공초점 레이저 주사 현미경을 이용한 법랑질 초기 우식 재광화의 정량적 분석

차승우,윤태철,박성호,이찬영,금기연 대한치과보존학회 2001 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.26 No.1

Dental Caries which has high prevalence rate, accounts for majority of dental diseases. Many treatment and preventive treatment has been developed, thereby reducing the prevalence rate, but in our country, flouridization has not spread widely yet, so prevention has not been done satisfactorily. When dental caries progresses, irreversible damage of tooth structure occurs. In initial dental caries. Demiteralized tooth structure can be remineralized, so restorative treatment is unnecessary. In the study, 20 teeth restored with composite resin without fluoride release were used and divided into two groups. Incipient dental caries were artificially made and remineralization procedure was done for 1 and 2 weeks, for each group. Changes in mineral contents aroud the margins were analysed with confocal laser scanning microscope. The results were as follow. 1.Both total fluorescence of the lesion and average fluorescence of the lesion of remineralized samples decreased compared to demineralized state. (p<0.01) 2.Confocal laser scanning microscopy can be used in quantitative analysis of mineral change. In result, confocal laser scanning microscopy can be used in quantitative analysis of mineral change and it could be used in many different fields of dentistry in the future. Key words : Confocal laser scanning microscopy. Demineralization. Remineralization, Initial dental caries

상아세관의 주행방향에 따른 상아질 접착제의 침투양상에 대한 공초점레이저주사현미경 연구

김동준,황윤찬,김선호,오원만,황인남 大韓齒科保存學會 2003 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.28 No.5

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the penetration pattern of dentin adhesives according to the orientation of dentinal tubules with confocal laser scanning microscopy. Specimens having perpendicular. parallel and oblique surface to dentinal tubules were fabricated. The primer of dentin adhesives (ALL BOND 2, CLEARFIL SE BOND and PQ1) was mixed with fluorescent material. rhodamine B isothio cyanate (Aldrich Cherm. CO., Milw., USA), It was applied to the specimens according to the instructions of manufactures. The specimens were covered with composite resin (Estelite, shade A2) and then cut to a thickness of 500 ㎛ with low speed saw (Isomet, Buehler, USA). The adhesive pattern of dentin adhesives were observed by fluorescence image using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results were as follows. 1. For the groups with tubules perpendicular to bonded surface, funnel shape of resin tag was observed in all specimen. However. resin tags were more prominent in phosphoric acid etching system (ALL BOND 2 and PQ1) than self etching system (CLEARFIL SE BOND). 2. For the groups with tubules parallel to bonded surface. rhodamine labeled primer penetrated into peritubular dentin parallel to the orientation of dentinal tubules. But rhodamine labeled primer of PQ1 diffused more radially into surrounding intertubular dentin than other dentin adhesive systems. 3. For the groups with tubules oblique to bonded surface. resin tags appeared irregular and discontinuous. But they penetrated deeper into dentinal tubules than other groups.

Influence of access cavity design on calcium hydroxide removal using different cleaning protocols: a confocal laser scanning microscopy study

Falakaloğlu Seda,Yeniçeri Özata Merve,Güneş Betül,Silva Emmanuel João Nogueira Leal,Gündoğar Mustafa,Güçyetmez Topal Burcu 대한치과보존학회 2023 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.48 No.3

Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of endodontic access cavities design on the removal of calcium hydroxide medication of the apical third of mandibular incisor root canal walls and dentinal tubules with different cleaning protocols: EDDY sonic activation, Er,Cr:YSGG laser-activated irrigation, or conventional irrigation with IrriFlex. Materials and Methods Seventy-eight extracted human mandibular incisors were assigned to 6 experimental groups (n = 13) according to the endodontic access cavity and cleaning protocol for calcium hydroxide removal: traditional access cavity (TradAC)/EDDY; ultraconservative access cavity performed in the incisal edge (UltraAC.Inc)/EDDY; TradAC/Er,Cr:YSGG; UltraAC.Inc/Er,Cr:YSGG; TradAC/IrriFlex; or UltraAC.Inc/IrriFlex. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images were used to measure the non-penetration percentage, maximum residual calcium hydroxide penetration depth, and penetration area at 2 and 4 mm from the apex. Data were statistically analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk and WRS2 package for 2-way comparison of non-normally distributed parameters (depth of penetration, area of penetration, and percentage of non-penetration) according to cavity and cleaning protocol with the significance level set at 5%. Results The effect of cavity and cleaning protocol interactions on penetration depth, penetration area and non-penetration percentage was not found statistically significant at 2 and 4 mm levels (p > 0.05). Conclusions The present study demonstrated that TradAC or UltraAC.Inc preparations with different cleaning protocols in extracted mandibular incisors did not influence the remaining calcium hydroxide at 2 and 4 mm from the apex. Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of endodontic access cavities design on the removal of calcium hydroxide medication of the apical third of mandibular incisor root canal walls and dentinal tubules with different cleaning protocols: EDDY sonic activation, Er,Cr:YSGG laser-activated irrigation, or conventional irrigation with IrriFlex. Materials and Methods Seventy-eight extracted human mandibular incisors were assigned to 6 experimental groups (n = 13) according to the endodontic access cavity and cleaning protocol for calcium hydroxide removal: traditional access cavity (TradAC)/EDDY; ultraconservative access cavity performed in the incisal edge (UltraAC.Inc)/EDDY; TradAC/Er,Cr:YSGG; UltraAC.Inc/Er,Cr:YSGG; TradAC/IrriFlex; or UltraAC.Inc/IrriFlex. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images were used to measure the non-penetration percentage, maximum residual calcium hydroxide penetration depth, and penetration area at 2 and 4 mm from the apex. Data were statistically analyzed using Shapiro-Wilk and WRS2 package for 2-way comparison of non-normally distributed parameters (depth of penetration, area of penetration, and percentage of non-penetration) according to cavity and cleaning protocol with the significance level set at 5%. Results The effect of cavity and cleaning protocol interactions on penetration depth, penetration area and non-penetration percentage was not found statistically significant at 2 and 4 mm levels (p > 0.05). Conclusions The present study demonstrated that TradAC or UltraAC.Inc preparations with different cleaning protocols in extracted mandibular incisors did not influence the remaining calcium hydroxide at 2 and 4 mm from the apex.

Characteristics of the Infection of Tilletia laevis Kühn (syn. Tilletia foetida (Wallr.) Liro.) in Compatible Wheat

Zhaoyu Ren,Wei Zhang,Mengke Wang,Haifeng Gao,Huimin Shen,Chunping Wang,Taiguo Liu,Wanquan Chen,Li Gao 한국식물병리학회 2021 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.37 No.5

Tilletia laevis Kühn (syn. Tilletia foetida (Wallr.) Liro.) causes wheat common bunt, which is one of the most devastating plant diseases in the world. Common bunt can result in a reduction of 80% or even a total loss of wheat production. In this study, the characteristics of T. laevis infection in compatible wheat plants were defined based on the combination of scanning electron mi- croscopy, transmission electron microscopy and laser scanning confocal microscopy. We found T. laevis could lead to the abnormal growth of wheat tissues and cells, such as leakage of chloroplasts, deformities, disordered arrangements of mesophyll cells and also thickening of the cell wall of mesophyll cells in leaf tissue. What’s more, T. laevis teliospores were found in the roots, stems, flag leaves, and glumes of infected wheat plants instead of just in the ovaries, as previously reported. The abnormal characteristics caused by T. laevis may be used for early detection of this pathogen instead of molecular markers in addition to providing theoretical insights into T. laevis and wheat interactions for breed- ing of common bunt resistance.

