선의의 응급의료의 형사책임의 검토

정도희(Jeong, Do-Hee) 대검찰청 2012 형사법의 신동향 Vol.0 No.37

“선한 사마리아인 법률”로 불리는 현행 응급의료에 관한 법률(이하 응급의료법)은 응급환자가 발생했을 때 일반인에게 신고와 응급의료에의 협조 의무를 부과하고 있다. 또한 일반인이 순수하게 “도와주려는 생각”에서 한 응급 처치, 즉 선의의 응급처치에 대해서 형사책임을 감면하도록 한다. 응급의료법은 간단히 응급환자 발생 시 일반인의 응급의료 기관 신고와 응급의료에의 협조를 의무로 선언하고(제5조) 일반인이 한 선의의 응급의료에 대한 면책을 규정한다(제5조의2). 이러한 조문을 보면, 일반인은 제5조에 의해 신고와 협조의무를 부담하고 있으며, 응급처치의 결과 환자가 상해를 입으면 형사책임을 지지 않고, 사망하면 형사책임을 “감면”받을 수 있다. 물론 고의나 중대한 과실이 없는 때 이와 같은 조치가 취해질 수 있다. 문제는 일반인이 선의로 한 응급처치로 환자가 불가피하게 사망하면 형사책임을 부담 할 가능성은 열려 있다는 것인데, 그렇다면 과연 누가 길에 쓰러진 자를 구하려고 할지 의문이다. 본고에서는 이 문제를 응급처치로 인한 악결과를 긴급한 상황에서의 법익 침해로 보아 형법상 긴급피난의 법리를 적용하여 응급처치로 인한 사망의 결과에 대해 완전히 면책의 가능성을 찾아 해결하고자 하였다. 우리 형법은 긴급피난 규정을 하나만 두고 있어, 독일 형법이 정당화적 긴급피난과 면책적 긴급피난으로 나누어 규정하는 것과는 입법 양태가 달라 면책적 긴급피난의 입법 여부가 논의되고 있는데, 면책적 긴급피난은 이미 형법 제22조로 해석을 통한 해결이 가능하다고 보고, 응급 사항에서 선의의 구조행위에 대한 면책은 우리 형법 제22조 긴급피난 규정을 통해서 해결할 수 있을 것으로 생각된다. 면책적 긴급피난은 절대적 면책사유이고 성립되면 충족된 행위는 책임비난을 포기하게 된다. 따라서 면책적 긴급피난의 요건을 충족하는 응급상황에서의 일반인의 응급의료와 처치는 형사책임이 면제된다. Good Samaritan Law are laws offering legal protection to people who give reasonable assistance to those who are injured, ill, in peril, or otherwise incapacitated. The protection is intended to reduce bystanders' hesitation to assist, for fear of being sued or prosecuted for unintentional injury or wrongful death. According to current Emergency Medical Service Act regulates, individual or amateur can be punished if the injury or death is caused because of his emergency response in good faith before emergency. But the criminal liability of doer in good faith is illogical, the exemption of criminal responsibility is logical. We can find the solution in current penal code. The German Penal Code has two articles about the Emergency Doctrine. But there is only one provision in the article 22 in Korean Penal Code. We have serious problem that the interpretation of the Emergency Doctrine. The Article 22 in Korean Penal Code includes two types of Emergency Doctrine. In our Penal Code there is no explicit distinction between Emergency Doctrine in No Accountability and in Justification. We can use the article 22 in all cases about emergency. Therefore, we have no need to legislate another provision about Emergency Doctrine. And we can understand the theory of Forced Activity is one of the Emergency Doctrine in No Accountability. In short, the emergency medical response by non-professional in good faith must not be punished. Through proper application of penal code, individual in good faith can be exempted.

Conceptual Design of Navigation Safety Module for S2 Service Operation of the Korean e-Navigation System

Yoo, Yun-Ja,Kim, Tae-Goun,Song, Chae-Uk,Hu, Shouhu,Moon, Serng-Bae Korean Institute of Navigation and Port Research 2017 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.41 No.5

