and the only regulations for children’s products are applied indirectly at the manufacturing stage. ❏ Food safety policy ㅇ In accordance with Article 5, Paragraph 3 of the Act on Origin Labeling of Agricultural and Fishery Products, labeling places of origin of food ingredients is mandatory. ㅇ The scale of daycare center meals is very small compared to school meals, so it is practically difficult to implement green consumption of food materials in individual daycare centers. ㅇ Regulations related to hygiene management in the kitchen are mainly focused on the facility, and there is no separate regulation on the chemical safety of the product itself. ㅇ Even though there is no separate regulation on tableware, the trend of using eco-friendly tableware has increased due to the high demands of parents for eco-friendly products. ❏ Children’s environmental health management overseas ㅇ Children’s Environmental Health Action Plan for Europe - “Children's Environmental Health Action Plan for Europe (CEHAPE)” established in 2004 ㆍAgreement on international efforts to address environmental hazards affecting the health of children - Measures related to hazardous chemicals for children can be checked among the risk factors of RPG IV. ㅇ Europea’s SINPHONIE project - Implementation of the RPG Ⅲ of Children’s Environment and Health Action Plan for Europe - Goal: Prevention and reduction of children’s respiratory diseases caused by outdoor and indoor air pollution - Monitoring of indoor air quality, school and daycare environment, and other factors related to child health ㅇ Germany - Restrictions on the use of endocrine disrupting chemicals in consumer products and construction materials ㆍApplication of the REACH regulation, a European Union chemical regulation that has been in force since 2007 ㆍTotal ban on the use of bisphenol A ㆍReinforced regulation on four phthalates DEHP, DBP, BBP, and DIBP 2. Perception of daycare center directors on green living environment and potential improvement ❏ Overview of in-depth interviews of daycare center directors ㅇ The criteria for the interviewees were the size and type of daycare centers. A total of 5 interviews with 22 directors were conducted in accordance with the government support standards for daycare centers. ❏ Awareness on green consumption ㅇ The daycare center directors perceived green consumption in various ways such as ‘low carbon’, ‘energy efficiency’, ‘eco-friendliness’, and ‘ecological education’, and they approached it as a very comprehensive concept. ㅇ Overall, consensus is strong regarding the use of eco-friendly food ingredients. ㅇ Although daycare center directors expressed strong interest and support for the green living environment or green consumption, the level of understanding on the safety standards for chemicals or the eco-friendly certification was not high. ❏ Perceptions and opinions on the policy on the physical environment (facility) ㅇ In regards to the physical environment of daycare centers, the responses to the green living environment were mainly related to ecological education. ㅇ There was a high level of awareness of the recently strengthened air quality management due to fine particulates or asbestos that was once a big issue. ㅇ In the case of relatively small daycare centers, such as home daycare centers, directors expressed difficulty in improving the defects and hazards in the facility itself. ❏ Perceptions and opinions on policies related to teaching materials ㅇ Many expressed difficulty in identifying products that are safe from hazardous chemicals when purchasing teaching materials. ㅇ As teaching materials have specific instructional goals, whether these objectives can be achieved is given more consideration than eco-friendliness in purchase. ㅇ There is an urgent need to improve the green consumption system related to the disposal procedure after use. ❏ Perceptions and opinions on food service policy ㅇ In most cases, green consumption was perceived as the use of low-carbon eco-friendly food ingredients. ㅇ More emphasis was placed on hygiene management and prevention of food poisoning. ㅇ Regarding the intake of hazardous chemicals through cooking utensils, there was a relatively high level of awareness on refraining from using plastic products and non-stick pans. ㅇ Improving the awareness of the kitchen personnel is as important as increasing the awareness of directors, as well as the role of the food service support center in charge of the education. ❏ Opinions regarding promoting green consumption ㅇ Promotion of green consumption through supportive measures is more effective than through regulations and guidelines. ㅇ There is a high level of support for the development of the certification and product ingredient labeling system that can be easily understood by the general public. ❏ System improvement for creating a green living environment ㅇ Introduction of an environmental certification rating system - Subdivide the current certification system (certification vs. non-certification) into a grade system ㅇ Strengthening green consumption education and developing education content - Provide content-oriented online information that can be used in the curriculum (teaching plan, etc.) - Include content related to the creation of green living environments or inclusion of general environmental education as essential content in the director’s job training courses. ㅇ Enhancing standards for funding to improve the environment of facilities and strengthening standards for newly installed facilities - Cooperation among the Ministry of Health and Welfare, which is the overseeing branch of daycare centers, and other governmental entities such as local governments, the Ministry of Environment, and the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport is necessary to improve the environment of daycare centers and to secure funding. - It is necessary to strengthen the standards for the construction of new daycare centers, so that children are protected from hazardous chemicals from the beginning. ㅇ Discovering and disseminating methods for recycling teaching materials - Ways to connect repair services to daycare centers must be actively reviewed. - Actively seeking alternatives in terms of upcycling teaching materials, such as creating a new play space using toy parts, is also necessary. ㅇ Increasing the use of eco-friendly cooking utensils and reducing overpacking of food materials - Measures to revitalize green consumption of meals by linking daycare centers with food service support centers must be developed and disseminated. - Active reviewing of the plans to use semi-permanent or recyclable packaging materials is necessary. Ⅴ. Survey on the Parents’ Perception of Children’s Living Environment 1. Overview of the survey ❏ A nationwide survey among 730 parents with children aged 2 to 6 who are enrolled in daycare centers 2. Analysis of the parents’ perception on children’s behavior patterns related to exposure to products ❏ Children’s behavior patterns related to exposure to products ㅇ An average of more than two hours and less than three hours was spent on playing with toys. ㅇ 58.5% of children who play with toys mouthed toys while playing. ㅇ An average of 3.6 mouthing events per day occurred and the frequency decreased with age. ㅇ 67.4% of respondents’ children have ‘attachment objects’, the types being dolls, clothes, and toys (plastic) in the order of the response rate. - A risk management plan taking into consideration that general consumer products occupy a large part of attachment objects is necessary. ㅇ Play time with attachment objects is less than three hours per day on average. ㅇ Like toys, mouthing of attachment objects occurs at an average of 3.6 times a day, and there is no distinct age-related pattern. ㅇ General consumer products are frequently mouthed in the order of stationery items, remote controllers, and mobile phones. ㅇ The average mouthing events per day in terms of consumer products is about two times. - Children mouth products that are not designed to be put in the mouth. ㅇ Materials mostly used in children’s tableware in households are stainless steel and plastic. - Strengthening the regulation on plastic tableware for general use is necessary. ❏ Perception on environmental factors ㅇ Concern about chemicals in children’s products was rated highest, and concern about chemicals in general consumer products was relatively low. ㅇ Excluding COVID-19 related health issues, the highest number of respondents answered that “hazardous chemicals in toys” were of most concern in regards to children’s exposure to hazardous substances, followed by “hazardous chemicals in food.” - The level of concern about “general products” was relatively low, but higher than the level of concern about “hazardous chemicals in school supplies.” ❏ Perception on environmental factors in children’s living environment ㅇ In relation to exposure to hazardous chemicals in the living environment of daycare centers, there is a high interest in exposure through food and indoor air. ㅇ However, in regards to the question asking what the most important issue in the safety of the living environment is, the number of people answering ‘food safety’ was overwhelmingly high, and ‘hazardous factors in space’ was rated relatively low, showing contradictory results. - It is likely that parents correlate indoor air quality not with building materials but with outdoor air pollution. ㅇ Regarding the reduction of hazardous chemicals, parents prefer intervention at the pre-market stage, blocking the entry of products containing hazardous chemicals into the market rather than risk reduction through consumer education and providing information on products released into the market. ㅇ Most parents agree on the need to promote green products. 