환경·경제 통합분석을 위한 환경가치 종합연구 부문별 영향평가 및 가치추정

김현노,안소은,김충기,서양원,정다운,박윤선,한선영,이홍림 한국환경정책평가연구원 2020 사업보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. 생태계서비스 서식처질 가치추정 1. 연구개요 ❏ 연구목적 ㅇ 환경경제 통합분석 절차를 활용하여 생태계 서식처질 변화에 대한 경제적 가치 및 편익을 추정함으로써 통합분석 절차의 활용성을 제고하고자 함 ㅇ 김현노 외(2019)의 생태계서비스 서식처질에 대한 물리적 영향평가 결과를 바탕으로 경제적 가치를 추정함 ❏ 연구내용 ㅇ 야생생물 서식에 적절한 상태를 제공하는지를 나타내는 서식처질은 생태계서비스항목 중 지지서비스에 해당 ㅇ 김현노 외(2019)에서 기평가한, 제주도 토지피복 변화에 따른 서식처질 평가 결과사용 ㅇ 제주도 생태관광 설문조사(2019)를 바탕으로 제주도 생태관광지에 대한 국민의 인식 및 선호를 파악하고, 선택실험법(CE: Choice Experiment)을 적용하여 12개 관광지의 서식처질 변화에 대한 경제적 가치를 추정함 2. 선행연구 검토 ❏ 선택실험법을 적용한 생물다양성 경제적 가치 추정 선행연구 검토 ㅇ 대부분 생태관광의 주요 속성으로 생물다양성을 포함함. 생태관광 주요 속성들의 경제적 가치를 평가했던 선행연구에서 사용한 선택실험법의 속성들을 정리하면 다음과 같음 - Chaminuka et al.(2012): 마을 숙박(village accommodation), 마을 투어(village tours), 공예시장 방문(visits to crafts market) - Juutinen et al.(2011): 생물다양성, 방문자 수, 휴게공간, 안내표지판, 입장료 - Naidoo and Adamowicz(2005): 여행시간, 입장료, 관광형태, 숙박시설, 조경특성(landscape features), 발견되는 새의 종 수(number of bird species), 큰 짐승을 볼 수 있는 가능성(Likelihood of seeing large game animals) 3. 설문조사 ❏ 설문개요 ㅇ 제주도 생태관광지에 대한 일반 국민의 인식 및 선호를 파악할 목적으로, 최근 5년내 제주도 주요 생태관광지 12개 중 일부를 방문한 성인 3,000명을 대상으로 온라인조사를 실시함(2019년 10월 21~25일) ❏ 선택실험 설계 ㅇ 선택실험법은 분석 대상의 속성 변화에 대한 지불의사액을 추정하는 방법임 ㅇ 제주도 12개 관광지에 대한 설문의 주요 속성으로 관광지 내 편의시설(0~100점), 안내/해설 서비스(5점 척도), 서식처질(0~1), 1인당 입장료를 포함함 ㅇ 응답자의 선호 관광지 선택 및 관련 경험에 대한 평가를 바탕으로 설문지의 선택항목이 제시됨 4. 실증분석 ❏ 분석모형 ㅇ 본 연구에서는 기본적인 조건부로짓모형(CL: Conditional Logit)뿐만 아니라 응답자의 선호의 이질성을 반영할 수 있도록 Random Parameter Logit Model(RPL) 모형을 함께 추정함 ❏ 분석 결과 ㅇ CL, RPL 및 RPL+EC 모형은 NLOGIT 6.0 소프트웨어를 사용하였고, CL 모형의 계수들은 최우추정법(maximum likelihood estimation), RPL과 RPL+EC 모형의 계수들은 시뮬레이션 최우추정법(simulated maximum likelihood estimation)을 통해 추정하였음 ㅇ 모든 변수는 예상 부호와 일치하고 통계적으로 유의하게 추정됨. 관광지 내 편의시설, 안내/해설 서비스, 서식처질이 좋은 관광지일수록 선택확률이 높았고, 입장료가 높을수록 해당 대안을 선택하지 않는 것으로 나타남 ㅇ 추정한 세 모형의 AIC, BIC 및 Pseudo R2를 살펴본 결과 RPL 모형이 더 선호되며, RPL 모형과 RPL+EC 모형의 우도비율검정(LR test: Likelihood-ratio test)을 실시한 결과 RPL+EC 모형이 더 적합한 것으로 확인됨. 따라서 서식처질 변화에 대한편익 추정에는 RPL+EC 모형의 추정 결과를 사용함 ❏ 편익추정 ㅇ 10년간(2009~2019년) 서식처질 수준 변화는 관광지별로 상이하나 평균 0.19 증가하였음 - 서식지질이 높은 산림 면적이 약 100km² 증가하였고, 서식지질이 낮은 농경지면적이 약 150km² 감소하여 전체적인 서식처질이 증가한 것으로 나타남 ㅇ 서식처질 변화에 따른 보상잉여(CV) 추정 결과, 서식처질 수준 변화가 없었던 서귀포자연휴양림의 경우를 제외하고 관광객 1인당 253원(절물자연휴양림)에서 2,302원(비자림)의 편익이 있는 것으로 도출됨 ㅇ 2019년 관광지별 입장객 수를 고려할 때, 서식처질 변화에 따른 사회적 편익은 1.8억원/년(절물자연휴양림)에서 23.7억 원/년(중문대포해안주상절리대)이며, 12개 관광지의 서식처질 개선에 따른 편익은 연간 약 120억 원/년으로 추정됨 5. 시사점 ❏ 토지이용·개발을 요하는 정책·사업에 생물다양성과 그 편익을 고려할 수 있도록 본 연구 결과를 의사결정 참고자료로 활용할 수 있음 Ⅱ. 생태계서비스 종합평가 1. 연구 배경 및 목적 ❏ 연구배경 ㅇ 국토 이용효율성 위주의 토지이용정책은 생태계서비스 간의 불균형을 초래하였고, 따라서 밀레니엄 생태계 평가(MA)는 생태계서비스 항목 간에 존재하는 상호작용인 트레이드오프와 시너지 식별이 중요하다고 언급함(MA, 2010) ㅇ 생태계서비스 간 상호작용은 단일의 구동력에 의해 다수의 서비스가 변화하거나, 다른 서비스 변화에 상응하여 변화하는 서비스가 존재할 때 발생함(Bennett et al. 2009) - 생태계서비스 간 상호작용은 공간이나 시간에 걸쳐 반복해서 함께 나타나는 생태계서비스 세트인 ‘번들’을 통해 확인할 수 있음(Raudsepp-Hearne, Peterson, and Bennett, 2010, p.5242) ❏ 연구목적 ㅇ 생태계서비스 평가를 활용한 환경관리를 위해서는 생태계서비스 간의 관계를 파악하는 일이 매우 중요함 ㅇ 다양한 통계기법을 적용하여 다중 생태계서비스 간의 관계를 파악하고자 함 - 생태계서비스 분석에는 InVEST(Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) Model을 활용함 - 1989~2009년 사이 토지 피복·이용(Land Use Land Cover, LULC) 변화를 5가지 생태계서비스로 평가하고, 주성분분석과 군집분석을 통해 생태계서비스 상호작용 변화가 일어난 지역을 확인함 - 추가적으로 제주도지역을 대상으로 몇 가지 생태계서비스 항목에 대한 시계열적변화를 추정함 2. 생태계서비스 통합분석 평가방법 ❏ 생태계서비스 평가 및 검증 ㅇ 본 연구에서는 Natural Capital Project에서 개발한 생태계서비스 기반의 의사결정지원 모델인 InVEST를 사용하여 다수의 생태계서비스 항목을 평가 및 검증하고 그 결과를 토대로 통합평가를 수행함 ❏ 생태계서비스 통합평가: heatmap ㅇ 생태계서비스 결과마다 단위 및 수치의 범위가 상이하여 비교가 어려운 문제를 해결하기 위해 heatmap을 제시하여 시각적 비교가 가능하도록 하였음 ❏ 생태계서비스 트레이드오프 관계분석 ㅇ 지역적, 생태계 유형별, 권역별 생태계서비스 제공 경향을 한눈에 알아보기 위해 지역별 생태계서비스 번들을 도출하였고, 주성분분석으로 많은 수량 공급, 수질정화(질소 저류, 인 저류), 탄소 저장, 서식처질 사이의 상관관계를 효율적으로 표현함 ㅇ 주성분분석 후 K-means clustering을 통해 동질적인 생태계서비스 제공 경향을 보이는 지역의 결과를 군집으로 표현함 3. 생태계서비스 현황평가 ❏ 현황평가 ㅇ 2009년 토지피복도 기반으로 평가한 우리나라 전역의 생태계서비스는 다음과 같음 - 수량공급서비스의 경우 한강 및 낙동강 대권역에서 각각 약 260억m³, 200억m³로 가장 많이 기여하고 있으며, 수질조절서비스 역시 한강 및 낙동강 대권역에서 질소 연간 30톤, 인 연간 2톤 정도를 저류하고 있음. 수자원 생태계서비스의 경우 한강 및 낙동강 대권역이 주요 공급원임을 확인함 - 기후조절 역할을 하는 탄소저장서비스와, 생태계 동식물의 서식 기반과 관련된 서식처질 서비스의 경우 산림, 초지, 습지의 기여도가 높은 서비스임. 따라서 산림이 풍부한 강원도나 경북, 경남 지역을 포함하는 한강 및 낙동강 대권역에서 해당 서비스가 우세한 양상을 보임 ❏ 생태계서비스 트레이드오프 관계분석 ㅇ 생태계서비스 제공량에 대한 주성분분석 및 K-means 군집분석을 통해 17개의 국내광역지자체는 4개의 번들로 그룹화됨 ㅇ 4개의 번들은 1. 도시형, 2. 농업형, 3. 산림형, 4. 도서형으로 구분되며, 다음과 같은 특징을 지님 - 도시형 번들: 서울, 인천, 부산, 대구가 포함됨. 인간의 활동으로 배출되는 부산물의 영향으로 인 부하량이 많아 이를 저류하는 양이 많음 - 농업형 번들: 경기, 세종, 전북, 전남, 충남, 광주가 포함. 농업활동 시 질소와 인을 비료로 활용하므로 질소 및 인 저류량이 높음 - 산림형 번들: 대전, 울산, 충북, 경북, 경남이 포함됨. 서식처질과 탄소저장능력이 다른 서비스에 비해 높으며, 조절서비스와 지지서비스의 시너지 효과가 나타남 - 도서형 번들: 제주도가 해당됨. 기후와 토양이 내륙과 다르며, 아열대 습윤 기후대에 속하고 수량공급서비스가 풍부함 4. 토지 피복·이용 변화에 따른 생태계서비스 변화분석 ❏ 토지 피복·이용 변화에 따른 생태계서비스 변화 통합평가 ㅇ 1989년과 2009년 사이 거의 모든 지역에서 시가화지역이 늘고 산림이 감소했으며, 농경지의 경우 대도시 지역에서는 감소하고 그 외 지역에서는 증가하는 경향을 보임 ㅇ 서울, 부산, 대구, 인천 등 대부분 지역에서 단위면적당 서비스 제공 총량이 감소함 - 생태계서비스의 큰 역할을 담당하는 산림 면적 감소 영향이 크게 나타남 ❏ 토지 피복·이용 변화에 따른 생태계서비스 트레이드오프 관계 변화 ㅇ 생태계서비스 트레이드오프 및 시너지 관계는 주성분분석 결과로, 서비스 간의 관계는 벡터 간 각도를 통해 확인 가능함 ㅇ 우리나라의 경우 서식처질 및 탄소저장서비스와 인조절서비스 간의 트레이드오프관계가 발생하는 것으로 확인됨 ㅇ 트레이드오프 및 시너지 효과가 두드러지게 나타나는 지역은 제주, 경기, 광주로 나타남 - 제주: 수질조절서비스가 상승할 때 산림제공서비스인 서식처질, 탄소저장서비스가 감소함 - 경기, 광주: 수질조절서비스와 산림제공서비스인 서식처질, 탄소저장서비스가 동시에 하락함 5. 시사점 ❏ 생태계서비스 번들 작성 및 서비스 연계 특성을 확인하는 과정에서, 국토계획 의사결정 시 각 생태계서비스의 장단점과 서비스 간 트레이드오프, 시너지 효과를 고려하는 통찰력을 제공할 수 있으리라 기대함 Ⅲ. 생태계-환경유해인자 건강영향 연계 ❏ 본 연구의 2단계 사업(2019~2021년)에서는 화학물질이 생태계를 거쳐 식이 노출의 경로로 인간에게 미치는 영향을 파악하는 화학물질의 피해추정 틀을 구축하고자 함 ㅇ 2단계 1차 연도(2019년)에는 유해인자-생태계(수용체)-건강영향의 첫 연계경로인‘화학물질이 생태계에 미치는 영향’을 평가한 문헌을 통해 환경유해인자에 대한 생태위해성평가 및 피해비용 추정의 기초조사를 수행함 ㅇ 2단계 2차 연도(2020년)에는 주요 환경유해인자로 인한 생태위해성평가 및 피해비용추정의 국내 활용사례를 조사하여, ‘환경유해인자-생태계 영향-가치추정’ 경로에 기반한 생태계위해성과 가치추정 연계 가능성을 모색하고자 함 1. 연구개요 ❏ 2016년 미국 환경보호청(US EPA)은 기존의 생태위해성평가 끝점(endpoint)에 ‘생태위해성평가에 도입이 가능한 생태계서비스 끝점’을 추가한 새로운 위해성평가 형태를 제시함(ES-GEAEs: Ecosystem Services Ggeneric Ecological Assessment Endpoints) ㅇ 이는 생태계가 인간에게 베푸는 경제적, 사회심리적, 그리고 보건적 혜택과 같은 인간의 관점에서 정량적 편익분석 및 가치평가를 가능하게 함 - 그중 AQUATOX 모델은 오염물질로 인한 수생태계 영향을 통합적으로 평가하는 것이 가능하고, 개체 수준의 독성 자료를 다종(multi-species) 또는 생태계 반응과 연계할 수 있는 장점을 가지고 있어 활용도가 높을 것으로 기대됨 - 본 연구에서는 AQUATOX 모델을 통한 ‘화학물질 유입-생태계서비스 변화-가치평가’ 연계가 가능한지 모델의 활용성을 검토하고자 하며, 이를 위해 AQUATOX모델로 생태위해성평가를 수행한 연구사례들을 살펴봄 2. 사례분석 ❏ AQUATOX 모델 ㅇ AQUATOX는 수생태계에서 영양염과 퇴적물 및 독성 화학물질 등과 같은 일반적인 오염물질의 복합적인 환경적 거동과 영향을 평가하는 생태위해성평가 모델임 - 간단한 모델부터 복잡한 수생태 먹이망(food web)의 섭식 단계를 고려한 모델까지 구현이 가능함 ㅇ AQUATOX 주요 입력자료 및 결과 - 입력자료: 종별 생물량 밀도, 수질 정보, 수리학적 정보 및 환경변화(화학물질 노출, 부영양화 등)에 대한 입력 - 결과: 종별 생물량 밀도 변화, 화학물질의 농도 변화 및 수질 변화 등 ❏ AQUATOX 모델을 활용하여 생태영향을 평가한 국내 사례연구 ㅇ 이한필(2012): 국내 최초로 AQUATOX 모델을 활용하여 수생태위해성 예측 및 장기 생태영향평가를 수행한 연구 - 팔당호 생태 변화를 모의하여 계절적 특성과 섭식영향 단계에 따른 생물량(biomass)변화를 분석하고, 농약(제초제) 및 가축사료 첨가제의 유입 시나리오를 설정하여 생태영향을 생물량으로 모의함 ㅇ 염재훈, 김상돈(2019): 톨루엔 하천 유출 시나리오의 생태영향평가 수행 - 국내 종에 대해 평가했다는 차별성이 존재함 - 생물량 정보를 밀도로 전환하는 방식을 사용함 ㅇ 국립환경과학원(2018): 국내 대하천 본류 수생태계 생태모델링 개념을 정립하여 AQUATOX를 분석모델로 선정하고, 이를 적절한 구간에 시범적용하여 우리나라 여건에 맞는 수생태계 변화 예측 기반을 구현하는 연구를 수행 - 먹이망 기반 모델과 종다양성 모델을 병행하여 사용할 경우 AQUATOX는 생태계를 재현·예측하고 해석하는 좋은 도구가 될 수 있음을 제시함 ❏ AQUATOX 모델을 활용하여 생태영향을 평가한 국외 사례연구 ㅇ Galic et al.(2019): AQUATOX 모델을 이용하여 “화학물질 노출-생태계서비스변화-가치 평가”를 연계한 대표적 사례연구 - AQUATOX를 통해 “Abundance of game fish(Biomass)”와 “Water clarity(Secchi depths)” 결과(추정)값을 얻은 후 이에 대한 가치 평가를 수행함 3. 연구방법론 적용방안 검토 ❏ AQUATOX 모델로 생태영향을 평가한 선행연구 검토결과, 생물량 변화에 대한 결과도출이 가능함을 확인함 ❏ 국내에서도 Galic et al.(2019)의 생태위해성평가 결과와 같이, 가치추정을 어떻게연계할 것인지를 검토할 필요가 있음 ❏ 연계방안 제안 ㅇ 화학사고 또는 환경오염에 대한 가상 시나리오 선정 및 설문을 통하여 “생물량”에 대한 가치를 정량화하는 방안이 있음 ㅇ AQUATOX 모델의 결과물을 지표로 연계하고, 해당 지표에 대한 경제적 가치를 파악하는 지표연계방식을 고려해 볼 수 있음 Ⅳ. 환경유해인자로 인한 건강영향 가치 추정 1. 연구개요 ❏ 장애보정손실연수(DALY: Disability-Adjusted Life Year)는 WHO 및 환경부 등 국가별 통용지표로서, 주요 환경질환 간 비교뿐 아니라 질병 내 환경유해인자의 기여도 파악과 같은 환경보건정책에도 활용되고 있음 ㅇ DALY는 ‘조기사망으로 인해 손실된 수명’에 ‘장애로 인한 손실된 건강하게 살아갈 수 있는 연수’를 합한 것임 ❏ 선행연구에 의해 도출된 DALY의 원단위가 존재하므로 DALY로 표현되는 건강영향은 경제적 가치 추정이 가능함 ❏ DALY를 통해 평가되는 화학물질 관련 질환은 지속적으로 확대되고 있으며, 본 연구에서는 수은 및 IQ, 심혈관계 질환 등 화학물질 건강영향의 정량화 및 가치추정에 대한 사례를 검토하고자 함 2. 사례분석 ❏ DALY 관련 사례연구 ㅇ Grandjean and Bellanger(2017): 질병으로 확인되지 않는 신체의 기능적 변화에 주목하여 노출-반응 상관관계를 분석하고, 불확실성을 고려하여 기존의 DALY 계산 - 신경독성 영향: PBDEs, 인산계 농약 등 인식기능 손실 등 - EDCs(환경호르몬)의 영향: 프탈레이트, PBDEs, DE 등 생식계통, 당뇨, 비만 등 - 질산염으로 인한 암 발생: 대장암, 난소암, 갑상선암, 신장암, 췌장암 등 ❏ 적용 대상 국내자료 검토 ㅇ 검토할 수 있는 국내 관련자료 목록은 다음과 같음 - Kim et al.