IMO introduced e-Navigation concept to improve the efficiency of ship operation, port operation, and ship navigation technology. IMO proposed sixteen MSPs (Maritime Service Portfolio) applicable to the ships and onshore in case of e-Navigation implementation. In order to meet the demands of the international society, the system implementation work for the Korean e-Navigation has been specified. The Korean e-Navigation system has five service categories: the S2 service category, which is a ship anomaly monitoring service, is a service that classifies emergency levels according to the degree of abnormal condition when a ship has an abnormality in ship operation, and provides guidance for emergency situations. The navigation safety module is a sub-module of the S2 service that determines the emergency level in case of navigation equipment malfunctioning, engine or steering gear failure during navigation. It provides emergency response guidance based on emergency level to the abnormal ship. If an abnormal condition occurs during the ship operation, first, the ship shall determine the emergency level, according to the degree of abnormality of the ship. Second, an emergency response guidance is generated based on the determined emergency level, and the guidance is transmitted to the ship, which helps the navigators prevent accidents and not to spread. In this study, the operational concept for the implementation of the Korean e-Navigation system is designed and the concept is focused on the navigation safety module of S2 service.

Conceptual Design of Navigation Safety Module for S2 Service Operation of the Korean e-Navigation System

Yun-Ja Yoo,Tae-Goun Kim,Chae-Uk Song,Shouhu Hu,Serng-Bae Moon 한국항해항만학회 2017 한국항해항만학회지 Vol.41 No.5

IMO introduced e-Navigation concept to improve the efficiency of ship operation, port operation, and ship navigation technology. IMO proposed sixteen MSPs (Maritime Service Portfolio) applicable to the ships and onshore in case of e-Navigation implementation. In order to meet the demands of the international society, the system implementation work for the Korean e-Navigation has been specified. The Korean e-Navigation system has five service categories: the S2 service category, which is a ship anomaly monitoring service, is a service that classifies emergency levels according to the degree of abnormal condition when a ship has an abnormality in ship operation, and provides guidance for emergency situations. The navigation safety module is a sub-module of the S2 service that determines the emergency level in case of navigation equipment malfunctioning, engine or steering gear failure during navigation. It provides emergency response guidance based on emergency level to the abnormal ship. If an abnormal condition occurs during the ship operation, first, the ship shall determine the emergency level, according to the degree of abnormality of the ship. Second, an emergency response guidance is generated based on the determined emergency level, and the guidance is transmitted to the ship, which helps the navigators prevent accidents and not to spread. In this study, the operational concept for the implementation of the Korean e-Navigation system is designed and the concept is focused on the navigation safety module of S2 service.

Study on the Intelligence Service Model in “Scenario-Response” Emergency Decision Making : Taking China as an Example

Wenwen Pan,Guangwei Hu,Yixin Ma 보안공학연구지원센터 2016 International Journal of Hybrid Information Techno Vol.9 No.5

Intelligence service model (ISM) plays a key role in emergency decision-makings (EDM). So, how will it be changed to better support those unconventional emergency decisions based on “scenario-response” paradigm? To solve it, the paper firstly analyzes the relationships between two main chains in EDM which are named “scenarios chain” and “decision-making chain”, and adopts a “target-centric” intelligence process to establish a new ISM. Then, an example of “Songhua river water pollution incident” in China is taken to further explain the operation mechanism of this model. Finally, suggestions are promoted from three aspects - intelligence theory, intelligence culture and intelligence resources. The study is to provide a new perspective for the development of theory and practice in emergency intelligence services.