3. Implications of the survey ❏ Limitations ㅇ Quantitative analysis of the survey is limited in that responses are reconstructed based on the observations and memories of the parents. ❏ Implications ㅇ Children exhibit a great deal of contact time and high frequency of mouthing consumer products as well as toys in their living environment. ㅇ The ratio of mouthing of attachment objects that are general consumer products is also high. ㅇ Not only infants, but also children aged 5-6 years can be exposed to chemicals through mouthing. ㅇ Therefore, product management in consideration of oral exposure is necessary for children of all ages entering daycare centers. ㅇ Risk management based on cumulative risk assessment covering all products, spaces, and food is necessary. ㅇ It is necessary to consider launching projects that support green product purchasing in daycare centers. Ⅵ. A Draft Plan for Risk Reduction of Hazardous Chemicals 1. Review of the results of integrated risk assessment for phthalates in Korea ❏ Review of algorithms for phthalate exposure assessment ㅇ Exposure algorithm for children’s products - The algorithm presented in Attachment 18 (‘Exposure Algorithm Considering the Characteristics of Children’s Products’) pursuant to Article 22, Paragraph 2 of the Guidelines for the Risk Assessment of Environmentally hazardous Factors, etc. in the Enforcement Decree of the Environmental Health Act was used. - Exposure assessment for flooring is presented. - Additional exposure algorithms for bathtubs, feeding supplies, nursing pads, and food containers, to which the existing guidelines are not applied, are presented. ㅇ Exposure algorithm for integrated human health risk assessment - The exposure algorithms for each medium for the overall exposure path including food, drinking water, house dust, and household chemical products are presented. ㅇ Exposure algorithm for children’s activity space - The exposure algorithms for each exposure scenario for soil, dust and indoor dust are presented. ❏ Review of major sources of exposure to phthalates and results of integrated risk assessment ㅇ Integrated human health risk assessment - As age increases, the main sources of exposure change from children’s products to consumer products and household goods. - The main source of exposure to phthalates at all ages is food. - The total phthalate risk index was higher than the individual phthalate risk index, but the risk index was below the level of concern, except for the scenario-based risk index of 0 to 2-year-olds. - The regulation of hazardous chemicals (phthalates) in food containers must be strengthened in consideration of cumulative exposure to the total amount of phthalates in children’s living environment. ㅇ Integrated risk assessment for children’s products - For metals, nonylphenols and phthalates, the main sources of exposure among children’s products are textile products and children’s jewelry. - Phthalates are identified as chemicals of priority concern. ㅇ Results of integrated risk assessment for children’s activity zones - Oral exposure of phthalates from decorative tiles and PVC vinyl sheets was high among flooring materials. - Among the six phthalates, the risk indices of DEHP and DINP were relatively high. - Among the fourteen phthalates in indoor dust, the risk index of DEHP was relatively high. ㆍThere is a likely correlation between the concentration of flooring and indoor dust. ❏ Implications ㅇ The exposure risk in space was higher than the exposure risk through products and food. - The calculated risk of phthalates from flooring and indoor dust in some areas exceeded 1. ㅇ Considering exposure from products, food, and spaces, the risk of phthalate appears to be of concern for children. ㅇ In the case of children’s products, even though they are not intended to be put into the mouth, children are exposed to them orally. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen regulations based on the total amount of phthalates. ㅇ Since children are not exposed to a single phthalate in their living environment but are exposed to phthalates and other environmentally hazardous factors in a complex manner, cumulative risk assessment, which is the multi-media multiple exposure risk assessment considering the accumulation of multiple chemicals over time, is necessary. ㅇ Standards for general consumer products must be strengthened in consideration of children. 2. Preparation of a draft phthalate risk reduction plan for priority products for management ❏ Flooring and furniture ㅇ As a result of the risk assessment reviewed in this study, indoor dust appears to be a major exposure route for phthalates. ㅇ Since furniture and flooring were identified as the major source of indoor dust, they were selected as one of the priority products for management. ㅇ Standards for phthalates must be added to the “Environmental Safety Management Standards for Children’s Activity Spaces” in Appendix 2 of the Enforcement Decree of the Environmental Health Act. ㅇ It is necessary to enhance the phthalate safety standard for furniture (bookcases, lockers, etc.) that is frequently used in daycare centers and schools to the level of the common safety standard for children’s products. - Extend the definition of children’s furniture to ‘furniture placed in children’s activity zones’ ❏ Teaching materials ㅇ When purchasing teaching materials, more emphasis is placed on learning purposes and convenience over chemical safety. ㅇ Enhancement of standards is necessary because mouthing of teaching materials and school supplies that are not classified as children’s products occurs frequently. - Proposal of amendment to include teaching materials as children’s products that are subject to safety management of the enforcement regulations of the Children's Products Act ㅇ Encourage the purchase of green teaching materials by providing financial support to institutions that purchase green products - Green products sold in online marketplaces run by the Public Procurement Service and the Green Marketplace run by the Ministry of Environment are mainly energy-saving and recycled products, not products with fewer hazardous chemicals. - It is necessary to promote the production of products with low hazardous chemical content and establish sales channels. - Central and local governments can support the production of eco-friendly teaching materials by developing support projects for small local businesses, and local eco-life support centers can provide support for distribution and advertisement. ❏ Textile products ㅇ Textile products such as blankets can easily and frequently be subject to mouthing by children, and the contact time can be long due to the high proportion of textile products among attachment objects. ㅇ Currently, textile products for infants and children are managed under the Children’s Products Act, and clothing and bags are managed under the Environmental Health Act. ㅇ Since general bedding is also a product accessible for children, they must be included in children’s products. ❏ Priority product management system ㅇ It is necessary to continuously monitor whether children’s internal exposure is reduced as a result of strengthening safety standards. ㅇ Biomonitoring results should be reviewed together with the results of cumulative risk assessment and used as a scientific basis for assessing exposure reduction or selecting exposure sources that need to be prioritized in risk management. Ⅶ. Green Consumption Implementation Strategy to Build a Green Living Environment 1. Framework of green consumption implementation strategy ❏ Establishment of risk-based lifecycle management system ㅇ Activate green product manufacturing at the production stage (safe by design) ㅇ Activate green consumption through raising awareness at the consumption stage ㅇ Minimize the leakage of hazardous chemicals at the disposal stage 2. Green consumption implementation strategy to build a green living environment for daycare centers ❏ Status of product purchase and disposal ㅇ The demand for the purchase of teaching materials for daycare centers is very high, but the purchase of green products is limited. - Limitation in the diversity of green teaching materials - Absence of green teaching materials at places of purchase ㅇ Daycare center teaching materials have a short usage period and are mostly discarded. - Pressure to keep the product clean and flawless - Immediate disposal of damaged products due to safety issues - Disposal due to difficulty in repairing the products when only parts are damaged ㅇ It is necessary to develop strategies for implementing green consumption at the local level in consideration of local product circular system. ❏ Establishment of a green consumption system centered on local eco-life support centers ㅇ Eco-life support centers - Established to serve as a base for spreading eco-life by encouraging local producers to produce green products and consumers to purchase green products - The “Green Daycare Center and Kindergarten” Project is included as one of the major projects. ㅇ Facilitation of green teaching materials consumption through eco-life support centers - Utilize the existing network of local daycare centers and the network of green product providers - Diversify green products available for purchase - Produce green products reflecting the demand of daycare centers - Develop support projects for connecting daycare centers and local businesses ㅇ Establishment of product circulation system through eco-life support centers - Support businesses that collect, repair, and reuse teaching materials and toys from daycare centers - Establish a regional circular green consumption system through the establishment of a sharing and circulation center - Train public to raise awareness on product reuse - Develop regional support projects for upcycling