(2019): 주요 프탈레이트인 DHEP와 갑상선 기능과의 상관관계 메타분석을 수행함. 프탈레이트로 인한 국내 건강영향을 정량화하고 가치추정 방안을 마련할 필요가 있음 - 서울특별시 아리수 함유 질산염 관련 자료: 질산염 노출이 유발하는 암에 대한 DALYs 및 가치추정 방법론을 국내 아리수 질산염 농도 자료 등에 적용할 수 있음 ❏ 건강영향 정량화 및 가치 시범추정 사례 ㅇ 음용수 섭취를 통한 질산염의 건강영향 정량화를 Temkin et al.(2019)의 방법론에 따라 시범적으로 수행하고 이에 대한 가치를 각 질병별로 추정함 ㅇ 극소 저체중 발생 - 아리수 급수 대상 중 질산염 노출로 인한 극소 저체중 신생아의 IQ 손실 총합을 도출하면 연간 약 2,012임(2019년 기준) - IQ 변화 단위가치(안소은 외, 2018)를 적용한 결과 총 피해는 연간 약 280억 원으로 추정됨 ㅇ 질산염 음용으로 인한 대장암 발생 - 아리수 급수 대상 중 질산염 노출로 인한 대장암 발생은 2,951명으로 추정됨 - Temkin et al.(2019)에서 제시한 대장암 환자 1인의 DALYs인 7.2를 적용하고(대장암으로 인한 DALYs: 21,248), 안소은 외(2018)의 DALY 원단위 가치(2,339만원)를 적용하면 ‘질산염 노출로 인한 대장암 발생의 가치’는 연간 약 4,970억 원으로 추정됨 4. 향후 추진사항 ❏ 최근 연구 DALYs 방법론 적용을 통한 정량화 기법 및 질환 추가 고려가 필요함 ❏ 건강영향의 가치추정 방법론에 대한 보완이 필요함 ㅇ DALY 가치추정 과정에서 적용한 VOLY 외에도 QALY 등 삶의 질 변화를 고려할 수 있는 지표 등에 대한 추가적인 고려가 필요함 ❏ OECD에서 2020년부터 추진 중인 SWACHE 프로젝트(OECD, 2020)와의 지속적인 연계방안 마련과 관련 연구 수행이 필요함 ㅇ 우선, IQ 손실과 관련된 대상 화학물질을 확대하고 지불의사금액(WTP)을 도출하는 연구 등을 수행할 필요가 있음 Ⅰ. Value Estimation of Ecosystem Services for Habitat Quality 1. Research Overview ❏ Research objectives ㅇ To improve the application of the integrated analysis procedure by estimating the economic value and benefits of the change in ecosystem habitat quality using environmental economy integrated analysis procedure ㅇ To estimate the economic value based on the results of an assessment of the impact of changes in habitat quality on ecosystem services by Hyunno Kim et al. (2019) ❏ Research contents ㅇ Habitat quality, which indicates whether the proper conditions for wildlife inhabitation are provided, corresponds to supporting services among ecosystem services. ㅇ The results of an assessment of habitat quality based on land cover changes in Jeju Island, previously evaluated by Hyunno Kim et al. (2019), were used. ㅇ Preferences for ecotourism destinations in Jeju Island and their public perception were identified based on the Jeju Island Ecotourism Survey (2019), and the economic value of the change in habitat quality in 12 main tourist sites were estimated using the choice experiment (CE) method. 2. Literature Review ❏ Literature review on the economic valuation of biodiversity using the CE method ㅇ Biodiversity is often included as a major attribute of ecotourism. The properties of the CE method used in previous studies that evaluated the economic value of the major characteristics of ecotourism are as follows: - Chaminuka et al. (2012): village accommodation, village tours, visits to crafts market - Juutinen et al. (2011): biodiversity, number of visitors, rest areas information sign, admission fee - Naidoo and Adamowicz (2005): travel time, admission fee, type of tourism, accommodation, landscape features, number of bird species, likelihood of seeing large game animals 3. Survey Analysis ❏ Survey overview ㅇ To determine preferences for ecotourism destinations in Jeju Island, and their public perceptions, an online survey was carried out among 3,000 adults who visited some of the 12 main tourist sites in Jeju Island in the last 5 years (October 21-25, 2019). ❏ Choice experiment (CE) design ㅇ CE is a method to estimate the willingness to pay for changes in the attributes of the subject of analysis. ㅇ In the online survey, the main attributes of the 12 ecotourism destinations in Jeju Island included on-site facilities (0-100 points), information and interpretation services (5-point scale), habitat quality (0-1), and admission fee per person. ㅇ The choices in the questionnaire were suggested based on the respondent’s selection of preferred tourist sites and evaluation of related experiences. 4. Empirical Analysis ❏ Analysis model ㅇ In this study, the basic conditional logit (CL) model and the random parameter logit (RPL) model were used for the estimation to reflect the heterogeneity of the respondent’s preference. ❏ Analysis results ㅇ The NLOGIT 6.0 software was used for CL, RPL, and RPL+EC models. The coefficients of the CL model were estimated using maximum likelihood estimation, while those of the RPL and RPL+EC models were estimated using simulated maximum likelihood estimation. ㅇ All parameters matched the predicted sign and were statistically significantly estimated. The tourist sites with superior on-site facilities, information and interpretation services, and habitat quality had a higher probability of being selected, while those with higher admission fees had a lower probability of being selected. ㅇ Based on the AIC, BIC, and Pseudo R2 of the three estimation models, the RPL model was more preferred. Based on the likelihood-ratio (LR) test results of the RPL and RPL+EC models, the RPL+EC model was found to be more suitable. Therefore, the estimation results of the RPL+EC model were used to estimate the benefits of the change in habitat quality. ❏ Benefit estimation ㅇ The change in habitat quality over the past 10 years (2009-2019) varied per tourist site, but it increased by 0.19 on average. - The forest area with high habitat quality increased by approximately 100 km², and the farmland area with low habitat quality decreased by approximately 150 km2. These results indicate that the overall habitat quality increased. ㅇ Based on the results of the estimation of compensating surplus (CV) due to the change in habitat quality, it was deduced that the social benefit ranged from KRW 253 (Jeolmul Natural Recreation Forest) to KRW 2,302 (Bijarim Forest) per person. This excluded the case of Seogwipo Natural Recreation Forest, where there was no change in habitat quality. ㅇ Considering the number of visitors for each tourist site in 2019, the social benefit of the change in habitat quality ranged from KRW 0.18 billion (Jeolmul Natural Recreation Forest) to KRW 2.37 billion per year (Jungmun Daepo Beach Jusangjeolli Range), and the social benefit resulting from the improvement of habitat quality in the 12 tourist sites is estimated to be approximately KRW 12 billion per year. 5. Implications ❏ With respect to biodiversity and its benefits, the results of this study can be used as a reference for decision making in policies and projects requiring land-use development. Ⅱ. Comprehensive Evaluation of Ecosystem Services 1. Research background and objectives ❏ Research background ㅇ The land-use policy focusing on land-use efficiency caused an imbalance between ecosystem services. Hence, the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA) stated that distinguishing tradeoffs and synergy, interactions existing between ecosystem services, are important (MA, 2010). ㅇ Interactions between ecosystem services occur when multiple services change due to a single driving force, or when services change in response to changes in other services (Bennett et al., 2009). - Interactions between ecosystem services can be identified through “bundles,” a set of ecosystem services that appear over space or time repeatedly (Raudsepp-Hearne, Peterson, and Bennett, 2010, p.5242). ❏ Research objectives ㅇ For environmental management using ecosystem services evaluation, it is very important to understand the relationship between ecosystem services. This can be achieved by applying various statistical methods. - The InVEST (Integrated Valuation of Environmental Services and Tradeoffs) Model was used to analyze ecosystem services. - Land-Use Land Cover (LULC) changes in 1989-2009 were evaluated through five ecosystem services, and regions where ecosystem service interactions changed were identified through principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. - Time series changes for several ecosystem services were estimated for the Jeju Island region. 