일본 대규모 재난 대비 긴급소방원조대의 수원계획 분석

이의평(Lee, Euipyeong) 한국방재학회 2021 한국방재학회논문집 Vol.21 No.4

국가적인 대응이 필요한 대규모 재난이 발생하면 소방청장은 전국 시도의 소방력을 동원하여 대응하고 있다. 소방기본법의 소방력 동원 제도에 의거하여 재난이 발생한 시도를 지원하는 시스템은 갖춰져 있지만 재난이 발생한 시도에서 지원을 받는 시스템은 제대로 갖춰져 있지 않다. 일본은 대규모 재난 시 우리나라와 달리 등록되어 있는 긴급소방원조대 동원을 통해 대응하고 있으며, 모든 도도부현과 시정촌 소방본부는 자신의 관할 내에서 대규모 재난이 발생할 것에 대비하여 긴급소방원조대 수원계획을 수립하고 있다. 이 논문에서는 일본에서 대규모 재난이 발생하여 재난현장에 긴급소방원조대가 동원된 경우에 대비한 긴급소방원조대 수원계획을 분석한다. 수원계획에서는 긴급소방원조대 출동 요청 절차, 도도부현 재해대책본부에 소방응원활동조정본부 설치, 시정촌에 지휘본부와 지휘지원본부 설치, 도도부현 항공소방대에 항공지휘본부 설치, 지휘지원부대장과 지휘지원대장 지정, 진출거점 지정, 숙영장소 지정, 연료보급장소 지정, 지휘체제, 통신운영체제, 임무부여, 부대이동 절차, 철수 절차 등을 구체적으로 정하고 있다. In the event of large-scale disasters requiring state-level responses in Korea, the Fire Commissioner of the National Fire Agency (NFA) mobilizes the fire-fighting forces from the cities or provinces of the entire country. Korea does not have a suitable system to receive support in disaster-affected cities or provinces. There is, however, a system to support disaster-ravaged cities or provinces in accordance with the fire-fighting force mobilization system under the Framework Act on Fire Services. Unlike Korea, Japan mobilizes registered emergency fire response teams (EFRTs) to address large-scale disasters. In addition, fire departments of all prefectures and municipalities have established plans to receive EFRTs to prepare for large-scale disasters within their jurisdictions. This study analyzes the plan to receive EFRTs when large-scale disasters occur and EFRTs are mobilized in disaster sites in Japan. The receiving plan includes the following: procedure for requesting EFRT mobilization; establishment of a fire support coordination headquarters within the emergency operations headquarters of prefectures; establishment of command headquarters and command support headquarters in municipalities; establishment of air command headquarters in the fire air corps of prefectures; and appointment of the heads of command for support units and command support teams. Additionally, the plan addresses the establishment of advance points, hutment places, fueling stations, command systems, communication operation systems, task assignment systems, and unit movement and withdrawal procedures.

응급의료상의 의사의 전의의무

송영민(Song Young-Min) 동아대학교 법학연구소 2008 東亞法學 Vol.- No.42

In general, the Duty of Consulting and Reference to Patients could be a problem in several types. Those are between medical occupations, medical organizations, medical specialists and non-specialists, medical specialists in the same field. However, the Duty of Consulting and Reference to Patients would become a legal problem in case that the patients was able to avoid a bad result as long as they were consulted and referred to the appropriate doctors and medical facilities in an emergency. In emergency medical service, there need to be quick and proper decisions before the medical treatments are conducted because most of the patients are in critical and changeable conditions. Therefore, in the process of consulting and reference, there has to be correct explanations and the doctors, sender and receiver, have the responsibility to share the medical informations about the conditions of patients. Although it could be criticized because the informations are not exchanged enough between the doctors, sender and receiver, due to restricted time in an emergency, it is granted that the obligation of information exchange between the doctors, in the process of reference, has to be done more firmly in an emergency situation securing human life.