미백 처리된 치아의 표면처리법이 레진과의 결합에 미치는 영향

최낙준,방몽숙,박하옥,Choi Nak-Joon,Vang Mong-Sook,Park Ha-Ok 대한치과보철학회 2002 대한치과보철학회지 Vol.40 No.5

The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of a bleaching agent on tooth surfaces and to evaluate the resin bond strength according to different surface treatments on bleached teeth. To prepare for the experimental samples, first, extracted human third molars were used and the body portions of the crowns were cut into four equal-sized specimens. Next, each specimen was mounted in an plastic bottle with self-cured resin and highly polished to have them reveal the enamel or dentin surfaces. Then, the enamel(E) and dentin(D) specimens were divided into four ; 1) non-bleached, laser-treated(NBLA) group 2) bleached, laser-treated(BLLA) group 3) non-bleached, acid-treated(NBAC) group and 4) bleached, acid-treated(BLAC) group. Here, $opalescence^{(R)}$ (10% carbamide peroxide) was used for bleaching agent. The treated specimens were observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy and bonded with composite resin for shear bond test. The following results were obtained from this experiment : 1. Compared with the ENB group, the EBL group was shown be dyed about $20{\mu}m$ deeper with rhodamine B. The DBL group appeared to be caved in at the entry part of the dentinal tubules, was dyed about $20{\mu}m$ deeper and $5{\mu}m$ wider in diameter, compared with the DNB group. 2. In comparison with the EBLAC group, the ENBAC group looked evenly bonded with the resin, while the DNBAC group, compared to DBLAC group, was observed to have its resin tags penetrated about $50{\mu}m$ deeper. Other than those, however, no observable differences between ENBLA and EBLLA group or between DNBLA and DBLLA group were found. 3, At the shear bond test, the ENBAC group was shown to have statistically significant higher shear bond strength than the EBLAC group(p<0.05). No statistically significant differences between the ENBLA and the EBLLA groups were observed(p>0.05). 4. At the shear bond test, the DNBAC group was shown to have statistically significant higher shear bond strength than the DBLAC group(p<0.05). No statistically significant differences between the DNBLA and the DBLLA groups were observed(p>0.05). The in vitro observations above suggest that tooth-bleaching procedure brings a certain change on enamel and dentin surfaces and it weakens the shear bond strength with composite resin when the bleached tooth was acid-treated.

공초점현미경을 이용한 물집유사천포창과 후천 물집표피박리증의 감별진단에 관한 연구

고주연 ( Joo Yeon Ko ),오지구 ( Ji Goo Oh ),김영훈 ( Young Hoon Kim ),이창우 ( Chang Woo Lee ) 대한피부과학회 2006 大韓皮膚科學會誌 Vol.44 No.5

Background: The differential diagnosis of bullous pemphigoid (BP) and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita (EBA) presents some difficulties since both diseases have overlapping clinical and histological features, as well as immunopathological findings. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) has been developed and has shown to be a promising tool for dermatological investigations, giving a higher degree of resolution and available co-localization analysis. Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the new technique of CLSM could reliably identify and differentiate the binding sites of disease specific-autoantibodies (Abs) at the basement membrane zone (BMZ), with the sera from BP and EBA. Methods: An indirect immunofluorescence (IF) assay was performed to localize the binding sites of circulating Abs from 5 cases of both BP and EBA, as well as the sites of 3 BMZ markers (integrin β4, laminin-5, and type IV collagen). To facilitate identification and topographic differentiation between the two groups, patients` Abs were labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate, whereas the BMZ markers were labeled with Texas red. The tissue specimens were observed under both conventional IF microscopy and CLSM. Results: Owing to superposition of antigens and marker labels, double immuno-labeled sections under IF microscopy revealed limitations for the differentiation of patient`s sera from BMZ markers even with high magnification (×1,000). However, CLSM was able to eliminate much of the antigen overlap. In BP, the circulating autoantibody` deposits were recognized on the epidermal side of laminin-5 and type IV collagen, and codistributed with integrin β4. On the other hand, the binding of autoantibodies in EBA was on the dermal side from that of integrin β4, laminin-5 and type IV collagen. These spatial relationships are compatible with their known micro-structural locations. Conclusion: Our study indicates that CLSM examination may provide more precise localization of the antigens in BP and EBA than conventional IF microscopy. CLSM would not only be an efficient tool to identify circulating anti-BMZ autoantibodies for diagnosis and differential diagnosis of blistering diseases, but also a great addition to examining tissue specimens in patients who do not have detectable circulating Abs. (Korean J Dermatol 2006;44(5):545~553)