2. Integrated Analysis Evaluation Method for Ecosystem Services ❏ Evaluation and verification of ecosystem services ㅇ In this study, a number of ecosystem services were evaluated and verified utilizing InVEST, an ecosystem service-based decision support model developed by the Natural Capital Project, and the comprehensive evaluation was performed based on the results. ❏ Integrated valuation of ecosystem services: heatmap ㅇ To overcome difficulties in comparing results due to different units and ranges of values for each ecosystem service, a heatmap was created to enable visual comparison. ❏ Trade-off relationship analysis of ecosystem services ㅇ To determine the trend in ecosystem service provision by region, ecosystem type, and region, a bundle of ecosystem services by region was derived. The correlation between water supply, water purification (nitrogen undercurrent, phosphorus undercurrent), carbon storage, and habitat quality was effectively represented using PCA. ㅇ After PCA, the regional results showed a tendency of homogeneous ecosystem service provision, which were presented as clusters through K-means clustering. 3. Status Evaluation of Ecosystem Services ❏ Current status evaluation ㅇ The ecosystem services across all regions of South Korea that were evaluated based on the 2009 land cover map are as follows: - In terms of water supply service, Hangang River and Nakdonggang River contribute the most, about 26 and 20 billion m³, respectively. Moreover, for the water quality control service, Hangang River and Nakdonggang River together underrun 30 tons of nitrogen and 2 tons of phosphorus, annually. In terms of water resources ecosystem services, Hangang River and Nakdonggang River were confirmed to be the main source of supply. - The carbon storage service playing a role in climate control and the habitat quality service related to the habitat base of ecosystems, plants, and animals were the services in which forests, grasslands, and wetlands had a high contribution. Therefore, the corresponding services tend to be dominant in Hangang River and Nakdonggang River, including the Gangwon-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, and Gyeongsangnam-do regions with rich forests. ❏ Trade-off relationship analysis of ecosystem services ㅇ Seventeen domestic metropolitan governments were grouped into four bundles through PCA and K-means clustering on the amount of ecosystem services provided. ㅇ The four bundles were classified as (1) urban type, (2) agricultural type, (3) forest type, and (4) island type. They have the following characteristics: - Urban type bundle: This included Seoul, Incheon, Pusan, and Daegu. Due to the effect of by-products discharged from human activities, there was a large amount of phosphorus load. Hence, its undercurrent amount was high. - Agricultural type bundle: This included Gyeonggi, Sejong, Jeonbuk, Jeonnam, Chungnam, and Gwangju. Nitrogen and phosphorus were used as fertilizers in agricultural activities. Hence, their undercurrent amount was high. - Forest type bundle: This included Daejeon, Ulsan, Chungbuk, Gyeongbuk, and Gyeonnam. The habitat quality and carbon storage capacity was higher than other services, and the synergy between regulating and supporting services were observed. - Island type bundle: This included Jeju Island. The climate and soil are different from that of the inland region. It belongs to the subtropical wet climate zone and water quantity supply service is abundant. 4. Analysis of Changes in Ecosystem Services Based on Changes in Land Cover and Use ❏ Integrated evaluation of changes in ecosystem services based on changes in land cover and use ㅇ From 1989 to 2009, urbanized areas increased and forest decreased in almost all regions. Farmland tended to decrease in large urban areas and increase in other areas. ㅇ The total amount of service per unit area decreased in most regions such as Seoul, Pusan, Daegu, and Incheon. - The effect of decreasing forest area, which plays a central role in ecosystem services, was significant. ❏ Changes in the trade-off relationship of ecosystem services based on changes in land cover and use ㅇ The trade-off and synergistic effects of ecosystem services were determined through PCA, and the relationship between services was confirmed through the angle between vectors. ㅇ In South Korea, there is a trade-off relationship between habitat quality and carbon storage services and phosphorus regulating services. ㅇ The regions with noticeable trade-off and synergistic effects were Jeju, Gyeonggi, and Gwangju. - Jeju: When the water quality control service increased, the habitat quality and carbon storage services, which are provided by forests, decreased. - Gyeonggi, Gwangju: The water quality control service, along with the forest provisioning service such as habitat quality and carbon storage services, decreased simultaneously. 5. Implications ❏ In the process of developing an ecosystem services bundle and identifying the characteristics of service connection, it was expected that insights considering the advantages and disadvantages of each ecosystem service, along with the trade-off and synergistic effects between services when making decisions on land-use planning, would be gleaned. Ⅲ. Title ❏ In the second phase (2019-2021) of this study, a framework for estimating chemical damage, particularly the effect of chemicals on humans through dietary exposure in the ecosystem, will be established. ㅇ In the first year of the second phase, (2019), an ecological risk assessment of harmful environmental factors and a preliminary investigation on the estimated cost of damage were performed by reviewing the literature that assessed “the effect of chemicals on the ecosystem,” which is the first link route of the harmful factor-ecosystem (acceptor)-health impact. ㅇ In the second phase of the second year (2020), domestic cases of the ecological risk assessment and damage cost estimation due to major environmental hazards were investigated to find the possibility of connecting the ecosystem risk and value estimation based on “environmental harmful factor-ecosystem effect-value estimation” route. 1. Research Overview ❏ In 2016, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) proposed a new form of risk assessment by adding ”ecosystem service endpoints that can be introduced into ecological risk assessment” to the existing ecological risk assessment endpoint (ES-GEAEs; ecosystem services generic ecological assessment endpoints) ㅇ This enables the quantitative benefit analysis and valuation from a human perspective, such as economic, socio-psychological, and health benefits that the ecosystem provides to humans. - Among them, the AQUATOX model makes it possible to comprehensively assess the effect of contaminants on the aquatic ecosystem. It has the advantage of linking entity-level toxicity data to multi-species or ecosystem reactions; thus, it is expected to have a wide application. - This study will review the utility of the model, whether it can link the “introduction of chemical change in ecosystem service-value evaluation.” In this regard, cases where ecological risk assessments were performed using the AQUATOX model were investigated. 2. Case Analysis ❏ AQUATOX model ㅇ AQUATOX is an ecological risk assessment model evaluating the complex environmental behavior and effect of general contaminants such as nutrients, sediments, and toxic chemicals in the aquatic ecosystem. - It is possible to move from a simple model to a model considering the food intake of a complex aquatic food web. ㅇ AQUATOX major input data and results - Input data: Input on biomass density for each species, water quality information, hydrographical information, and environmental changes (exposure to chemicals, eutrophication, etc.) - Results: Change in biomass density for each species, change in chemical concentration, change in water quality, etc. ❏ A domestic case study evaluating ecological impact using the AQUATOX model ㅇ Hanpil Lee (2012): Conducted a pioneering study on aquatic ecology risk prediction and long-term ecological impact assessment using the AQUATOX model, which was the first of its kind in South Korea. - Simulated the ecological change of Paldangho Lake, analyzed the biomass change according to the seasonal characteristics and food intake impact stages, and simulated the ecological impact of biomass by setting up a scenario of introducing agricultural pesticides (herbicide) and feed additives. ㅇ Jaehoon Yeom, Sangdon Kim (2019): Performed an ecological impact assessment of a scenario of toluene spill into the river - Distinct characteristics used to evaluate the domestic species - Used the method of converting biomass information to density ㅇ National Institute of Environmental Research (2018): Established the concept of aquatic ecosystem ecological modeling of the domestic large river mainstream in South Korea; selected AQUATOX as an analysis model, applied it to the appropriate range, and performed a study on materializing the prediction basis for the aquatic ecosystem change that fits domestic conditions. - In the case of running the food web-based model and species diversity model in parallel, it was suggested that the AQUATOX can be a good tool for reproducing, predicting, and interpreting ecosystems. ❏ An international case study evaluating ecological impact using the AQUATOX model ㅇ Galic et al. (2019): Conducted a representative case study research that linked “exposure to chemical-ecosystem service change-value evaluation” using the AQUATOX model. - Obtained the result (predicted) values of “abundance of game fish (biomass)” and “water clarity (secchi depths)” through the AQUATOX and performed valuation using these values. 