국민 시각을 반영한 112신고 코드 체계에 관한 연구

이지은,최 훈 경찰대학 치안정책연구소 2023 치안정책연구 Vol.37 No.2

As the demand for police services increased rapidly while police personnel failed to comply, the police introduced a 112 code system as part of a differential police response. However, the public is still demanding a quick and professional response from police officers. This study sought to reflect the public's perspective in the 112 reporting code in order to harmonize the seemingly contradictory code system with the problem of public satisfaction. To this end, this study conducted a survey of the public and the police with 100 cases based on actual reported cases, and analyzed differences in perception between the two groups. As a result of a mixed-model two-way ANOVA using pre-code (code0/ code1/ code2/ code3/ code4) and group (public/ police) as independent variables and code by respondents as dependent variables, significant‘main effect of pre-code’and 'interaction between pre-code and group' were found. In addition, through independent t-test for all cases, cases in which the public and the police officer assigned different codes were selected. As a result of analyzing the cases, the public respondents tended to give more urgent codes than the police for reports related to "human damage" and "public safety," and the police tended to give more urgent codes for "material damage" and "report with unclear contents." In addition, public respondents gave high codes for infringement of public risk and life, low codes for noise and traffic inconvenience, and moderate codes for property infringement. In addition, they showed the characteristic of assigning codes based on practical risk rather than legal punishment. In order to reflect these analysis results in the code system, this study proposes a 3-track approach, that is, ① reflecting the public's perspective, ② maintaining the existing police position, and ③ improving public awareness. In general, the public's perspective should be reflected in the police code, and reports with unclear contents should maintain a high code. In addition, it is necessary to improve public awareness through media and local police activities regarding 112 reports on other institutions' work. 경찰 서비스에 대한 요구는 급증하는 반면 경찰 인력은 그에 따르지 못하자 경찰은 차별적 경찰대응의 일환으로 112신고 코드 체제를 도입하였다. 그러나 국민들은 여전히 경찰관의 신속하고 전문적인 대응을 요구하고 있다. 본 연구는 이렇듯 일견 모순되어 보이는 코드 체제와 국민 만족도 문제를 조화시키고자 국민 시각을 112신고 코드 체계에 반영하는 방안을 모색하였다. 이를 위해 본 연구에서는 실제 신고사건을 토대로 100건의 사례를 구성, 국민과 경찰을 대상으로 설문을 실시하였고 두 집단 간 인식 차이를 분석하였다. 접수 당시 코드(코드0/코드1/코드2/코드3/코드4)와 집단(국민/경찰)을 독립변수로, 응답자가 부여한 코드를 종속변수로 하여 혼합설계 이원배치 분산분석을 한 결과, 유의한‘접수당시 코드의 주효과’ 및 ‘사전 코드와 집단간 상호작용 효과’를 확인할 수 있었다. 추가적으로 전체 사례에 대해 독립표본 t검정을 통해 국민과 경찰관이 서로 상이하게 코드를 부여한 사례들을 선별하였다. 이 사례들을 분석한 결과, 국민은‘인적 피해’ 및 ‘공공 안전’과 관련된 신고에 있어 경찰보다 더 긴급한 코드를 부여하고, 경찰은 ‘물적 피해’ 및 ‘내용이 불명확한 신고’에 있어 더 긴급한 코드를 부여하는 경향성을 보였다. 또한 국민은 공공위험과 생명신체에 대한 침해에 대해서는 높게, 소음․교통불편․분실습득 등에 대해서는 낮게, 재산 침해에 대해서는 중간 정도의 코드 부여를 하였고, 법정형보다는 실질적 위험성을 기준으로 한 코드 지정, 주취 정도에 따른 차별화된 코드 부여 및 분실 습득에 대한 최하위 코드 부여 등의 특성을 보였다. 이러한 분석 결과를 코드체계에 반영하기 위해 신고 접수 요원 및 지역 경찰을 대상으로 한 면담을 종합한 결과 본 연구에서는 3-track 접근, 즉 ① 국민 시각 반영 ② 기존 경찰 입장 유지 ③ 국민 인식 개선의 방식을 제안한다. 일반적인 분야에 있어서는 국민의 시각을 반영하되, 내용이 불명확한 신고의 경우 현재처럼 최악의 상황을 가정한 코드 지정을 하도록 하고, 타기관 사무임에도 자주 신고되는 유형의 신고에 대해서는 경찰 소관 업무가 아님을 언론 및 지역 경찰 활동 등을 통해 적극 홍보함으로써 국민 인식을 개선해 나가는 것이 필요하다.

구급차 반응시간 : 현황과 단축방안

정구영,이승한 대한응급의학회 1996 대한응급의학회지 Vol.7 No.3

Time is an essential element for Emergency Medical Service System(EMSS). The response time is defined as the interval from the time of call receipt to the time of scene arrival. There are several factors that exert an significant effect upon the response time. Those are the access type to EMSS, the road system and the traffic congestion, the shape and the size of the service area, the weather, and the population fluctuations. The goal of 90 percentile ambulance response time for Basic Life Support(BLS) unit and Advanced Life Support(ALS) unit are 4 minutes and 8 minutes respectively in United States. It is essential to know the regional response time and the influencing factors for planning the regional ambulance system and for evaluating the effect of any changes in the system. But there has been no overall evaluation nor any guidelines for the response time in Korea. Therefore, we investigated the status of ambulance response time and analyzed the influencing factors by interpretating 3510 records of ambualnce run of one week period from 204 fire brigades all over the country. The mean ambulance response time is 6.2±3.3 minutes and 90% of ambulances arrived at scene within 10.6 minutes. Overall the response times were getting delayed from large-urban to rural area gradually. We could have confirm that the most important factor in both of urban and rural area was moving distance of ambulance. We could suggest that the interim goal of 90 percentile ambulance response time is 4minutes in Seoul, 6 minutes in five large-urban area and urbanized rural area, i.e., Gyeong- sangnamdo and Gyeonggido, and 8 minutes in most rural area with the exception of 10 minutes in mountainous area, i.e., Gyeongsangbukdo & Gangwondo. But the 90 percentile ambulance response time must be 4minutes and 8minutes for BLS unit and ALS unit ultimately. To accomplish the above goals, we should be consider the optimization of service area for each unit through increasing the vehicle and choosing the convenient location.