유화제를 이용한 계육 표면에서 Campylobacter jejuni의 부착 제어

오도건,김광엽,Oh, Do Geon,Kim, Kwang Yup 한국식품과학회 2020 한국식품과학회지 Vol.52 No.6

본 연구에서는 가장 빈번하게 발생하는 세균성 식중독의 원인균인 C. jejuni의 주 감염원인 계육에 대하여, 식품공전에 등재된 식품첨가물 중 유화제를 이용하여 계육에서 C. jejuni의 부착을 제어 할 수 있는 기술을 확보하고자 하였다. 8종의 유화제를 200 mg/mL의 농도에서 paper disc agar diffusion method로 C. jejuni에 대한 항균활성을 검색한 결과 L-7D, L-1695, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80 등 4종의 유화제에서 생육억제환을 생성하였다. L-7D, L-1695, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80 4종의 유화제를 25, 50, 100, 200 mg/mL의 농도에서 항균활성을 검색한 결과, 농도가 작아질수록 생육억제환의 크기도 줄어들었으며, 유화제 중 L-1695 샘플이 200 mg/mL에서 가장 큰 생육억제환을 생성하였다. pH 및 열에 대해 안정성을 측정한 결과 L-7D, L-1695, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80 4종의 유화제 모두 pH 및 열에 안정성을 가지고 있다는 것을 확인하였다. 최소저해농도를 측정한 결과 다른 유화제 L-7D, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80 샘플과 비교하였을때 L-1695 샘플이 1.56 mg/mL에서 가장 좋은 최소저해농도를 나타냈다. 최소살균 효과는 L-7D, L-1695, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80 4종의 유화제 모두 나타나지 않았다. 접촉표면의 부착제어능력을 확인하기 위해서 stainless steel과 ceramic에서 실험한 결과, 두 접촉 표면 모두에서 L-1695 샘플 처리 시 가장 적은 생균수를 나타냈다. 앞선 실험의 종합적인 결과에 따라 L-1695 유화제를 최종적으로 선별하고, 계육 피부에 부착된 C. jejuni에 영향을 주는지 CLSM으로 분석한 결과 대조구에 비하여 conventional spray 및 electrostatic spray를 처리하였을 때 모공에 부착된 균이 대다 수 떨어졌음을 확인하였다. 그러나 생균수를 확인해 본 결과 conventional spray와 electrostatic spray 처리 시에는 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 위 결과들을 종합한 결과 C. jejuni KCTC 5327에 대하여 L-1695 유화제는 생육을 억제시키지만, 살균효과는 없는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나 L-1695 유화제는 식품접촉표면에서 캠필로박터균의 부착을 저해하는 특성을 갖고 있으며, 계육 피부에 인위접종된 C. jejuni를 효과적으로 감소시키는 것을 볼 때, 실제 도계공정에서 세척수에 포함시켜 C. jejuni의 제어에 사용될 수 있을 것으로 기대된다. To prevent contamination by Campylobacter jejuni during chicken carcass processing, the effect of emulsifiers on C. jejuni inoculated on chicken skin was investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Among the 8 emulsifiers (SWA-10D, L-7D, M-7D, S-1670, L-1695, P-1670, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80) tested for antimicrobial activity by the paper disk method, 4 emulsifiers (L-7D, L-1695, polysorbate 20, polysorbate 80) were screened further. Emulsifier L-1695 showed the largest clear zone at a concentration of 200 mg/mL. The 4 emulsifiers subjected to primary screening were screened for heat and pH stability. In the contact surface test, emulsifier L-1695 showed the lowest log CFU/㎠ value on both stainless steel and ceramic surfaces. When emulsifier L-1695 was applied via general and electrostatic spray methods, the number of C. jejuni entrapped inside chicken skin follicles was significantly reduced in both methods. In conclusion, the emulsifier L-1695 could be employed as a microbial detachment agent in the chicken carcass processing industry.