3. Review on Research Methodology Application Method ❏ Based on a review of literature evaluating ecological impact using the AQUATOX model, it was possible to derive results on changes in biomass. ❏ There is a need to review how to connect value estimation in South Korea, similar to the ecology risk assessment results shown by Galic et al. (2019). ❏ Suggestions for linkage ㅇ There is a method to quantify the value of “biomass” through the hypothetical scenario selection and the questionnaire about chemical accident or environmental pollution. ㅇ The index linking method, in which the results of the AQUATOX model is linked to an index to determine the economic value of the corresponding index, can be considered. Ⅳ. Estimation of Health Impact Value due to Environmental Harmful Factor 1. Research Overview ❏ Disability-Adjusted Life Year (DALY) is a commonly used index by countries including WHO and Ministry of Environment. It is used not only for comparing major environmental diseases but also for environmental health policies, such as understanding the level of contribution of environmental harmful factors within diseases. ㅇ DALY is the sum of ”lifespan damaged by early death” and ”number of years living healthy that is damaged by disability.” ❏ Since the basic unit of DALY was derived from the previous studies, it is possible to estimate the economic value of the health impact expressed as DALY. ❏ Chemical-related diseases evaluated through DALY are continuously expanding. This study will review cases on the quantification of chemical health impact and value estimation, such as mercury and IQ, cardiovascular system disease. 2. Case analysis ❏ DALY-related case studies ㅇ Grandjean and Bellanger (2017): Focused on the functional change of the human body that is not identified as a disease, analyzed the correlation between exposure-response, and proposed the method to supplement the existing DALY calculation method. - Calculated disease burden using the concept of attributing factor (AF) - For instance, lead or mercury is known to cause adverse health impacts in the nervous system, while organophosphorus biocides and brominated flame retardant are neurotoxic materials, the cause-and-effect relationship of which are not recognized. The disease burden of this major group of materials was estimated. - The cost estimation results related to the neurotoxicity for four groups of materials accounted for over 2.5% of the world GDP, and using this method, the damage costs for cancer and respiratory diseases were obtained. ㅇ Prüss-Ustün A. et al. (2016): Reviewed 133 diseases and injuries through a literature review; and conducted a comparative risk assessment based on epidemiology estimation, specialist opinion, and disease propagation path information, and used the level of contribution of each population group for the calculation of disease burden for each environmental factor - When estimating the burden of disease, the level of contribution of the corresponding factor varied depending on whether the environmental factors were included. - Suggested the level of contribution of environmental and nonenvironmental factors on the disease burden for each target disease. ㅇ Navrud S. (2018): The OECD estimated the health impact, environmental impact, and economic benefit of phthalate, mercury, NMP (N-Methyl- 2-pyrrolidone), and formaldehyde through a literature review on the health impact and economic valuation of chemicals. ㅇ Temkin A. (2019): A study estimating the health impact of nitrate through drinking water intake and the corresponding economic damage. - The incidence of and number of patients with colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, renal cancer, thyroid cancer, and bladder cancer, along with infant-related diseases, were presented among the health impacts of nitrate. - The annual DALYs for patients suffering from nitrate were deduced and converted to economic damage. 3. Review of Research Methodology Application Method ❏ Additional chemicals and diseases for DALY derivation ㅇ The subjects reviewed for the application of DALY derivation and economic damage estimation methodology in this study are shown below. - Neurotoxicity impact: loss of recognition functions, including PBDEs, phosphorus agricultural pesticides - Effect of EDCs (endocrine-disrupting chemicals): reproductive system, diabetes, and obesity including phthalate, PBDEs, and DE - Cancer caused by nitrate: colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, thyroid cancer, renal cancer, pancreatic cancer, etc. ❏ Review of application target domestic data ㅇ The list of related domestic data that can be reviewed is shown below. - Kim et al. (2019): Conducted a meta-analysis of the correlation between DHEP, a major phthalate, and thyroid function. There is a need to quantify the domestic health impact due to the phthalate and prepared the value estimation method. - Data related to nitrate in Seoul Metropolitan Government Arisu: Methodology of DALYs and value estimation about cancer due to the exposure to nitrate can be applied to the domestic Arisu nitrate concentration data. ❏ Cases of health impact quantification and value demonstrative estimation ㅇ The quantification of health impacts of nitrate through drinking water intake was demonstratively conducted according to the methodology of Temkin et al. (2019), and the value for each disease was estimated. ㅇ Occurrence of very low weight - The total sum of IQ loss of infants with very low birth weight due to exposure to nitrate in the Arisu water supply was calculated to be approximately 2,012 per year (as of 2019). - Based on the application results of the IQ change unit value (Soeun Ahn et al., 2018), the total damage was estimated to be around KRW 28 billion annually. ㅇ Colorectal cancer incidence due to nitrate intake - Among the Arisu intake targets, colorectal cancer incidence due to the nitrate intake was estimated to be 2,951 cases. - Applying the DALYs of 7.2 for one colorectal cancer patient suggested by Temkin et al.(2019) (DALYs due to colorectal cancer: 21,248) and DALY basic unit value (KRW 23.39 million) by Soeun Ahn et al. (2018), the ”value of colorectal cancer incidence due to the exposure to nitrate” is estimated to be approximately KRW 49.70 billion per year. 4. Considerations for future enforcement ❏ Future research should consider disease and quantification techniques through the application of DALYs methodology. ❏ The methodology should include the economic valuation of health impacts. ㅇ In addition to the VOLY applied in the DALY value, further consideration is required for indices that can take into account the change of life quality such as QALY, apart from VOLY applied during the DALY value estimation process. ❏ The continuous link method with the SWACHE project propelled by the OECD from 2020 should be prepared, and related research needs to be performed. ㅇ Above all, the target chemicals related to the IQ loss should be expanded, and research on deriving the willingness to pay (WTP) should be carried out.