어린이 녹색생활환경 구축 연구(Ⅰ) : 위해저감 및 녹색소비방안을 중심으로

정다운,배현주,주문솔,오규림,김시진,천사호,우지승 한국환경정책평가연구원 2019 사업보고서 Vol.2019 No.-

Ⅰ. Background and Research Aims 1. Background □ Children and management of environmental hazards ㅇ A risk reduction plan customized for children in the living environment is necessary. - Children are cumulatively exposed to environmental hazards through various pathways, but risk is managed for each pathway separately. - There is an urgent need for an integrated, receptor-oriented risk management plan that encompasses all exposure pathways. ㅇ Call for enhanced protection of children’s environmental health by international society - International institutes such as the WHO and OECD are developing methodologies for children’s risk management and carrying out risk reduction projects. - EU and the US have also developed policies to enhance management of hazardous chemicals in children’s living environment. □ A new paradigm of risk management - green consumption ㅇ Paradigm shift in the management of environmental hazards for children - Children's living environment risk management policy has expanded from the prevention of chemical exposure through regulation to strategies for non-toxic environments that include sustainable alternatives to hazardous chemicals. ㅇ Green consumption - The concept of green consumption has expanded from the consumption of eco-friendly products to the consumption of products that are less harmful to humans. - The connection between risk management and green consumption ultimately needs to be expanded to the establishment of a circular economy that considers the reduction of products that contain hazardous chemicals. 2. Research objectives and contents □ Research objectives ㅇ Identification of priority chemicals for risk management through integrated risk assessment of children’s living environment ㅇ Proposal of a strategy to build green living environment through active promotion of green consumption □ Contents - Analysis of children’s living environment management status and hazardous chemical exposure status - Analysis of children’s risk management methodologies - Analysis of consumption patterns of products that children are potentially exposure to - Identification of priority chemicals for risk management in children’s living environment - Proposal for policy framework for linking risk management and green consumption Ⅱ. Status of Children’s Environmental Hazards Management in Korea 1. Analysis of the status of the management of children’s products and children’s activity zones □ Status of management policy on environmental hazards in children’s living environment - Divided management by four ministries: the Ministry of Environment (MoE), the Ministry of Trade, Industry and Energy (MoTIE), the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety (MFDS), and the Ministry of Education (MoEd) - MoE’s “Environmental Health Act” is the only law that encompasses both children’s products and children’s activity zones. □ Policy on the management of children’s products ㅇ MoE - Environmental Health Act ㆍManagement of hazardous factors contained in products “mainly used or touched by children” ㆍDetermination of reference values for phthalate plasticizers (DINP, DNOP), nonylphenol, and tributyltin ㆍManagement of 263 hazardous factors that are subject to risk assessment - Chemical Products and Biocidal Products Safety Act ㆍPreferential protection for populations more sensitive to environmentally hazardous factors, such as children ㆍRegulatory standards for disinfectants for children’s products ㅇ MoTIE - Special Act on the Safety of Products for Children ㆍManagement of physical and chemical safety of products ㆍDifferential safety standards applied to products subject to safety certification, safety verification, and verification of supplier compliance ㆍRegulation of heavy metals, phthalate plasticizers, asbestos, and other substances according to the “common safety standards for products for children” ㅇ MFDS - Main targets are infants and toddlers under the age of three - Regulation of children’s use of some products under “Hygiene Products Control Act”, “Cosmetics Act”, “Food Sanitation Act”, and “Pharmaceutical Affairs Act” □ Policy on the management of children’s activity zones ㅇ MoE - Environmental Health Act ㆍManagement of areas where children mainly stay or do activities. such as children’s play facilities, infant care facilities including nurseries, kindergartens, and elementary schools ㆍManagement of preservatives, heavy metals, formaldehyde, and pests in surface materials of paints and finishing materials, wood, sand, and synthetic rubber flooring - Indoor Air Quality Control in Publicly Used Facilities, etc. Act ㆍManagement of air quality of child care facilities, private teaching institutes, internet computer game facilities, and indoor children’s play facilities - Water Environment Conservation Act ㆍManagement of water quality in “water play facilities” ㅇ MoED - School Health Act ㆍManagement of indoor air quality in schools 2. Implications □ Policies for the management of children’s environmental hazards ㅇ Phthalates - Regulated in all laws that manage children’s products - Regulation focused on 3 phthalates; DEHP, DBP, and BBP - Use of alternatives increasing, but regulations for the alternative do not exist. ㅇ Formaldehydes - The most widely regulated chemical in regulations dealing with children’s products and activity zones □ Identification of blind spots in management and need for integrated management of children’s living environment ㅇ Difficulty in enforcing receptor-oriented management of children’s living environment due to divided management of children’s products depending on product types ㅇ Management of products limited to “products used by or used for children” - Difficult to manage hazardous chemicals contained in products that are frequently in contact with children, such as furniture and electronics - Phthalates in flooring and wallpaper that are likely to be exposure sources for children are classified as general household products, and are not managed within the scope of children’s products or children’s activity zones. ㅇ Integrated management criteria for children’s living environment that considers cumulative exposure in children are necessary. Ⅲ. Exposure Status of Children to Environmental Hazards 1. Exposure status of children’s products □ Targets of analysis ㅇ MoE’s Database on Children’s Product-Environmental Hazard Survey - Conducted from 2012 to 2017 - Products classified as children’s products as well as products likely to be in frequent contact with children ㆍA total of 17,276 products analyzed - Analysis of chemicals regulated by “Environmental Health Act” and “Special Act on the Safety of Products for Children” □ Results ㅇ Phthalates - Highest frequency of products exceeding regulatory standard among chemicals examined - Most products, including stationary and books, household products, toys, and non-target products (general consumer products) exceeded regulatory standards. ㆍNumber of products exceeding standards particularly high in household products and non-target products - DEHP detected in highest frequency among phthalates analyzed - Declining trend in the frequency of products exceeding phthalate standard ㅇ Heavy metals - About 1% of products identified as exceeding regulatory standards - Accessories identified as having the highest frequency of products exceeding the standards, as well as having the highest detection level ㅇ Others - Other regulated chemicals rarely exceeded regulatory standards. □ Implications ㅇ Limited data available to identify hazardous chemicals for priority management - Target of analysis limited to regulated chemicals - Surveys on unregulated chemicals necessary ㅇ Phthalates identified as the chemical group that requires particular attention - Highest frequency of products that exceeds regulatory standards in spite of regulations by each ministry - Management of unregulated phthalates and alternative plasticizers necessary ㅇ Identification of possible exposure through non-target products 2. Exposure status of children’s activity