공초점 레이저 주사 현미경을 이용한 실험적 레진의 표면 조도에 대한 연구

배지현,이미애,조병훈 大韓齒科保存學會 2008 Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics Vol.33 No.1

본 연구는 공초점 현미경을 이용하여 새로운 단량체와 filler의 크기, 연마방법이 실험용 복합레진의 표면조도에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 단점이 많은 희석재인 TEGDMA의 사용을 줄이기 위해, Bis-GMA의 유도체로서 중합수축이 적고 점도가 낮은 새로운 단량체인 methoxlyated Bis-GMA (Bis-M-GMA)를 첨가하고 다른 크기의 filler를 갖는 2종의 실험용 복합레진과 TEGDMA를 함유한 1종의 실험용 복합레진을 제작하였다. EXl; 실험용 복합레진 1 (Bis-M-GMA/TEGDMA = 95/5 wt%, 40 mm 나노필러 함유), EX2; 실험용 복합레진 2 (Bis-M-GMA/TEGDMA = 95/5 wt%,20mm 나노필러 함유), EX3; 실험용 복합레진 3 (Bis-GMA/TEGDMA = 70/30 wt%, 40 mm 나노필러 함유). 테프론 몰드를 이용하여 지름 6 mm 두께 2 mm의 시편을 각 실험용 복합레진과 Filtek Z250으로 9개씩 만들고 3군으로 분류하였다. Mylar strip군은 연마를 하지 않았고, Sof-lex군은 #1000 SiC paper로 연마한 뒤 Sof-lex disc로 연마하였다. DiaPolisher군은 #1000 SiC paper로 연마한 뒤 DiaPolisher polishing point로 연마하였다. 공초점 현미경을 이용하여 각 시편당 7군데에서 Rq (Root mean square roughness), Rv (Valley roughness), Rp (Peak roughness), Rc (2D Roughness), Sc (3D Roughness) 값을 측정하였고, Two-way ANOVA와 Tukey multiple comparisons test로 유의수준 0.05로 통계처리 하였다. 복합레진의 종류 (p < 0.001), 연마 방법 (p < 0.001)은 각각 모두 표면조도 값에 영향을 미치며 , 복합레진의 종류와 연마 방법 간에는 교호 작용이 관찰되었다 (p < 0.001). 복합레진의 종류에 따른 표면조도는 EX2가 가장 거친 표면을 보였고, EX3이 가장 평활한 면을 형성하였으며 (p < 0.05), 연마 방법에서는 연마하지 않은 Mylar strip군이 가장 평활한 면을 형성하였다 (p < 0.05). 본 연구 결과를 종합하여보면, 연마하지 않고 Mylar strip하에서 복합레진이 중합된 경우 가장 낮은 표면조도와 평활한 표면을 보였으며, 새로운 레진 단량체인 Bis-M-GMA를 함유한 복합레진이 수복물의 표면조도 측면에서는 필러 크기에 관계없이 기존의 Bis-GMA/TEGDMA를 기질단량체로 사용하는 복합레진에 비교하여 우수하지 못한 것을 확인하였다. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a new resin monomer, filler size and polishing technique on the surface roughness of composite resin restorations using confocal laser scanning microscopy. By adding new methoxylated Bis-GMA (Bis-M-GMA, 2,2-bis[4-(2-methoxy-3-methacryloyloxy propoxy) phenyl] propane) having low viscosity, the content of TEGDMA might be decreased. Three experimental composite resins were made: EXl (Bis-M-GMA/TEGDMA = 95/5 wt%, 40 mm nanofillers): EX2 (Bis-M-GMA/TEGDMA = 95/5 wt%, 20 mm nanofillers): EX3 (Bis-GMA/TEGDMA = 70/30 wt%, 40 mm nanofillers). Filtek Z250 was used as a reference. Nine specimens (6 mm in diameter and 2 mm in thickness) for each experimental composite resin and Filtek Z250 were fabricated in a teflon mold and assigned to three groups. In Mylar strip group, specimens were left undisturbed. In Sof-lex group, specimens were ground with #1000 SiC paper and polished with Sof-lex discs. In DiaPolisher group, specimens were ground with #1000 SiC paper and polished with DiaPolisher polishing points. The Ra (Average roughness), Rq (Root mean square roughness), Rv (Valley roughness), Rp (Peak roughness), Rc (2D roughness) and Sc (3D roughness) values were determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The data were statistically analyzed by Two-way ANOVA and Tukey multiple comparisons test (p = 0.05). The type of composite resin and polishing technique significantly affected the surface roughness of the composite resin restorations (p < 0.001). EX3 showed the smoothest surface compared to the other composite resins (p < 0.05). Mylar strip resulted in smoother surface than other polishing techniques (p < 0.05). Bis-M-GMA, a new resin monomer having low viscosity, might reduce the amount of diluent, but showed adverse effect on the surface roughness of composite resin restorations.

Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Localization of DcHSP17.7, a Small Heat Shock Protein

Yeh-Jin Ahn,J. Lynn Zimmerman 한국원예학회 2007 Horticulture, Environment, and Biotechnology Vol.48 No.4

The cellular localization of DcHSP17.7, a small heat shock protein (smHSP) from carrot (Daucus carota L.), was studied using green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker. A fusion gene construct, the DcHSP17.7 gene fused with the GFP gene, driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter was introduced into potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. ‘Desiree’) via Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. Transgenic plants were successfully regenerated and the DcHSP17.7-GFP fusion protein was observed using confocal laser scanning microscopy. Our results showed that DcHSP17.7 is localized in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the cells in leaf and stem tissues. Its general cellular compartmentation did not alter after heat stress (40℃, 4 hours). However, DcHSP17.7 was present at a higher level in the perinuclear region of the cytoplasm than inside the nucleus in the heat-stressed cells of stem tissues. The possible roles of DcHSPI7.7 in enhancement of thermotolerance under heat stress conditions were discussed based on its cellular localization. The integration of the transgene into the genome of transgenic plants and the accumulation of the fusion protein were confirmed by using polymerase chain reaction and immunodetection analyses, respectively.

공초점레이저주사현미경을 이용한 일부 시판음료에 의한 정상법 랑질의 치아부식도 평가

윤혜정 ( Hye Jeong Youn ),홍석진 ( Suk Jin Hong ),정성숙 ( Seong Soog Jeong ),정은주 ( Eun Ju Jung ),하명옥 ( Myung Ok Ha ),박영남 ( Young Nam Park ),최충호 ( Choong Ho Choi ) 대한예방치과·구강보건학회 2011 大韓口腔保健學會誌 Vol.35 No.3

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dental erosion by some commercial beverages on sound enamel of bovine teeth using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Methods. Three experimental groups (mixed beverage, carbonated flavored, and fruit juice) and one control group (natural mineral water) were established for this study. Each group consisted of 11 specimens obtained from bovine teeth. The concentration, pH level, fluoride, Ca and P of beverages were measured. Specimens were immersed in artificial saliva, except beverage treatment for day 8, and surface microhardness and lesion depth were measured. Results. The pH level of the four beverages was in the range of 2.39∼7.60. The concentration levels of fluoride, Ca and P were in the range of 0.03∼0.16 ppm, 1.67∼9.07 mg per 100 gm, and 0∼3.73 mg per 100 gm, respectively. The differences in surface microhardness (VHN) before and after the 8 day treatment were significant among the four groups for sound enamel. Lesion depths after the 8 day treatment on sound enamel by CLSM decreased significantly in of the following order: mixed beverage, carbonated flavored, fruit juice and natural mineral water (p<0.01). Lesion depths by CLSM correlated with surface microhardness using the surface hardness test on sound enamel (r=?0.920). Conclusions. In this study, beverages with rich Ca and low pH showed lower VHN and lesion depth. Thus, we propose that low pH beverages with rich Ca may reduce the extent of dental erosion on sound enamel.