환경정의 구현을 위한 건강위해성 평가 및 관리전략 도입 연구

배현주,정다운,오규림,김시진 한국환경정책평가연구원 2020 기본연구보고서 Vol.2020 No.-

Ⅰ. 서론 1. 연구의 필요성 □ 환경유해인자의 노출과 건강영향의 차별적 요소 ㅇ 환경유해인자로 인한 건강피해는 환경유해인자의 물리화학적 특성과 농도뿐 아니라 유해인자의 노출수준과 노출경로, 건강영향 등에 영향을 주는 개인적 요소, 지역적 요소 및 사회·경제적 요소들이 복합적으로 작용함 □ 환경정의 실현을 위해 환경정의 기반 위해관리체계의 도입이 필요함 ㅇ 환경보건 분야에서 환경정의를 실제로 활용할 수 있도록 하기 위해서는 건강위해성 평가 및 관리 전 과정(건강위해성 평가-관리기획-정책시행-정책평가)에서 환경정의 요소의 도입이 시급함 2. 연구의 목적 및 내용 □ 연구 목적 ㅇ 본 연구에서는 환경정의를 고려한 건강위해성 평가체계를 구축하고, 환경정의 요소를 고려한 관리전략을 도입하여 환경정의를 구현하는 위해관리체계를 마련하고자 함 □ 연구 세부 내용 ㅇ 제2장에서는 환경정의 관련 개념과 연구, 법/제도 현황을 파악하여 기초자료를 조사하고 위해성평가에서의 환경정의 요소를 살펴보았음. 제3장에서는 국외 관련 제도와 환경정의 요소의 건강위해성 평가 활용사례를 조사·분석하여 시사점을 도출하였음. 제4장에서는 환경정의 기반 건강위해성 평가를 국내에 시범 적용하여 선행사례와의 비교·분석을 통해 그 활용성을 평가함. 5장에서는 환경정의 요소를 도입한 건강위해성 평가체계를 구축하고 이를 도입하기 위한 「환경보건법」과 「화학물질관리법」 개정안을 제시하였음. 또한 환경정의의 전략적 관리를 위한 전문자문위원회 설치를 제안하였음 Ⅱ. 환경정의의 개념 및 국내 현황 1. 환경정의의 개념 정의 □ 환경정의의 개념 및 정책 시행 목표 조사 ㅇ 국외에서 환경정의 개념이 등장한 배경과 우리나라에서 본격적으로 논의되는 과정을 살펴보고 국내외 연구자들과 국제기구에서의 환경정의 개념을 조사·분석 ㅇ 환경정책기본법 제2조 제2항(기본이념)에서는 환경정의의 분배적, 절차적, 교정적 정의를 명시하여 환경정의를 실현할 것을 명시하였고, 본 연구에서는 환경정책기본법의 환경정의 개념을 사용하였음 2. 환경정의 국내 선행연구 조사 □ 환경정의 국내 선행연구 조사 및 주제별 분류 ㅇ 국내 환경정의 연구는 2000년대 이후부터 시작되어 최근에 더욱 활발히 수행되는 추세이며 주제에 따라 개념과 이론, 지표 개발과 분석, 정책·법·제도, 실증 분석, 인식 제고 등의 분야로 구분할 수 있음 ㅇ 과거에는 환경정의 개념과 이론을 다루는 연구가 주를 이루었으며 최근에는 환경정의를 구체적으로 법제도에 적용하거나 데이터를 기반으로 환경정의 실태를 분석하는 연구들이 주로 수행됨 3. 환경정의 관련 국내 법·제도 □ 환경정의 측면의 국내 환경법 현황 조사 ㅇ 「환경정책기본법」과 기타 개별 환경 법률에서 다루는 제도들을 검토하여 환경정의 측면의 현황을 조사 - 「환경보건법」은 환경유해인자의 위해성평가, 취약지역 건강영향조사, 역학조사 제도를 통해 건강위험부담에 대한 정보를 파악하여 환경오염 원인자의 책임부담과 교정적 정의를 실현하는 수단으로 작용. 취약계층의 환경성 질환 예방사업과 같은 제도는 직접적으로 교정적 정의를 실현 - 「환경오염피해구제법」은 환경오염피해 구제제도, 자연환경 원상회복비용 청구 등을 통해 교정적 정의를 직접적으로 실현하도록 함 - 「환경영향평가법」은 정책이나 대규모 사업계획에 있어서는 분배적 정의를 실현할 수 있으나 건강영향 측면의 정량적 접근은 일부 개발사업과 일부 물질에 대해서만 수행되는 한계가 있음 □ 환경법에서의 환경약자 고려 ㅇ 「환경보건법」, 「화학제품안전법」 등의 법률상에서는 주로 생물학적 민감계층, 환경오염 취약지역, 노출 취약 직업군에 한정하여 환경약자를 다루고 있었으나 최근 「환경정책기본법」 개정을 통해 사회·경제적 취약계층, 기후변화 취약계층, 미래세대와 생태계 등 환경약자를 폭넓게 인식하고 전략을 마련하였음 4. 환경정의 요소 □ 건강위해성 평가의 목적을 달성할 수 있는 기본적인 요건으로 명확한 환경정의 요소 구분 ㅇ 개인: 환경유해인자로 인한 건강피해에 더 취약한 집단으로 환경약자에 속하는 민감·취약계층은 “생물학적 요소”와 “사회·경제적 요소”로 구분 ㅇ 물리적 환경: 개인(인구집단)이 거주하는 환경조건으로 노출과 직접적인 연관이 있으며 “공간적 요소”와 “환경오염 요소”로 구분 ㅇ 사회적 환경: 인구집단이 환경적 변화를 견뎌내기 위한 준비 정도로, 환경보건 문제발생 전에 관리할 수 있는 능력(사전 관리)인 “완충력”과 환경보건 문제 발생 후에 관리할 수 있는 능력(사후 관리)인 “회복력”으로 구분 ㅇ 건강: 환경유해요인과 특정한 건강영향의 상관관계인 농도-반응 함수, 환경유해요인에 의한 건강영향 수준 정도를 수치로 정량화 Ⅲ. 환경정의 요소의 건강위해성 평가 활용사례 1. 환경정의를 고려한 건강위해성 평가사례 □ EEA의 EU 건강영향평가 ㅇ 유럽 전역에서 대기오염, 소음, 폭염, 한파의 지역적 차이를 분석하여 사회적 취약성과 환경요인의 상관성을 분석함. 분석결과를 활용해 복합 유해인자 노출과 사회적 취약성에 대응하는 구체적인 관리방안을 제시하고 유럽 차원의 우선순위 정책 선정을 위한 기초자료 제공 □ 미국 EPA의 EJ Screen ㅇ 미국은 EPA에서 개발한 환경정의 기반 스크리닝 툴인 EJ SCREEN(Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool)을 활용하여 미국 전역의 환경 특성과 인구통계학적 특성을 이해하고 환경정의를 평가함 □ 미국 오하이오주 발전소 주변 건강영향평가 ㅇ 미국 오하이오주는 연방정부의 탄소배출 저감정책에 따라 청정전력계획을 수립하기 위해 인구학적 요소, 건강영향, 환경요인을 고려하여 통합 누적 취약성을 평가함 2. 환경정의를 고려한 평가체계 조사 □ 미국 EPA의 환경정의를 고려한 환경정책 개발 및 평가 ㅇ 미국 EPA는 환경정의 가이드라인을 마련하여 정책 생성과정에서 환경정의 이슈를 고려하도록 하고, 정책 개발단계별 환경정의의 주요 고려사항을 파악함 ㅇ 또한 정책의 평가과정에서 환경정의를 고려하도록 마련된 기술지침을 살펴보고 인체 위해성 평가에서 고려되고 있는 환경정의 요소를 검토 Ⅳ. 환경정의 기반 건강위해성 평가의 국내 시범 적용 1. 환경정의 기반 건강위해성 평가 시범 적용 □ 환경정의 기반 시범 평가와 우심지역 연구 비교 검토 ㅇ 환경부는 ‘전국 환경피해 우심지역에 대한 주민건강영향조사 방안 마련 연구’를 통해 사업장 집적지와 대규모 배출시설에 대한 우심지역을 선정한 바 있음. 본 연구에서는 환경정의 기반의 건강위해성을 평가하기 위하여 우심지역 결과와 환경정의를 고려한 건강위해성 평가결과를 비교 분석하였음 □ 환경정의 기반 시범 평가방식 ㅇ 본 연구의 시범 평가에서는 환경유해인자로 인한 건강영향 취약지역을 평가하기 위해 EPA 환경정의 심사도구인 EJ Screen의 지표 산출방식을 검토해 적용 - EJ Screen은 11개의 환경지표와 6개의 인구지표를 선정하였으며 본 연구에서는 자료의 적합성과 해상도 등을 고려해 최종적으로 6개의 환경지표, 5개의 인구지표를 시범 적용함 2. 환경정의 기반 시범 평가 결과 □ 시범 평가와 우심지역 평가 결과 비교를 위한 매트릭스 분석 ㅇ 대상 지역에 포함되는 주민건강영향조사와 역학조사가 추진된 지역은 모두 8곳으로 1곳을 제외하고 모든 환경정의 지수 평균 이상으로 나타남 ㅇ 환경정의 지수와 우심지수 모두 평균 이상인 1사분면은 전체 대상 지역의 10%인 260개 지역이 속하였고, 인구특성 5개 지표 중 5세 미만 인구 비율을 제외하고는 전국 평균보다 높은 값을 보였으며, 미세먼지(PM2.5) 연평균 농도를 제외하고는 환경 특성의 지표가 모두 높은 값을 보임 ㅇ 환경정의 지수와 우심지수 상위 10% 지역(240개)의 비교 결과, 인구 특성 중 다문화 인구 비율, 5세 미만 인구 비율을 제외하고는 환경정의 지수 상위 지역이 우심지수 상위 지역보다 높게 나타났으며 여름철 오존 농도, 노후주택비율은 환경정의 상위 지역에서 높게 나타남 ㅇ 부산시 강서구를 대상으로 각 환경정의 지표별로 백분위 분포도를 작성하였음 - 지표별 공간적 해상도의 차이로 전체 대상 지역을 모두 포함하기에는 제한점이 있으나 환경정의 기반 평가를 중심으로 지역의 환경정의 특성을 파악할 수 있으며 이를 통하여 관련 정책 개발과 수립의 근거 자료로 활용될 수 있음 Ⅴ. 환경정의 기반 건강위해성 평가 및 관리전략체계 구축 1. 환경정의 요소를 도입한 건강위해성 평가체계 구축 □ 건강위해성 관리의 전 과정(계획-진단-평가-활용)에서 환경정의 요소의 도입을 통한 환경약자를 우선 고려하는 평가체계 구축 ㅇ 계획 단계: 계획 및 범위 설정과 문제를 파악하는 단계로, 환경약자와 환경정의 문제에 기여하는 요소를 우선적으로 파악, 환경정의 분석범위 설정 ㅇ 진단 단계: 평가를 위한 정보, 평가범위, 방법론을 파악하고 필요한 정보를 수집하며 정보를 통합, 환경정의 요소를 파악하기 위한 데이터 및 방법론 결정 ㅇ 평가 단계: 통합된 정보를 기반으로 노출과 건강영향에 영향을 미치는 환경정의 지표를 분석하고 주요 건강/환경영향에 대한 환경약자의 의견 수렴 ㅇ 활용 단계: 평가 결과에 대한 결론을 도출하는 단계로, 최종 건강위해성 평가의 환경정의 이슈 제시와 확인된 이슈를 해결하기 위한 방법 및 정책 제안 2. 환경정의 기반 건강위해성 평가 도입을 위한 법개정·제도(안) □ 기존 건강영향조사와 환경영향평가에서 환경정의 고려 ㅇ 환경정의 기반을 마련하기 위해 기존의 「환경보건법」에서 환경정의를 고려한 내용으로 환경약자에 대한 내용 명시, 건강과 환경평가 항목의 신설, 정보제공 등에 대한 개정안을 제시함 □ 장외 영향평가·위해관리계획의 환경정의 기반 검토 및 적용 ㅇ 환경정의를 고려한 「화학물질관리법」 개정안으로, 위험도 분석 시 연령 등 취약계층의 인구구조 및 사회·경제적 지표 고려, 화학사고 발생 시 대응방법에서 환경 피해자 중 민감계층에 대한 건강보호대책 별도 마련, 지역사회 고지 의무조항에 주민의견 수렴 및 반영 결과 고지 항목 추가 3. 환경정의의 전략적 관리를 위한 전문자문위원회 설치 □ 정책개발에 있어 환경정의를 실현하기 위해서는 독립적이고 전문적인 환경정의 전문자문위원회(안)의 신설이 필요 ㅇ 환경정의 전문자문위원회(안)는 환경정의 거버넌스와 환경정의 과학자문으로 구분하여 20명 내의 위원으로 구성 - 환경정책 개발 수립 및 실행에 있어 환경부 담당부서에 환경정의 측면에서 고려해야 할 사항을 통합적으로 제안하고 자문함 ㅇ 지속적이고 효율적인 운영을 위하여 위원회 구성 신설에 대한 내용 제시 - 「환경보건법 시행령」 전문위원회 항목에서 환경정의 전문자문위원회와 관련한 항목을 추가, 환경정의 전문자문위원회 구성 및 운영에 대한 내용 명시 Ⅰ. Introduction 1. Research background □ Discriminatory factors in exposure to environmentally hazardous substances and health impact ㅇ Harmful effects on health from environmentally hazardous substances occur not only from the physicochemical properties and concentrations of the substances but also from exposure levels, pathways, and receptors of the substances that affect the manifestation of health effects through the complex combination of individual and social factors. □ In order to achieve environmental justice, a system to manage harmful materials which is based on the principles of environmental justice needs to be introduced. ㅇ To utilize the principles of environmental justice in the field of environmental health, the introduction of the elements of environmental justice is urgently needed in the entire process of health risk assessment and management (health risk assessment - management planning - implementation - policy evaluation). 2. Research purpose and content □ Purpose of the research ㅇ The aim of this study is to establish an assessment system that incorporates health risks based on the principles of environmental justice and implement a management strategy that considers the elements of environmental justice. □ Detailed research content ㅇ In Chapter 2, the elements of environmental justice in risk assessment were reviewed using basic data collected from related models, research, current policies, and laws. In Chapter 3, implications were derived by researching and analyzing international systems and cases addressing the use of environmental justice elements in health risk assessment. In Chapter 4, the utilization of environmental justice-based health risk assessment was evaluated by using pilot cases through comparison and analysis with previous cases. In Chapter 5, a health risk assessment system that incorporates environmental justice elements was constructed and draft amendments to the “Environmental Public Health Law” and “Chemical Substances Control Law” were presented in order to implement the system. In addition, the establishment of a professional advisory committee for strategically managing environmental justice was proposed. Ⅱ. Definitions of Environmental Justice and Current Status in South Korea 1. Definitions of environmental justice □ Definitions of environmental justice and research on policy implementation goals ㅇ In this study, the background of the emergence of the concept ‘environmental justice’ outside South Korea was investigated, the process of full-scale discussions in South Korea was examined, and the concept of environmental justice presented by domestic and foreign researchers and international organizations was investigated and analyzed. ㅇ Article 2.2 (basic philosophy) of the Basic Environmental Policy Law clarifies the distributive, procedural, and corrective definitions of environmental justice and clearly states that environmental justice should be achieved. This study uses the definitions of environmental justice stated in the law. 2. Survey of domestic precedent research cases on environmental justice □ Literature review of domestic research cases on environmental justice and classification by subject ㅇ Domestic research on environmental justice commenced in the 2000s and has been conducted more actively in recent years. It can be divided into various categories depending on the subject, for example, concepts and theories, development and analysis of indicators, policies and law implementation, empirical analysis, and awareness-raising. ㅇ Previously, studies dealing with the concept and theory of environmental justice were primarily conducted. In recent years, however, studies that specifically apply environmental justice to the legal system or analyze the actual state of environmental justice based on data have mostly been published. 3. Domestic laws and institutions related to environmental justice □ Survey of the current status of domestic environmental laws in terms of environmental justice ㅇ Investigating the current status of environmental justice by reviewing the Basic Environmental Policy Law and other institutions regulated by individual environmental laws - The Environmental Public Health Law serves as a means of realizing the responsibility and corrective justice by demanding remedies from those causing environmental pollution. This is achieved by gathering information on health risks through the risk assessment of environmental hazards, health impact investigation in vulnerable areas, and epidemiological investigation. Through schemes such as the environmental disease prevention program for the vulnerable, corrective justice can be directly achieved. - The Environmental Pollution Damage Relief Law serves as a means of directly achieving corrective justice through the environmental pollution damage relief scheme and making claims for natural environmental restoration costs. - Through the Environmental Impact Assessment Law, distributive justice can be achieved in cases of policies and large-scale construction projects but the quantitative approach in terms of health impact has limitations in that it can be applied to certain development projects and substances, only. □ Considerations of environmentally vulnerable groups in environmental laws ㅇ Under environmental laws such as the Environmental Public Health Law and the Chemical Substances Control Law, the definitions of environmentally vulnerable groups were limited to biologically sensitive groups, areas vulnerable to environmental pollution, and occupational groups vulnerable to exposure to environmental hazards. However, through the recent revision of the Basic Environmental Policy Law, the socioeconomically vulnerable groups, groups vulnerable to climate change, future generations, and ecosystems became widely recognized and the strategies were established accordingly. 