zones □ Targets of analysis ㅇ MoE’s database on diagnosis of publically-used areas - Conducted from 2014 to 2018 - Conducted at indoor and outdoor areas of child care facilities, kindergartens, apartments, city parks, libraries, and elementary schools - Analysis of chemicals regulated by “Environmental Health Act” ㅇ Seoul’s database on child care facility environmental safety survey - Conducted from 2015 to 2017 - Indoor areas of 550 child care facilities diagnosed - Analysis of chemicals regulated by “Environmental Health Act”, “Indoor Air Quality Control in Publicly Used Facilities, etc. Act”, and “Electrical Appliances and Consumer Products Safety Control Act” □ Results ㅇ MoE DB - 13% of facilities exceeded regulatory standards. ㆍHighest excess rates in door (and frames), window (and frames), and paints - Lead and chromium(VI) responsible for 99% of heavy metals exceeding safety standards ㅇ Seoul municipal DB - Declining trend of phthalates in flooring exceeding regulatory standards ㆍ94% (2014) → 26% (2017) ㆍIncreased use of alternative plasticizers likely ㆍHighest excess rates in doors (and frames), windows (and frames), and paints □ Implications ㅇ In both surveys by MoE and the city of Seoul, heavy metals (lead) exhibited the highest excess rate. - Scrutiny of lead levels in building materials (such as paint) is necessary. ㅇ Blind spots in management identified - Only main classrooms were covered by the regular surveys, causing concern for other areas such as libraries and indoor gyms. - Arts and PE classes attended by preschoolers were also identified as potential exposure hot spots, and therefore should be considered as priority areas for inclusion in activity zone management. - Furniture should be included as part of the management target. - Phthalates and alternatives should be included as part of the management target. 3. Exposure levels in children □ Targets of analysis ㅇ Database of biological samples from children aged zero to six years old from national monitoring surveys and cohort studies conducted by MoE and MFDS - Target of analysis: heavy metals, VOCs, PAHs, phthalates, phenols, and pesticides □ Results ㅇ Heavy metals - High exposure levels of three heavy metals (lead, mercury, cadmium) and metal-specific exposure pattern (age, sex) ㆍLevels of mercury and cadmium especially high ㅇ Phthalates - Metabolites of unregulated phthalates such as DBP, DiBP, DMP detected - Detection rates exceeded 60% of samples analyzed in most studies. ㅇ Phenols - Some chemicals detected in especially high levels in Korean children 4. Conclusion ㅇ Phthalates repeatedly detected in children's products, flooring, and biological samples - Phthalates extensively detected in children's products - Indication of increased use of unregulated phthalates and phthalate alternatives in activity zone - Very little information on unregulated phthalates and phthalate alternatives ㅇ Lack of database for integrated risk management - Discrepancies in the exposure data of phthalates, heavy metals, and parabens between biological samples and data from children’s products and children’s activity zones - Possible exposure through other exposure pathways (eg. unregulated products or activity zones, food products, and food containers - Generation of scientific evidence for policies involving children’s living environment by connecting relevant database is necessary Ⅳ. Green Consumption of Products Potentially Exposed to Children 1. Green consumption and risk management □ Risk management from a green consumption perspective ㅇ Expansion of the concept of green consumption - ‘Safety of my family and myself’ takes precedence over ‘protection of the environment’ as the reason for consumption of green products. ㆍChemicals in food products and children’s products considered the most important factor in purchase decision ㅇ Linking green consumption and risk management - ‘Total consumption’ approach that takes into account consumption patterns is necessary for effective risk management. - Providing information regarding ‘safe’ products and encouraging green consumption should be considered. 2. Identification of priority products for management through consumption pattern analysis of households with children □ Analysis methods ㅇ Data for analysis - Household expenditure survey from Korean Statistical Information Service ㆍIdentification of children-related products: Data from 2018 expenditure survey ㆍTrends in consumption pattern of children-related products: Analysis of food and consumer products directly linked to children from 2011 to 2016 expenditure survey □ Results ㅇ Identification of children-related products - Increased consumption of food products mainly consumed by children ㆍHigh proportion of consumption of flour (bread and snacks) and sugars (juices, fruits, candies/jellies) ㆍIncreased consumption of meat and seafood products, dairy products, and eggs - Increased expenditure on prescription drugs, and health care and hygiene products - Increased consumption of toys, batteries, children’s clothing, carpets and beddings, humidifiers, and air purifiers - Increased expenditure on recreation facilities and education ㆍIncreased expenditure on kids cafe and arts and PE classes ㅇ Trends in consumption patterns of children-related products - Increased consumption of all food products examined ㆍHighest increase in baby food, side dishes, and chocolates and candies - Increased consumption of children’s clothing and shoes - Steeper increase in the consumption of processed food products and children’s products compared to increase in the average number of children ㅇ Characteristics of children-related consumption trends - Increased consumption per child as well as increased consumption of toys due to eight-pocket phenomenon ㆍIncreased influence of children on household expenditure - Increased consumption of processed food and instant food - Environmental awareness does not influence consumption of children’s products. 3. Suggestions for management of risk factors in children’s products ㅇ Risk management focused on food products mainly consumed by children, children's products (eg. toys and clothing), indoor air quality in vehicles, activity zones such as arts and PE classes - Regulation of food favored by children must be enhanced. - Due to increased use of cars by households with children, susceptible populations such as children must be considered as part of the management of indoor air quality of vehicles. ㅇ Enhanced green consumption through life cycle management of children's products - Risk reduction should be approached stepwise: consumption (consumption of non-toxic products)-use (use with care to reduce risk)-disposal (disposing appropriately to prevent risks to the environment and future generations). ㅇ Promotion of green industry that considers risk reduction and environmental protection - Activation of green production-green distribution-green consumption that minimizes leakage and exposure of hazardous chemicals is necessary. ㆍRecently, efforts are being made to produce products that consider both risk reduction and environmental protection. - In a circular economy, it is necessary to thoroughly eliminate accidental incorporation of hazardous chemicals in the recycling process, and to manage products that can be contacted by children. Ⅴ. International Trends in Children’s Living Environment Management 1. Trends in integrated management of children’s living environment □ Denmark’s risk management of children’s living environment ㅇ Introduction of phthalate management policy based on cumulative risk assessment - Estimation of phthalate exposure levels in living environment through examination of biomonitoring database and cumulative risk assessment of phthalates in food, consumer products, and indoor air - Designation of phthalates as priority chemicals and provision of evidence for enhanced management - Identification of products to be included in management □ Europe’s HBM4EU Project ㅇ Provision of scientific evidence for receptor-oriented environmental health policy - Attempt to narrow the gap between science and policy by considering policy needs at the