从韩汉辅音对比看韩国汉语教材的语音编排与注释 - 以韩国主流汉语教材的声母教学为例-

??雅(Hwang, Lahnah) 동아인문학회 2019 동아인문학 Vol.47 No.-

The research scope of the thesis is limited to the initial stage of Chinese consonant teaching. Based on the research and development of Korean local textbooks and the comparison of Korean and Chinese consonants, the thesis combines Korean Learners’ pronunciation difficulties in Chinese learning, which examines the pronunciation arrangement and annotation of Korean mainstream adult Chinese textbooks. Firstly, the thesis investigates the consonant system and characteristics of Chinese and Korean consonants, and comprehensively describes the differences between Korean and Chinese consonants. For example, from the size of consonant catalogues in Korean, English and Chinese, Chinese consonants are more difficult than English consonants; at the same time, the Korean and Chinese consonants are contrasted around the pronunciation position and pronunciation method that some Chinese consonants are identical with Korean consonants in terms of pronunciation position and pronunciation method. In case of this, these consonants are taught in the same pronunciation of the mother tongue, which can improve the teaching efficiency. In addition, some Korean and Chinese consonants have similar pronunciation methods, but their pronunciation parts are different which will cause negative transfer when they are taught by the method of similar pronunciation in their mother tongue. Secondly, after investigating four mainstream adult Chinese textbooks widely used in Korea, there are two questions found by the author. On one hand, Korean learners’ recognition of Chinese pronunciation has been neglected. On the other hand, the arrangement of textbooks basically follows the arrangement order of the Chinese phonetic scheme, which is difficult to find a reasonable reason. Based on the comparative analysis and textbook survey results, and according to Prator"s (1967) Difficulty Level Mode, the author tries to propose a new arrangement order. The last but not least, the thesis analyses the phonetic annotations of three Chinese textbooks widely used in Korea of which phonetic annotations generally uses the “Proximity Mother Tongue Annotation Method”. The thesis suggests that the method of annotation of similar pronunciation in mother tongue should be carefully examined and the similarity annotation method must point out the similarities and differences clearly. Through the contrastive description of Chinese and Korean consonants and the analysis of Korean mainstream Chinese textbooks, the thesis deduces the real consonants teaching situation for Korean learners. In case of this, it puts forward some suggestions for improvement which can strengthen the systematicness and effectiveness of Chinese textbooks in Korean.

한(韓)ㆍ중(中)ㆍ일(日) 상용한자(常用漢字) 한자음(漢字音) 학습연계 활용을 위한 한(韓)ㆍ일(日) 한자음(漢字音)의 수용 및 대응양상에 관한 연구 - 지섭운(止攝韻)의 한(韓)ㆍ중(中)ㆍ일(日) 상용한자(常用漢字) 한자음(漢字音)의 통합비교분운표 데이터베이스 구축을 중심으로 -