4. Elements of environmental justice □ Clear classification of the elements of environmental justice as a basic requirement to achieve the purpose of health risk assessment ㅇ Individuals: Groups more vulnerable to health damage resulting from environmentally hazardous factors that are categorized into “biological factors” and “socioeconomic factors” ㅇ Physical environment: environmental conditions in which individuals (population groups) reside and are directly related to exposure; categorized into “spatial factors” and “environmental pollution factors” ㅇ Social environment: the degree of preparation of the population groups to endure environmental change that are divided into “buffer,” which is the ability to manage before an environmental health problem occurs (pre-management), and “recovery,” which is the ability to manage after an environmental health problem occurs (follow-up management). ㅇ Health: numerical quantification of the degree of health impact by environmental factors calculated by the concentration and response function, which is the correlation between environmental factors and specific health impacts. Ⅲ. Examples of the Use of the Elements of Environmental Justice in Health Risk Assessment 1. Examples of health risk assessment in consideration of the elements of environmental justice □ European Environment Agency’s EU health risk assessment ㅇ By analyzing regional differences in air pollution, noise, heat waves, and cold waves across Europe, the correlation between social vulnerability and environmental elements was analyzed. Using the results of this analysis, specific measurement plans to respond to exposure to complex harmful factors and social vulnerability were presented and basic data to select policies in Europe were provided. □ EJSCREEN of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) ㅇ The U.S. EPA uses the EJSCREEN (Environmental Justice Screening and Mapping Tool), an environmental justice-based screening tool developed by the U.S. EPA to determine environmental and demographic characteristics across the United States and evaluate the degree of environmental justice. □ Health risk assessments around power plants in Ohio, USA ㅇ In order to establish a clean power plan in accordance with the federal government’s carbon emission reduction policy, the state of Ohio evaluates the integrated cumulative vulnerability in consideration of demographic factors, health effects, and environmental factors. 2. Survey of the evaluation systems in consideration of environmental justice □ Development and analysis of environmental policy in the U.S. EPA in consideration of environmental justice ㅇ The U.S. EPA has prepared environmental justice guidelines to consider environmental justice issues in the policy development process and identify major considerations in environmental justice at each stage of policy development. ㅇ It also reviews the technical guidelines prepared to take environmental justice into account in the policy evaluation process and examines the elements of environmental justice being considered in the human risk assessment. Ⅳ. Domestic Pilot Application of Health Risk Assessment based on Environmental Justice 1. Pilot application of health risk assessment based on environmental justice □ Pilot application based on environmental justice and comparative review of research in vulnerable areas ㅇ The Ministry of Environment has selected vulnerable areas to the concentration of project sites and large-scale discharge facilities through the “National Research on Preparing Risk Impact Assessment on Residents in Vulnerable Areas.” In this study, the evaluation results of the vulnerable areas and the health risk assessment results in consideration of environmental justice were compared and analyzed to conduct health risk assessment based on environmental justice. □ Evaluation method of pilot application based on environmental justice ㅇ In the pilot evaluation of the study, the method of calculating the indicators of the EJSCREEEN, the U.S. EPA’s environmental justice review tool, was reviewed and applied to assess the health impact in vulnerable areas due to environmentally hazardous factors. - The EJSCREEN selected 11 environmental indicators and six population indicators and in the pilot study, six environmental indicators and five population indicators were applied to investigate the suitability and resolution of the data. 2. Results of pilot evaluation based on environmental justice □ Matrix analysis for comparison between pilot evaluation and vulnerable area evaluation results ㅇ Residents’ health impact surveys and epidemiological surveys were conducted in eight target areas. In all areas except one area, all of the environmental justice indices were higher than the average. ㅇ The first quadrant where the environmental justice indices and vulnerable area index were all above the average included 260 areas, which represents 10% of the total target areas, and showed higher scores than the national average except for the proportion of the population under age five among the five population characteristics. All indicators of environmental characteristics showed high values, with the exception of the annual average concentration of fine dust (PM2.5). ㅇ According to the result of comparison between the top 10% areas in terms of the environmental justice indicator scores and the vulnerable area index score, among the population characteristics, the areas with the higher environmental justice indices showed higher indicator scores than the areas with the higher vulnerable area index, with the exception of the multiracial population proportion and the proportion of the population under age five. The ozone concentration in summer and the proportion of dilapidated dwellings were high in areas with the high environmental justice indices. ㅇ Percentile distribution maps for Gangseo District, Busan, were prepared for each environmental justice index. - Due to the difference in the spatial resolution of each indicator, evaluation was limited to only certain target areas. However, it is possible to understand the characteristics of regional environmental justice centering on environmental justice-based evaluation and through this, the basis for developing and establishing related policies can be set. Ⅴ. Establishment of Health Risk Assessment and a Management Strategy System Based on Environmental Justice 1. Establishment of a health risk assessment system incorporating the elements of environmental justice □ Establishing an assessment system that prioritizes environmentally vulnerable groups through the introduction of the elements of environmental justice in the entire health risk management process (planning-diagnosis-assessment -utilization) ㅇ Planning stage: identifying the problem, setting the plan and scope, identifying the elements that contribute to the environmentally vulnerable group and environmental justice issues, and setting the scope of the environmental justice analysis ㅇ Diagnosis stage: identifying information for assessment, assessment scope, methodology, collecting the necessary information, integrating information, and determining data and methodology to identify the elements of environmental justice ㅇ Assessment stage: conducting analysis of environmental justice indicators that affect exposure and health impacts based on the integrated information and collecting opinions from the environmentally vulnerable population on major health and environmental impacts ㅇ Utilization stage: the stage to draw conclusions about the assessment results, presenting environmental justice issues in the final health risk assessment, and proposing methods and policies to resolve the identified issues 2. Legal amendment and system change (draft) to introduce health risk assessment based on environmental justice □ Consideration of environmental justice in existing health impact surveys and environmental impact assessments ㅇ In order to lay the foundation for environmental justice, we suggest specifying environmentally vulnerable groups taking environmental justice into account, establishing new evaluation indicators of health and environmental assessment, and revising the clauses of provision of information in the existing Environmental Public Health Law. □ Review and apply the basis for environmental justice of the off-site impact assessment and risk management planning ㅇ As an amendment to the Chemical Substances Control Law to promote environmental justice, we suggest the following: consider the demographic structure and socioeconomic indicators of vulnerable groups such as age in risk analysis; develop separate plans to protect the health of sensitive groups when responding to chemical accidents; and revise the mandatory clause of community notification to include informing of the community of whether residents’ feedback was accepted. 3. Establishment of a professional advisory committee for strategic management of environmental justice □ In order to achieve environmental justice in the policy development process, it is necessary to establish an independent and professional environmental justice advisory committee. ㅇ We suggest that the professional advisor committee should be divided into the environmental justice governance advisory group and environmental justice scientific advisory group, comprising of 20 members. - The committee will comprehensively propose issues to the Ministry of Environment that should be considered in the aspect of environmental justice and give advices accordingly in the development and implementation of environmental policy. ㅇ Specifying the establishment of the committee for continuous and efficient operation in the decree - We suggest revising the clause of professional advisory committees in the Enforcement Decree of the Environmental Public Health Law to include the professional advisory committee on environmental justice and specifying the composition and operation of the committee.