planning stage - Generation of scientific evidence for inducing integrated management of products, food, and activity zones in order to reduce exposure - Selection of priority chemicals for monitoring considering policy Demands □ Safer Consumer Products Program (SCP) of California (USA) ㅇ Exploring ways to link risk management and green consumption - SPC developed to protect children from hazardous chemicals ㆍSelection of priority chemical-product through feedback from industry and consumer groups, and cost-benefit analyses ㆍPhasing out of selected chemical-product and development of alternatives ㆍDesigned to link risk management results with green industry and green products - Demonstrates possibility of connecting risk management and green consumption through policy implementation 2. Trends in the development of risk management methodologies □ OECD’s Children’s Exposure Assessment Guideline ㅇ Decision Tree Project - Identification of key issues in risk management of children ㆍIdentification of key research needs including development of emission scenarios related to children and children’s behavior pattern guidelines, and identification of children-specific factors that influence exposure. ㆍDevelopment of risk management decision tree with the assumption that children can be exposed to chemicals from general consumer products - Development of risk assessment methodologies for children ㆍMethodologies that consider children’s behavior and exposure characteristics under development ㆍCase studies that estimate mouthing exposure in children published □ Analysis of methodologies for prioritization of hazardous chemicals for children ㅇ RAIDAR-ICE - Risk assessment by estimating direct exposure to products and indoor air - Suitable for screening of chemicals exposed in indoor environment - Effective in identifying priority pathways for regulation of specific chemicals ㅇ Product Intake Fraction framework - Identification of the main chemical exposure pathway among various exposure pathways in living environment - Identification of the key products that pose risk to receptors among products that contain specific chemicals ㆍIdentification of priority pathways and products for risk management - Considers both primary (direct exposure) and secondary (indirect exposure) transfers, and developed to link the results to circular economy of consumption-use-disposal ㆍSuitable for life cycle assessment of products and alternative chemicals 3. Implications ㅇ Integrated risk management that realistically reflects risks in living environment should be based on cumulative risk assessment of all potential sources and exposure pathways. ㅇ Implementation and efficacy assessment of policy based on scientific evidence is necessary. ㅇ Risk management methodologies currently under development focus on the potential exposure through food and consumer products, are based on cumulative risk assessment of multiple pathways, and suggest possible linkages to green alternatives that include life cycle management of chemicals and products. ㅇ Management of children’s living environment should be carried out within the framework of risk management-green consumption. Ⅵ. Identification of Priority Chemicals for Risk Reduction in Children’s Living Environment 1. Identification of priority chemicals □ Rationale for identification of priority chemicals ㅇ Chemicals that require continuous regulation ㅇ Chemicals that are highly used in consumer products, detected in biological samples, and have recently been identified as having potential risk ㅇ Chemicals selected as priority chemicals in other countries ㅇ Chemical groups that have common adverse outcomes and can be exposed through a variety of products □ Priority chemicals ㅇ Phthalates and alternatives - Detected in high levels in children's products, children’s activity zones, and biological samples - Chemicals contained in food and consumer products that show increased consumption according to the analysis of consumption patterns - Integrated risk management of regulated and unregulated phthalates, as well as phthalate alternatives, necessary ㅇ Flame retardants - Very little domestic database ㆍDetected in indoor air, drinking water, and children's products - Selected as priority chemicals in other countries ㆍThe first priority chemical-product in California’s SPC was flame retardants in children’s bedding. - High possibility of exposure through furniture, electronics, and clothing ㅇ Phenols - Detected in high levels in biological samples but exposure database lacking - Potential exposure through food, pharmaceuticals, and hygiene products ㆍIncreased consumption of relevant products in households with children - Relatively easy to reduce exposure through green consumption 2. Policy suggestions ㅇ Establishment of receptor-oriented management of children’s living environment - Migrate from the current isolated management of product-activity zone-food to integrated management that considers children’s exposure levels ㆍExamples from other countries, such as Denmark, show the potential for integrated risk management. ㆍMethodologies currently under development aim for integrated risk management. ㆍCumulative risk assessment of some chemical groups are being conducted in Korea. - Develop policy based on key exposure pathways identified from biomonitoring surveys ㅇ Policy implementation based on scientific evidence - Establish children’s living environment management policies based on scientific evidence ㆍThis study demonstrated the potential for selection of priority chemicals and improvement of policy by analyzing national biomonitoring surveys, surveys on children's products and activity zones, and household expenditure surveys. ㆍExamples from other countries demonstrate that results from biomonitoring surveys and risk assessments planned to reflect policy demands can be used as a basis for policy development and as a tool for efficacy assessment. - Increase data accessibility and strengthen linkages among national statistical data ㅇ Transition to green consumption - Integrate consumption pattern data in risk management ㆍUtilize expenditure data from households with children in exposure assessment ㆍIdentify key management points related to consumption - Integrate the concept of risk management in life cycle assessment ㆍAttempts are being made abroad to link risk assessment and chemical/product life cycle assessment. ㆍHuman health impacts as well as environmental impacts must be considered in life cycle assessment. - Promote changes in consumption patterns ㆍDevelop measures to deviate from consuming products that contain priority chemicals ㆍStrengthen risk communication - Adaptation of SPC ㆍExplore means to transition to green industry so that the reduction of hazardous chemicals can bring about economic benefits ㆍCreate a framework in which companies voluntarily invest in green industry, and consumers support such process Ⅶ. Conclusion 1. Conclusion ㅇ We selected priority chemicals for risk management by analyzing children’s living environment management status and exposure status. ㅇ We analyzed risk management methodologies for children and proposed a policy framework for linking integrated risk management and green consumption. 2. Future plans □ 2nd Year ㅇ Establish strategies and specific methodologies for building a green living environment for children - Identify improvement points for risk assessment and risk reduction of priority chemicals - Explore the possibility of adapting the methodologies reviewed in the 1st year - Gather opinions through consumer surveys and catalogue green consumption behavior - Establish strategies for a pilot study □ 3rd Year ㅇ Establish a plan for the greening of children’s living environment - Conduct a pilot study for risk reduction and green consumption promotion - Review and improve strategies for risk reduction and green consumption promotion - Propose a plan for the management of priority chemicals and for the transition to a green living environment for children - Establish a roadmap for risk reduction by establishing the roles of stakeholders, including policy, technology, and consumption