최지수 ( Choi Ji-soo ) 조선대학교 인문학연구원 2020 인문학연구 Vol.0 No.59

본 연구에서는 中古漢語 止攝韻의 <韓ㆍ中ㆍ日 常用漢字 漢字音 통합비교분운표>를 작성하여, 韓ㆍ中ㆍ日 漢字音의 음운체계와 韓ㆍ日 漢字音의 수용 및 대응양상을 분석하였다. 止攝韻에서의 韓ㆍ中ㆍ日 常用漢字 漢字音의 대응관계를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1. 現代 韓國漢字音 -i형은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -i형, -er형, -ei형, -ai형으로 대응되며, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -i형, -e형 -o형으로 대응된다. 韓ㆍ中ㆍ日 常用漢字 漢字音의 대응양상의 유형은 i-i-i형, i-ei-i형, i-i-o형 順으로 비율이 높음을 알 수 있다. 2. 現代 韓國漢字音 -ïi형은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -i형으로 대응되며, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -i형, -e형, -a형으로 대응된다. 韓ㆍ中ㆍ日 常用漢字 漢字音의 대응양상의 유형은 ïi-i-i형, ïi-i-e/ïi-i-a형 順으로 비율이 높음을 알 수 있다. 3. 現代 韓國漢字音 -a/-ai형은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -i형으로 대응되며, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -i형으로 대응된다. 韓ㆍ中ㆍ日 常用漢字 漢字音의 대응양상의 유형은 a/ai-i-i형으로 나타난다. 4. 現代 韓國漢字音 -ui형은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uei형, -ua형으로 대응 되며, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -i형, -ui형으로 대응된다. 韓ㆍ中ㆍ日 常用漢字 漢字音의 대응양상의 유형은 ui-wei-i형, ui-uei-i형, ui-uei-ui형, ui-ua-ui형 順으로 비율이 높음을 알 수 있다. 5. 現代 韓國漢字音 -u형은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uei형, -ei형, -u형으로 대응되며, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -ui형으로 대응된다. 韓ㆍ中ㆍ日 常用漢字 漢字音의 대응양상의 유형은 u-uei-ui형, u-ei-ui형, u-u-ui형 順으로 비율이 높음을 알 수 있다. 6. 現代 韓國漢字音 -uəi형은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uei형, -i형으로 대응되며, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -i형으로 대응된다. 韓ㆍ中ㆍ日 常用漢字 漢字音의 대응양상의 유형은 uəi-uei-i형, uəi-i-i형으로 나타난다. 7. 現代 韓國漢字音 -oi형은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -oi형으로 대응되며, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -ui형으로 대응된다. 韓ㆍ中ㆍ日 常用漢字 漢字音의 대응양상의 유형은 oi-oi-ui형으로 나타난다. 8. 現代 韓國漢字音 -ju형은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uei형, -ei형, -i형으로 대응되며, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -i형, -ui형으로 대응된다. 韓ㆍ中ㆍ日 常用漢字 漢字音의 대응양상의 유형은 ju-wei-i형, ju-ei-ui형, ju-uei-i형, ju-i-i형으로 나타난다. 9. 現代 韓國漢字音 -jəi형은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -i형, -uei형으로 대응되며, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -i형으로 대응된다. 韓ㆍ中ㆍ日 常用漢字 漢字音의 대응양상의 유형은 jəi-i-i형, jəi-uei-i형으로 나타난다. In this study, the phonetic system of in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese commercial Chinese consonants and their acceptance and response patterns were analyzed on the Group Zhi(止). The following is a summary of the correspondence between Korean, Chinese, and Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. 1. Sino-Korean -i type is matched in -i, -er, -ei, -ai type in Chinese consonants, and -i, -e, -o type in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. The types of response patterns for the Korean, Chinese and Japanese models are i-i-i, i-ei-i, and i-i-o. 2. Sino-Korean -ïi type is matched in -i type Chinese consonants, and -i, -e, -a type in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. The types of response patterns in Korea, China, and Japan are ïi-i-i and ïi-i-e/ïi-i-a types, indicating a high ratio. 3. Sino-Korean -a/-ai type is matched in -i type Chinese consonants, and -i type in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. The types of response patterns in Korea, China, and Japan appear to be a/ai-i-i. 4. Sino-Korean -ui type is matched in -uei, -ua type Chinese consonants, and -i, -ui type in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. It can be seen that the types of response patterns in Korea, China, Japan are ui-wei-i type, ui-uei-i type, ui-uei-ui type and ui-ua-ui type, and the ratio is high. 5. Sino-Korean -u type is matched in -uei, -ei, -u type Chinese consonants, and -ui type in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. The types of response patterns in Korea, China, Japan are u-uei-ui and u-ei-ui, u-u-ui indicating a high ratio. 6. Sino-Korean -uəi type is matched in -uei, -i type Chinese consonants, and -i type in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. The types of responses to the Korean, Chinese and Japanese forms appear to be the uəi-uei-i and uəi-i-i types. 7. Sino-Korean -oi type is matched in -oi Chinese consonants, and -ui type in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. The type of response pattern for the Korean, Chinese and Japanese forms appear to be the oi-oi-ui type. 8. Sino-Korean -ju type is matched in -uei, -ei, -i type Chinese consonants, and -i, -ui type in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. The types of response patterns in Korea, China, Japan are ju-wei-i, ju-ei-ui, ju-uei-i, ju-i-i, indicating a high ratio. 9. Sino-Korean -jəi type is matched in -i, -uei type Chinese consonants, and -i type in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. The types of response patterns in Korea, China, Japan are jəi-i-i, jəi-uei-i, indicating a high ratio.