화학사고물질 노출에 따른 피해지역 주민 건강위해성평가 : 폼알데하이드 사례를 중심으로

박시현(Sihyun Park),조용성(Yong-Sung Cho),임희빈(Huibeen Lim),박지훈(Jihoon Park),이철민(Cheolmin Lee),황승율(Seung-Ryul Hwang),이청수(Chungsoo Lee) 한국환경보건학회 2021 한국환경보건학회지 Vol.47 No.2

Objectives: Acute exposure to high concentrations of chemicals can occur when a chemical accident takes place. As such exposure can cause ongoing environmental pollution, such as in the soil and groundwater, there is a need for a tool that can assess health effects in the long term. The purpose of this study was assessing the health risks of residents living near a chemical accident site due to long-term exposure while considering the temporal concentration changes of the toxic chemicals leaked during the accident until their extinction in the environment using a multimedia environmental dynamics model. Methods: A health risk assessment was conducted on three cases of formaldehyde chemical accidents. In this study, health risk assessment was performed using a multimedia environmental dynamics model that considers the behavior of the atmosphere, soil, and water. In addition, the extinction period of formaldehyde in the environment was regarded as extinction in the environment when the concentration in the air and soil fell below the background concentration prior to the accident. The subjects of health risk assessment were classified into four groups according to age: 0-9 years old, 10-18 years old, 19-64 years old, and over 65 years old. Carcinogenic risk assessment by respiratory exposure and non-carcinogenic risk assessment by soil intake were conducted as well. Results: In the assessment of carcinogenic risk due to respiratory exposure, the excess carcinogenic risk did not exceed 1.0×10−6 in all three chemical accidents, so there was no health effect due to the formaldehyde chemical accident. As a result of the evaluation of non-carcinogenic risk due to soil intake, none of the three chemical accidents had a risk index of 1, so there was no health effect. For all three chemical accidents, the excess cancer risk and hazard index were the highest in the age group 0-9. Next, 10-18 years old, 65 years old or older, and 19-64 years old showed the highest risk. Conclusion: This study considers environmental changes after a chemical accident occurs and until the substance disappears from the environment. It also conducts a health risk assessment by reflecting the characteristics of the long-term persistence and concentration change over time. It is thought that it is of significance as a health risk assessment study reflecting the exposure characteristics of the accident substance for an actual chemical accident.

환경영향평가서 위생·공중보건 항목의 위해성 평가 개선 연구

하종식 ( Jongsik Ha ),김경호,김유미,양경,최영웅,양태경 한국환경정책평가연구원 2017 기본연구보고서 Vol.2017 No.-

우리나라의 건강영향평가는 「환경보건법」 제13조에 따라 환경영향평가 대상 사업 중 특정 사업에 대해 개발로 인한 건강영향평가 및 저감방안을 마련하는 형태로 진행되고 있다. 특히 개발사업으로 인한 대기질(악취), 수질, 소음·진동의 영향 및 이로 인한 건강 악영향을 개별로 평가하고 있으며, 이를 근거로 개별 저감방안을 마련하고 있다. 하지만 현행 건강영향평가는 개발사업 주변의 주거 및 활동 인구분포를 감안한 위해성 평가 및 이를 고려한 저감방안 마련 그리고 수용체 중심에서 다양한 매체의 영향을 통합한 영향평가에 한계가 있다. 이에 본 연구의 목적은 환경영향평가서 내 위생·공중보건 항목 평가·작성 시 수용체중심의 매체 통합적 위해성 평가를 위한 방법론적 개선 방안을 제안하는 것이다. 방법론적 개선 방안은 수용체 중심의 매체 통합적 위해성 평가에 대한 개념 및 세부 방법론 정립, 시범적 적용 그리고 이를 바탕으로 현행 위생·공중보건 항목의 작성 매뉴얼 개선(안)을 제안하는 것으로 추진하였다. 본 보고서의 장별 주요 내용은 다음과 같다. 제2장은 환경영향평가와 건강영향평가, 건강영향평가로서의 위생·공중보건 항목의 작성, 위해성 평가에 대한 일반적인 개념 및 그간 위생·공중보건 항목 평가·작성에서의 위해성 평가와 관련한 개선 요구사항, 그리고 이를 바탕으로 향후 개선이 시급히 요구되는 사항에 대해서 정리하였다. 제3장은 수용체 중심의 위해성 평가, 매체 통합적 위해성 평가와 관련한 개념을 문헌 조사하고 이를 바탕으로 본 연구에서의 개념 및 적용 수준을 제시하였다. 이를 근거로 본 연구에서는 실제 적용을 위한 수용체 분포 분석 방법론, 수용체 노출정도를 고려한 위해도 개념 및 기준, 그리고 누적 위해성 평가 수행 가능 검토 및 향후 방향을 제시하였다. 제4장은 수용체 중심의 위해성 평가와 관련한 수용체 분포 분석 및 이를 적용한 위해성 평가의 시범적 분석결과를 제시하였다. 또한 이를 활용한 현행 위생·공중보건 항목의 작성 매뉴얼 개선(안)을 제시하였다. 본 연구는 현행 국내 건강영향평가 수행 시에 활용되는 위해성 평가의 방법론적 개선방안을 제시했다는 데 그 의미가 있다. 이번 연구에서는 개발사업으로 인해 발생하는 유해물질의 확산에 중심을 둔 위해성 평가에서 주변의 수용체 분포 특성을 고려한 위해성 평가로 개선·적용하는 방안을 제시하였으며, 지금까지 매체별로 진행된 건강영향평가에서 수용체 중심의 매체 통합적 위해성 평가로의 시도 및 향후 방향을 제시하였다. 후속 연구로는 환경영향평가서 내 위생·공중보건 항목 평가·작성과 관련한 도구 개발, 이번 연구에서 다룬 톨루엔 및 소음·진동 누적노출로 인한 건강영향 실증연구와 현행 위생·공중보건 항목의 평가 대상 물질에 대한 누적노출과 관련한 건강영향 문헌조사 및 적용방안을 제언하였다. Health Impact Assessment(HIA) in South Korea is conducted as a process for assessing and reducing the health impacts of the project under the 「Environmental Health Act」 Article 13. Individual mitigation plan is being prepared based on evaluation of the adverse effects of air quality (odor), water quality, and noise and vibration caused by development projects. However, current HIA has limitations on the risk assessment and reduction plan considering the distribution of residential and active population around development projects, and also has limitation on the integrated impact assessment combining various health hazards on receptor. The purpose of this study is to suggest methodological improvement measures for the risk assessment in the evaluation of the hygiene and public health items within the receptor-centered environmental impact assessment. The methodological improvement measures include establishing the conceptual and detailed methodology for the receptor-centered risk assessment, applying pilot project, and proposing an improvement reporting manual for the current hygiene and public health items. The main contents of this study are as follows. Chapter 2 describes the environmental impact assessment and evaluation of health impacts as HIA, the general concept of risk assessment, and the improvement requirements related to risk assessment in HIA. The chapter also examines the urgent requirements for future improvement. Chapter 3 presents the concept and application level based on the literature review of the concepts related to the risk assessment of the receptor-centered risk and the integrated risk assessment. Based on these results, this study suggests a methodology of receptors distribution for the actual application, the concept and criteria of risk considering the receptor exposure level, the possibility of performing the cumulative risk assessment and the future direction. Chapter 4 presents the results of the analysis on the receptor distribution related to the receptor-centered risk assessment and the results of the applied pilot risk assessment. Moreover, it suggests the improvement reporting manual for the current HIA. This study is significant in that it suggests an improved methodology for the risk assessment which is currently utilized in the domestic HIA. In this study, an improved and application measure for the risk assessment focusing on the diffusion of harmful substances which are generated by development projects is suggested, considering the distribution characteristics of the surrounding receptors. The study also suggests the future direction of the integrated risk assessment. As a follow-up study, development of the tools related to HIA and researched on the health impacts of the cumulative exposure is suggested.