Factors Favoring Independent Over Shared Living Arrangements Among the Elderly Korean

Yong-jin Sohn(손용진) 한국케어매니지먼트학회 2016 한국케어매니지먼트연구 Vol.20 No.-

본 논문은 노인들의 독립거주에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구이다. 자료는 7,833명의 60세 이상이며, 한국보건사회연구원에 의해 수행된 2011년도 전국 노인생활실태 및 복지욕구조사의 일부이다. 선택된 표본은 혼자 사는 집단 및 동거 집단(즉, 배우자 혹은 성인자녀)로 나뉘었다. 약 31%가 혼자 사는 표본으로 나타났다. 총 3개의 모델이 검증되었다. 첫째, 노화의 인간-환경 이론에 의하여 혼자 사는 노인이 어느 정도 자신의 사회적 환경 속에 적합한 삶을 누리고 있는지를 보고자 하였다. 인간-환경이론이 제시하고자 하는 것은 보다 적은 사회적 재원을 가진 경우 자신의 환경에 덜 적합함을 제시하고 있다. 둘째, 문화적 기대 이론은 독립된 거주형태를 촉진하게 되는 요소로서 변화하고 있는 가족 문화를 제시하고자 한다. 셋째, 사회적 호위 이론을 사용하여 거주형태가 어떠한 노인들의 사회적 관계성을 맺게 해주는 지를 파악하고자 하였다. 위계적 로지스틱 다변량 검증결과, 독립된 거주형태일 경우 노인들은 자신의 환경을 덜 통제하게 하는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 혼자 사는 노인일수록 인구학적으로 열악하였으며, 주관적인 생활수준이 더 낮다고 보고하였다. 혼자 사는 노인의 경우, 이상적인 노후생활비 마련은 성인 자녀 혹은 사회가 제공해야한다고 생각하는 경향이 높았다. 마지막으로, 혼자 살 경우 친한 친구와의 접촉 빈도의 확률이 더 낮았다. 본 연구 결과는 노년기의 독립 거주 형태는 경제적인 열악성과 관련이 깊고, 이러한 사실은 자신보다는 성인자녀나 사회로부터의 경제적인 도움을 받고자 하는 경향으로 나타났다. 본 연구가 갖는 함의는 단독 거주형태의 노인들의 사회 환경 개선을 위한 여러 정책적인해결책이 필요하다는 점이다. This article explores the factors influencing the independent living arrangements of Korean senior citizens. Data are drawn from a 2011 national survey of the Living Conditions and Welfare Needs, conducted by the Korea Institute for Health Social Affairs, and composed of 7,833 elderly people aged 60 and over. The selected sample is divided into two groups – living alone and living with others (e.g., spouse or adult children). One-third of the sample group, 31%, was reported to live on their own. All three models were tested. First, the person-environment (P-E) theory of aging is adopted to test how elders living alone fit adequately into their social environment. The P-E model suggests that those having fewer social resources are less likely to adapt to their environment. Second, the cultural expectancy theory represents the changing cultural phenomenon of residential patterns which facilitates separate living arrangements. Third, the social convoy model is employed to test elders’ social involvement. The hierarchical logistic regression analyses show that elderly individuals living on their own are found to have less control over their environment; they are demographically disadvantaged and perceive their living status as low. The elders living alone are more likely to rely on either adult children or society for their ideal old age living expenses. Finally, those elderly living by themselves tend to meet their friends less than those living with others. The results of this study clearly show that elderly Koreans living alone are prone to live in an environment that is not congruent with their needs. Policies for improving social environments of individuals living alone are strongly needed.

건축물의 구성재에 따른 쥐성장 생활환경과 체중 증감효과에 관한 실험적 연구

정영배(Yung-Bea Chung),김미옥(Mi-Ok Kim),최철웅(Chul-Yung Choi) 한국실내환경학회 2006 한국실내환경학회지 Vol.3 No.4

In architecture, constitutions of space are subjected to the structural material and interior finishing material. Interior environment can exert a great effect on people by means of space constitution. In this study the constitution of space was set to consider five materials: control, wood, steel, wire mesh, and concrete structural material. In this study, experiments with mice, were carried out on condition of each living environment with different living environment using control, wood, steel, wire mesh and concrete structural material. The experiments with mice were made by five-month-old mice(BALB/C) with about 15 grams weight. In order to evaluate the adaptability of the target mice, such variables as body weight, food consumption, and water consumption were monitored against living environment for normal BALB/C mice during the same period. The weight, total foods, and total water consumption were measured under the living environments for 55 days with 2~3 days intervals. To test five different living environments, i.e., control, wood, steel, wire mesh and concrete, 5 mice were allocated for each group. According to the results of this study, the case of wood living environment resulted in a gain in weight with statistical significance. The other side of steel, wire mesh and concrete showed a slight decrease for weight. The weight variation of the experimental mice was assumed under five different living environments that resulted from the stabilized environmental conditions such as the wood living environment.

생활체육참여자들의 사회적환경이 신체적 건강, 정서적 건강 및 생활만족에 미치는 영향

이동헌(Lee, Dong-Heon),김봉현(Kim, Bong-Hyun),김성기(Kim, Seong-Gi),원종민(Won, Jong-Min),심재영(Sim, Jae-Young),김공(Kim, Kong) 한국체육과학회 2015 한국체육과학회지 Vol.24 No.6

This dissertation aims at investigating how sports-for-all participant"s social environments, that is, work place environment, surrounding environment, and home environment, have an effect on physical health, emotional health, and at offering materials to enhance living satisfaction. This dissertation used questionnaire method, as for research method. With the object of analyzing general traits and examining errors in questionnaire items. this dissertation performed a frequency analysis with SPSS WIN ver.18.0. With the object of performing reliability analysis, classifying with factors, and verifying structural function model analysis over the cause and result method, related to the effect on social environment, physical health, emotional health, and living satisfaction, this dissertation performed a course analysis. This dissertation leaded to the conclusion as followings. First, sports-for-all participant"s home environment and work place environment had a positive (+) effect on physical health. Second, sports-for-all participant"s home environment and surrounding environment had a positive (+) effect on emotional health. Third, physical health had a positive effect on emotional health. Fourth, sports-for-all participant"s home environment and surrounding environment had a positive (+) effect on living environment. Fifth, physical health had a positive (+) effect on living satisfaction.