고령화 사회 구급서비스 활성화에 관한 연구 -노인 응급환자 초기대응 시스템 개선방안-

정지연,황희진 한국화재소방학회 2008 한국화재소방학회논문지 Vol.22 No.5

As a part of improving early response system for senior emergency patients in rural areas in preparation for accelerated transition of Korea into aged society, this study seeks to make effective use of town broadcasting equipments and improve conventional educational ways for the first aid for senior people to boost up availability of private rescue personnel, so that it can contribute to improving capacity to early response to potential occurrence of emergency situations. In addition, this study focuses on profiling current activities of 119 geriatric Emergency Medical Services available in Korea, and also exploring possible ways to improve emergency services for senior safety which can play useful roles of social safeguard in imminent aged society as well as efficient ways to build up infrastructure for senior safety on the basis of opening up senior safety center. 최근 우리나라는 고령화 사회에 빠르게 진입되었다. 농촌지역의 노인 응급환자 초기 대응 시스템 개선 을 위해 마을 방송 장비의 활용과 노인을 위한 응급처치 교육방법의 개선으로 보다 많은 민간구조자원을 확보하여 응급상황 발생시 초기대응 능력을 향상시키고자 본 연구를 실시하였다. 현재 우리나라 119의 노 인 응급의료서비스 실태를 살펴보고, 고령화 시대 사회적 안전장치의 역할을 충실히 수행할 수 있는 노인 안전을 위한 구급서비스 개선 방안 및 노인안전 센터 개설로 인한 노인안전 인프라 구축 방안을 모색하 고자 하는데 본 연구의 목적이 있다.

아동 긴급돌봄서비스 관련 코로나19 대응 지침에 대한 아동영향평가

조영실 ( Cho Youngsil ),김형모 ( Kim Hyung Mo ) 한국가족사회복지학회 2022 한국가족복지학 Vol.69 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 코로나19 확산 이후 아동의 긴급돌봄서비스를 실시하는 시설의 코로나19 대응 지침에 대한 아동영향평가를 실시하여, 재난시기에 아동 긴급돌봄서비스가 아동의 삶에 미칠 수 있는 영향을 아동의 권리보장의 관점에서 검토하는 것이다. 본 연구에서는 보건복지부, 교육부 그리고 여성가족부의 아동 긴급돌봄서비스 관련 코로나19 대응 지침의 구체적인 내용을 분석하였으며, 분석을 위해 아동권리보장원의 아동정책영향평가 매뉴얼과 코로나19 확산 상황에서 발표한 유엔 아동권리위원회 성명서의 내용을 반영하여 수정한 지표를 활용하였다. 연구결과, 아동 긴급돌봄서비스 관련 코로나19 대응 지침은 전반적으로 아동의 권리를 침해하는 부분은 없는 것으로 나타났으나, 대응 지침들은 아동의 발달권, 보호권, 비차별, 의견 존중 및 참여 그리고 아동 최선의 이익 영역에서 아동의 권리를 충분히 고려하지 않은 것으로 평가되었다. 이러한 분석결과를 바탕으로 코로나19 등 재난상황에서 아동 긴급돌봄서비스 대응 지침의 아동 권리 보장을 위한 개선방안을 제언하였다. The purpose of this research was to conduct a child impact assessment on COVID-19 response guidelines for emergency child care services during the pandemic of COVID-19, and to investigate the impact that emergency child care services have on children’s lives during the disaster from the perspective of guaranteeing children’s rights. In this research, the specific contents of the guidelines for responding to COVID-19 related to emergency child care services of Ministry of Health and Welfare, Ministry of Education, and Ministry of Gender Equality and Family of Korea were analyzed. For the analysis, indicators modified are used by reflecting the contents of the Child Policy Impact Assessment Manual of the National Center for the Rights of the Child in Korea and the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child issued during COVID-19 circumstances. In conclusion, it was determined that the guidelines for COVID-19 related to emergency child care services did not violate children’s rights in general, however, the guidelines were evaluated as not sufficiently considering children in the areas of children’s rights to development, protection, non-discrimination, respect for children’s view and participation, and the best interests of the child. Based on the findings of this analysis, improvement measures were suggested to ensure the rights of children in the guidelines for responding to emergency child care services in disaster situations such as COVID-19.