Health risk assessment of dermal and inhalation exposure to deodorants in Korea

Kim, Joo-Hyon,Kim, Taksoo,Yoon, Hyojung,Jo, Areum,Lee, Daeyeop,Kim, Pilje,Seo, Jungkwan Elsevier 2018 The Science of the total environment Vol.625 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In Korea, humidifiers that include biocidal ingredients have caused serious lung injuries and deaths. After these incidents, public concern regarding the use of chemicals in products (i.e., chemical phobia) increased. Frequent health risk assessments and stringent management of consumer products are, therefore, of paramount importance to reduce these serious occurrences. In this study, the irritative and respiratory health effects of deodorants were assessed in relation to dermal and inhalation exposure. In total, 64 deodorants were divided into 5 groups by application type, and health risk assessments were conducted on each group. In total, 26 fragrance ingredients and 27 biocidal ingredients were analyzed and assessed according to their risk to human health. Exposure assessment was performed in two steps. In the tiered 1 assessment (screening), the 95th exposure factor values were used to estimate exposure to assume the worst-case scenario. The maximum concentration in the deodorants was used without considering the application type. In the tiered 2 assessment (detail assessment), the 75th exposure factor values were used to estimate the assumed reasonable exposure to ingredients. In these assessments, the maximum concentration used in the exposure models was determined by the product purpose and application type. The values input into the exposure algorithms were developed via the exposure route. Of the selected fragrance and biocidal active ingredients, 18 fragrance and 13 biocidal ingredients were detected in the deodorants that were assessed. From the results of the tiered 1 assessment, it was necessary for tiered 2 risk assessments to be conducted for 6 ingredients for the inhalation route, and 13 ingredients for the dermal route. The inhalation margin of exposure of ingredients in deodorants of gel/trigger/spray types for home/car and fabric/air usage was above the target margin of exposure. The health risk of 6 evaluated ingredients was relatively low for the inhalation route of exposure.</P> <P>This study showed that the assessed ingredients have no health risks at their maximum concentrations in deodorants. The approach discussed in this study should be used to establish improved guidelines for specific ingredients in consumer products, and for setting limits for newly developed raw materials that may pose dermal and inhalation hazard.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Thirteen hazardous ingredients in 482 deodorants were analyzed. </LI> <LI> We assessed irritative and respiratory health effects of sixty four deodorant products. </LI> <LI> Effects on health were assessed for dermal and inhalation exposure in two steps, tiered 1and 2. </LI> <LI> No health risks were noted for maximum concentrations of the deodorant ingredients. </LI> <LI> Health risk assessment approach helps establish guidelines for consumer product ingredients. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

A Novel Dr.KSM Approach for Information Security and Risk Management in Health Care Systems

B.Chaitanya Krishna,Kodukula Subrahmanyam,S.S.N.Anjaneyulu,Tai-hoon Kim 보안공학연구지원센터 2015 International Journal of Bio-Science and Bio-Techn Vol.7 No.4

At Present times, A common person focus on their health issues not only for themselves but also for their family because health is a wealth. In the modern days most of the people are working and they spending 40% to 50% of the income on their health issues not only for themselves but also for their family. By this the rate of population arrival to the Hospitals are increasing day-by-day. So the hospitals have to be reliable towards the patients. The records of the patients and the medication details are to be maintained correctly. There may be many risks in the software that they use. So any health organizations are struggles to display the patient electronically measured health records and what they use medication outside. So every time common people are lose their health information. If the common people know the about their previous health records they reduce their money and take the first aid immediately. In this paper we suggest a new approach to risk assessment for health care systems. As risk assessment is a Qualitative approach, there are no exact techniques to solve such risks. Lack of risk assessment techniques leads to failure in the system and organization as the people don’t find interest to come if once the organization fails in any of the issues. Our new method mainly focuses on the risk management for health care organizations. Today’s health care industry faces a number of emerging risk issues related to health care reform, the shift from fee-for-services to outcomes-based compensation, the use of electronic medical records and the management of human capital. Therefore our method has put forth a Risk management technique for the Risk assessment.

Fall Risk Nursing Assessment according to the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health

Su­mi Cho,Eunjoo Lee,김화선,Tung Tran,조훈 대한의료정보학회 2008 Healthcare Informatics Research Vol.14 No.1

Objective: The International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) was designed to provide a common language by describing the function and disability of clients for health care professionals. The purpose of this paper is to introduce the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) in nursing and investigate its applicability in fall risk assessment. Methods: The Fall risk assessment system using the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) is based on the Downton fall risk assessment tool which is most commonly used to assess the risk of falls across populations in any health care setting. To develop system, we used NetBeans 5.0 within JAVA SE Development Kit 1.4.2 (JDK 1.4.2) and Microsoft Access 2003 database was used for the information storage. Result: The International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) items can cover all items of the Downton fall risk assessment tool except for medication because there is no medication related items in the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF). We mapped patient’s sensory deficit, mental state, and gait state in the Downton fall risk assessment with sensory function & pain, mental function, and mobility in the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) respectively. We also adapted the qualifier to measure the degree of impairment of patients in terms of performance and capacity. Conclusion: Using the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF), nurses can assess functional and environmental factors of fall risk in more detail. This study proved the applicability of the International Classification of the Function, Disability and Health (ICF) in the nursing practice. Using the system we developed, nurses can better communicate with other healthcare specialists in the area of fall risk. We suggest further studies that are applying the International Classification of Function, Disability and Health (ICF) in other areas of the nursing practice to more clearly describe the status of patients

일자리 안전과 보건을 위한 위험성평가 실시 요인 연구: 제조업과 서비스업을 중심으로

박천수 한국보건사회연구원 2023 保健社會硏究 Vol.43 No.4

Recently, on-site industrial accidents have been occurring at an increasing rate, highlighting the growing importance of risk assessment in preventing such incidents. I used data from the Occupational Safety and Health Survey (2021) to analyze factors affecting risk assessment participation among manufacturing and service industry workplaces. Among workplaces with 20 or more employees with risk factors in 2020, 72.4% conducted risk assessments, with 51.5% on a regular basis and 20.9% irregularly. The proportion of implementation is higher in the manufacturing industry (81.0%) than in the service industry (60.7%). The fewer the employees, the lower the rate of implementation. Among workplaces with 20-49 employees, 32.4% had never conducted a risk assessment. Regression analysis revealed that risk factors such as noise, explosion, and falling increased the implementation of risk assessment, but harmful rays, keeping a sitting posture for a long time, and emotional labor decreased the implementation of risk assessment. While whether or not having in place an in-house group tasked with the safety and health of employees did not contribute to any significant difference, the presence of an Occupational Safety and Health Committee and safety-and-health education and training increased the likelihood of risk assessment implementation. Employers’ interest in safety and health issues had minimal impact, but supervisors' safety and health management capabilities increased risk assessment implementation. Based on the analysis findings, policy implications were presented to strengthen support for small businesses, promote practical measures such as the Occupational Safety and Health Committee, and increase policy interest in identifying hidden risk factors.

Comparing Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency and National Health Insurance Service’s cardio-cerebrovascular diseases risk-assessment tools using data from one hospital’s health checkups

Cho Yunrae,Kim Dong Geon,Park Byung-Chan,Yang Seonhee,Kim Sang Kyu 대한직업환경의학회 2023 대한직업환경의학회지 Vol.35 No.1

Background: Cardio-cerebrovascular diseases (CVDs) are the most common cause of death worldwide. Various CVD risk assessment tools have been developed. In South Korea, the Korea Occupational Safety & Health Agency (KOSHA) and the National Health Insurance Service (NHIS) have provided CVD risk assessments with health checkups. Since 2018, the KOSHA guide has stated that NHIS CVD risk assessment tool could be used as an alternative of KOSHA assessment tool for evaluating CVD risk of workers. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation and agreement between the KOSHA and the NHIS CVD risk assessment tools. Methods: Subjects of this study were 17,485 examinees aged 20 to 64 years who had undergone medical examinations from January 2021 to December 2021 at a general hospital. We classified subjects into low-risk, moderate-risk, high-risk, and highest-risk groups according to KOSHA and NHIS’s CVD risk assessment tools. We then compared them with cross-analysis, Spearman correlation analysis, and linearly weighted kappa coefficient. Results: The correlation between KOSHA and NHIS tools was statistically significant (p-value < 0.001), with a correlation coefficient of 0.403 and a kappa coefficient of 0.203. When we compared risk group distribution using KOSHA and NHIS tools, CVD risk of 6,498 (37.1%) participants showed a concordance. Compared to the NHIS tool, the KOSHA tool classified 9,908 (56.7%) participants into a lower risk category and 1,079 (6.2%) participants into a higher risk category. Conclusions: In this study, KOSHA and NHIS tools showed a moderate correlation with a fair agreement. The NHIS tool showed a tendency to classify participants to higher CVD risk group than the KOSHA tool. To prevent CVD more effectively, a higher estimation tool among verified CVD risk assessment methods should be selected and managements such as early intervention and treatment of risk factors should be performed targeting the high-risk group.

Risk assessment to human health: Consumer exposure to ingredients in air fresheners

Kim, Joo-Hyon,Lee, Daeyeop,Lim, Hyunwoo,Kim, Taksoo,Suk, Kwangsul,Seo, Jungkwan Elsevier 2018 Regulatory toxicology and pharmacology Vol.98 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Ingredient chemicals like fragrances may cause adverse health effects. Frequent health risk assessments and stringent management of consumer products are of paramount importance to reduce these serious occurrences. In this study, the respiratory and dermal health effects were assessed in relation to air fresheners. Twenty six fragrance ingredients, thirty four biocidal ingredients, and sixteen hazardous ingredients were analyzed and assessed according to their risk to human health on five groups by application type in eighty two air fresheners. For hazard characterization of ingredients, toxicological information on the intrinsic properties of the ingredients was collected, and reference values were determined as chronic NOAEL. Exposure assessment was performed in two steps. The 95th exposure factor values were used to estimate exposure to assume the worst-case scenario and the maximum concentration determined by the product purpose and application type was used type in tiered 1 assessment. The values input into the exposure algorithms were developed via the exposure route. In the tiered 2 assessment, the 75th exposure factor values were used to estimate the assumed reasonable exposure to ingredients. Six ingredients for the inhalation and twelve ingredients for the dermal route were conducted for tiered 2 assessment. This study showed that the assessed ingredients have no health risks at their maximum concentrations in air fresheners. The approach should be used to establish improved guidelines for specific ingredients that may pose inhalation and dermal hazard.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Twenty six fragrances, thirty four biocides and sixteen hazardous ingredients were identified in eighty two air fresheners. </LI> <LI> Health risk assessments for inhalation and dermal exposure were conducted in two steps, tiered 1and 2. </LI> <LI> Tiered 2 risk assessments were conducted for six ingredients for the inhalation route, and twelve ingredients for the dermal route. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>