아시아 주요국 농촌개발프로그램 비교를 통해서 본 새마을운동의 성과 평가: 생활환경개선사업을 중심으로

김완중 한국아시아학회 2023 아시아연구 Vol.26 No.2

This study evaluated the role and performance of the Saemaul Undong(Korea’s representative rural development program in 1970s) in the development process of Korean government's rural policies related to the living environment improvement from a long-term perspective. As a result of the analysis, it could be true that the rural Saemaul Undong in the 70s played a role in raising the interest of the government and farmers in improving the rural living environment at the time, but the contents of the Saemaul projects were not new, but an extension of the rural community development program in the 60s. In addition, since the Saemaul project in the 70s was a kind of the government's rural development policy at the time, it was naturally inherited and developed as a rural development policy in the 80s when the program was virtually terminated. In other words, it can be said that the rural Saemaul Undong in the 70s was the government's rural development project itself based on the mobilization or participation of rural residents at that time. In addition, according to this study, the Saemaul projects contributed to improving the absolute level of the living environment in rural areas in the 1970s in that the government provided rural residents with materials(cement, rebar), subsidies, and loans needed to improve the living environment. However, it was analyzed that the gap between urban and rural areas in the living environment did not narrow during the Saemaul Undong in the 1970s. It shows that despite the rural Saemaul Undong in the 1970s, the government's goal of bridging the gap between urban and rural areas in the living environment was not achieved. On the other hand, this study show that although there were some differences in the name and implementation method of the project, but the Saemaul Undong in the 1970s had a lot in common with Japan's rural development programs in the period of 1930s through 1970s. In particular, in the rural development policy, many aspects have been found that Japan precedes and Korea imitates. In addition, when comparing and evaluating the absolute level of the rural living environment in the 1970s, Korea was evaluated to be significantly inferior to Japan. In addition, it was analyzed that in the 1970s, the gap between urban and rural areas in the living environment was maintained much larger in Korea than in Japan. These analysis results show that the Korean rural Saemaul Undong in the 1970s, which was actually promoted through resident mobilization, might be not superior in the aspect of performance compared to Japan's rural development program after the war, which induced voluntary participation of residents.

지역주민의 공동체의식에 영향을 미치는 생활환경에 관한 연구

윤구홍 ( Ku Hong Youn ) 중앙대학교 국가정책연구소 2022 국가정책연구 Vol.36 No.2

본 연구의 궁극적인 목적은 다양한 도시재생사업의 수행에서 새롭게 고려되고 있는 공동체 의식에 영향을 미치는 요인을 분석하는 것이다. 이와 같은 연구목적의 달성을 위해 생활환경에 대한 주민만족도를 독립변수로하고, 공동체의식을 종속변수로하는 연구모형을 구성하여 실증분석하였다. 연구결과, 첫째, 지역애착에 대해 통계적으로 유의미한 영향력을 갖는 물리적 생활환경만족 요인은 주택환경만족(β=0.394)과 서비스접근성만족(β=0.236)로 분석되었다. 둘째, 지역정체성에 대한 생활환경만족은 주택환경만족(β=0.423), 지역사회환경만족(β=0.212), 그리고 서비스접근성만족(β=0.192) 등의 순으로 분석되었다. 셋째, 사회적상호작용에 대한 생활환경만족 요인은 주택환경만족(β=0.269)으로 분석되었다. 넷째, 충족감에 대한 주민의 생활환경 만족 요인은 주택환경만족(β=0.394), 지역사회환경만족(β=0.394), 그리고 서비스접근성만족(β=0.394) 등의 순으로 분석되었다. 이와 같은 연구결과로부터, 도시재생사업의 사업목표 설정에서 우선순위로 고려되어야 할 것은 주민의 주택환경에 대한 만족을 제고하는 것이다. The ultimate purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the sense of community newly considered in the implementation of various urban regeneration projects. In order to achieve this research purpose, a research model was constructed and empirically analyzed with resident satisfaction with the living environment as an independent variable and ‘the sense of community’ as a dependent variable. As a result of the study, first, living environment satisfaction factors having a statistically significant influence on local attachment were analyzed as housing environment satisfaction (β=0.394) and service accessibility satisfaction (β=0.236). Second, the living environment satisfaction factors for local identity were analyzed as housing environment satisfaction (β=0.423), local community environmental satisfaction (β=0.212), and service accessibility satisfaction (β=0.192). Third, the living environment satisfaction factor for social interaction was analyzed as housing environment satisfaction (β=0.269). Fourth, the living environment satisfaction factors of residents in terms of satisfaction were analyzed as housing environment satisfaction (β =0.394), local community environmental satisfaction (β=0.394), and service accessibility satisfaction (β=0.394). From the results of the study, what should be considered as the top priority in setting the project goals of the urban regeneration project is to enhance the satisfaction of the residents with the housing environment. The second priority in goal setting for urban regeneration projects is to enhance access to public services as a public environment.

노인의 자녀와의 동·별거요인과 주거환경에 관한 연구

김연숙,권영은,서길희 노인간호학회 2006 노인간호학회지 Vol.8 No.2

Purpose: This study was about their living arrangement factor, housing environment and provide the basic data for formulating the more efficient and realistic policies related to old people and developing proper nursing intervention programs to improve of their quality of life. Method: this study selected 561 old people aged more than 65 living in 'S' City, Gyeonggi Province and conducted the one-toone interview using the questionnaire over the period between June 23 and July 21, 2004. It took 20 minutes to 30 minutes per person. The research struments were composed of 11items relating to the living arrangement, 7 items relating to the housing environment. For statistical analysis, this study employed statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics, chi-square test, ANOVA, Tukey test, correspondence analysis, and Pearson's correlation analysis using SAS PC. Result: It was found that the surveyed old people had the following living arrangement: they were living with family members(57.58%), living with spouses(25.23%) or living a solitary life (12.79%) and living near by family members (4.39%) There were the following cohabitation and separation factors according to the form of cohabitation. As to the reason for cohabitation of cohabitors, 42.95% of the respondents showed “a matter of course”. As for the reason for separation of separate livers, 42.8%, the highest proportion of the respondents, responded “Parents want”. As to cohabitors' level of satisfaction with conhabitation, 72.58% responded that they felt satisfied. As to the level of satisfaction with separation, 61.09% responded that they felt satisfied. 61.35% of the cohabitors and 52.92% of the separate livers responded that they had no problem in all the matters. 63.86% of the cohabitors responded that they had no plan of separation. 60.67% of the separate livers responded that they had no plan of cohabitation. It was found that the surveyed elderly people had the following housing environment: 67.20% owned their housing, 55.61% lived in the apartment house and 89.90% resided in their independent room (couple) and found that early elderly man, presence of the spouse, educational high level, presence of son, wealthy of living , health of elderly living in good house environment. Conclusion: The results of this study have its significance in confirming the factors which elderly's living arrangement and housing environment are related with demographic characteristics and providing the basic data necessary for developing more efficient and realistic nursing intervention to improve their quality of life of elderly home residents.

11. 기본연구보고서 2015-11 : 지중 환경 관리를 위한 제도 개선방안 연구(1)

황상일,현윤정,양지훈 한국환경정책평가연구원 2015 기본연구보고서 Vol.2015 No.-

본 연구는 지중 환경 관리를 위한 제도 개선방안 연구를 위하여 법적으로 명확히 제시되지 않은 지중 환경의 정의와 구성요소를 정립하였으며 각 구성요소의 가치를 평가할수 있는 기법을 분석하였다. 또한 지중 환경 구성요소에 영향을 미칠 수 있는 자연적, 인위적 영향 요인을 분석하였으며 지중 환경이 변함에 따라 인간 및 생태계에 미칠 수 있는 영향을 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 지중 환경 관련 현행법을 분석하였으며 그로부터 시사점을 도출하였다. 본 연구의 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 지중 환경이란 “자연으로부터 기원한 지표면 아래에 존재하는 지중 자연환경과 인위적으로 개발 및 활용 중인 지중 생활환경”으로 정의한다. 이 중 지중 자연환경은 “지표면 아래에 존재하는 생물과 이들을 둘러싸고 있는 비생물적인 것을 포함한 자연의 상태(생태계, 자연경관, 자연적으로 발생한 지하 공간 포함)”으로 정의하며 그 구성요소는 토양, 지하수, 생태계, 자연경관, 지하공간(자연적으로 발생된 것)으로 한다. 또한 지중 생활환경은 “인간이 일상생활을 영유하는 인위적 지하 공간 및 시설”로 정의하며 기반시설, 생활시설, 사업시설로 구성된다. 지중 자연환경의 가치는 토양, 지하수, 생태계가 가지고 있거나 인간에게 제공하는 기능을 기반으로 그 경제적 가치를 평가하고 있는 것을 확인하였으며, 자연경관은 그 심미적 가치를 기준으로 가치를 평가하는 것을 확인하였다. 자연적으로 발생한 지하 공간과 지중 생활환경은 감정평가 분야의 전문가 원고를 기반으로 현재 부동산 가치를 이용한 평가가 진행되고 있는 것을 확인하였다. 지중 환경에 영향을 미치는 요인은 지진, 화산 활동, 홍수와 같은 자연적 요인과 시설, 활동과 같은 인위적 요인으로 구분할 수 있었다. 지중 환경에 변화가 발생할 경우 인간 및 생태계에 미칠 수 있는 영향은 안전 측면(지반 침하, 지하수위 저하), 건강 측면(질병유발, 중독 현상), 생태 측면(생태계서비스 중지, 종다양성 감소)으로 구분할 수 있었다. 마지막으로 우리나라의 지중 환경과 관련된 법제를 분석한 결과, 지상 환경 위주의 법제 추진과 수익의 극대화를 위한 지중 환경 개발 계획 추진 등이 도시 환경에 부정적인 영향을 미치고 있는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 각 시설물의 안전을 위한 설계 규정은 마련되어 있으나 실내 환경과 관련된 규제가 매우 부족한 것을 확인하였다. 이와 같은 국내 법제의 부족한 부분을 개선하기 위하여 해외의 사례를 참조한 결과, 지상과 지하의 기능이 상생할 수 있는 법제 마련, 건강과 생태를 고려한 법제 마련, 충분한 사회적 공론화를 거친 보상 관련 법제 마련 등이 시급한 과제인 것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구는 총 2년으로 구성되어 있다. 1차년도 연구에서는 지중 환경의 개념과 구성요소 정립, 가치 평가 기법 분석, 법제 관련 기초 연구 등을 수행하였다. 본 연구의 2차년도 연구에서는 당해 연구 결과를 적극적으로 활용하여 국내 적용이 가능한 제도 개선방안을 도출하고자 한다. 특히 우리나라 지중 환경 관련 제도의 변천 과정, 향후 법제 발전방향 도출, 다부처간 혼재되는 용어 및 법률의 정리 등을 집중적으로 분석할 예정이다. 본 연구의 결과가 추후 국가차원의 지중 환경 중장기 관리 및 발전 전략 수립과 지중 환경 관리 기술 개발 사업의 도출, 지중 환경 가치 평가 기법 및 관련 정책 도출과 같은 영역에 적극적으로 반영되기를 기대한다. This study established a definition and components of subsurface environment which is not clearly defined by current law, and analyzed evaluating methods of each components. In addition, we analyzed natural and artificial factors which could affect subsurface environment components, and we examined a potential impact to human and ecosystem following subsurface environment change. Finally, we analyzed the subsurface environment related current laws and derived implications from it. The results of this study are as follows. The subsurface environment is defined as ``subsurface natural environment (which originated from nature and being under surface)`` and ``subsurface living environment(which developing and using by artificially)``. The subsurface natural environment is defined as ``nature of the state, including those around them and abiotic organisms that are below ground level(including ecosystem, landscapes, naturally occurring underground space)``. And components of subsurface natural environment are soil, groundwater, ecosystem, landscapes, underground space(occurring naturally). The subsurface living environment is defined as ``artificial underground space and facilities to live a human life``. And that consist of infrastructure, living facilities and business facilities. The value of subsurface natural environment such as soil, groundwater and ecology was analyzed based on function which possessing own or providing to human. In addition, we found that landscapes was evaluated based on its aesthetic value. The result of referring manuscript of expert, naturally occurring underground space and subsurface living environment was confirmed that the current property values used for assessment. Factors affecting the subsurface environment were divided into natural factors such as earthquakes, volcanic activity, floods and anthropogenic factors such as facilities, activities. In the event of a change in the subsurface environment, potential impact on humans and ecosystems was classified as safety aspects(subsidence and groundwater level decreasing), health aspects (disease-causing and addiction) and ecological aspects(ecosystem services stop, biodiversity loss). Finally, the result of analyzing the subsurface environment related legislation in Korea, we confirmed that the surface environment oriented legislation propel and subsurface environment development plan for maximization of profit had a negative impact on the urban environment. And design regulations for the safety of each facilities was well prepared, however indoor environment related regulation was very lack. The results of referring to the case of abroad for improving the shortcomings of legislation system in Korea, the urgent needs were that a legislation establishment about mutual growth of surface and subsurface function, considering the health and ecology, compensation laws with adequate social publicize. This study consisted of a total of two years. The first year study was performed about a definition and components of subsurface environment, and evaluation method analysis, legislation related basic research. In the second year of study, we will deduce a domestic applicable system improvement using the first year results actively. In particular, we will focus on analysis of a transition of subsurface environment related legislation in Korea, a direction of legislation development and a organization of mixed terms and laws that using at interagency. We look forward to that results of this study will reflect to establish the subsurface environment long-term management/development strategy and to derivate the new subsurface environment management technology R&D projects and to make up subsurface environment evaluation technique and related policy.