脣音系에서 나타나는 韓 · 日 漢字音의 수용 및 대응양상에 관한 연구 - 韓 · 中 · 日 常用漢字 漢字音의 統合比較分韻表 데이터베이스 구축을 중심으로-

최지수(Choi, Ji-Soo) 동아인문학회 2020 동아인문학 Vol.50 No.-

본 연구에서는 脣音系 漢字의 〈韓 · 中 · 日 常用漢字 漢字音 統合比較分韻表〉를 작성하여 韓 · 中 · 日 漢字音의 音韻體系와 韓・日 漢字音의 수용 및 대응양상을 분석하였다. 그 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1) 幫母는 現代 中國漢字音에서 b/p/, p/ph/, f/f/ 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音에서는 ㅂ/b/, ㅍ/p/ 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 ハ행으로 반영되었다. 2) 非母는 現代 中國漢字音에서 대부분 f/f/로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音에서는 ㅂ/b/, ㅍ/p/ 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 ハ행으로 반영되었다. 3) 滂母는 現代 中國漢字音에서 대부분 p/ph/로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音에서는 ㅍ/p/, ㅂ/b/ 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 ハ행과 バ행으로 반영되었다. 4) 敷母는 現代 中國漢字音에서 대부분 f/f/로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音에서는 ㅂ/b/, ㅍ/p/ 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 ハ행으로 반영되었다. 5) 並母는 現代 中國漢字音에서 대부분 p/ph, b/p/로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音에서는 ㅂ/b/, ㅍ/p/ 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 ハ행, バ행으로 반영되었다. 6) 奉母는 現代 中國漢字音에서 f/f/, b/p/ 順으로 반영되었다. 現代韓國漢字音에서는 ㅂ/b/, ㅍ/p/ 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 ハ행, バ행으로 반영되었다. 7) 明母는 現代 中國漢字音에서 대부분 m/m/으로 반영되었다. 現代韓國漢字音에서는 대부분 ㅁ/m/으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 대부분 マ행, バ행으로 반영되었다. 8) 微母는 現代 中國漢字音에서 대부분 w/u/로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音에서는 ㅁ/m/으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 マ행, バ행으로 반영되었다. In this study, the phonetic system of in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese commercial Chinese consonants and their acceptance and response patterns were analyzed on the Labial Sounds group. The following is a summary of the correspondence between Korean, Chinese, and Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. 1) The vowel Bang(幫) is reflected in the order of b/p/, p/ph/, f/f/ in modern Chinese consonants and ㅂ/b/, ㅍ/p/, in modern Korean consonants and ha(ハ)line in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. 2) The vowel Fei(非) is reflected in the order of f/f/ in modern Chinese consonants and ㅂ/b/, ㅍ/p/ in modern Korean consonants and ha (ハ)line in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. 3) The vowel Pang(滂) is reflected in the order of p/ph/ in modern Chinese consonants and ㅍ/p/, ㅂ/b/ in modern Korean consonants and ha(ハ)/ba(バ)line in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. 4) The vowel Fu(敷) is reflected in the order of f/f/ in modern Chinese consonants and ㅂ/b/, ㅍ/p/ in modern Korean consonants and ha (ハ)line in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. 5) The vowel Bing(並) is reflected in the order of p/ph, b/p/ in modern Chinese consonants and ㅂ/b/, ㅍ/p/ in modern Korean consonants and ha(ハ)/ba(バ)line in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. 6) The vowel Feng(奉) is reflected in the order of f/f/, b/p/ in modern Chinese consonants and ㅂ/b/, ㅍ/p/ in modern Korean consonants and ha(ハ)/ba(バ)line in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. 7) The vowel Ming(明) is reflected in the order of m/m/ in modern Chinese consonants and ㅁ/m/ in modern Korean consonants and ma (マ)/ba(バ)line in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants. 8) The vowel Wei(微) is reflected in the order of w/u/ in modern Chinese consonants and ㅁ/m/ in modern Korean consonants and ma(マ)/ba(バ)line in Japanese commercial Chinese consonants.

산섭운(山攝韻)의 한(韓)·일(日) 한자음(漢字音)의 수용양상 및 한(韓)·중(中)·일(日) 한자음(漢字音)의 대응체계에 관한 연구 - 한(韓)·중(中)·일(日) 한자음(漢字音)의 통합비교분운표 데이터베이스 구축을 중심으로 -

최지수 ( Choi Ji-soo ) 조선대학교 인문학연구원 2021 인문학연구 Vol.0 No.61

본 연구에서는 中古漢語 山攝韻의 <韓·中·日 漢字音 통합비교분운표>를 작성하여, 韓·日 漢字音의 수용양상 및 韓·中日 漢字音의 대응체계를 분석하였다. 지금까지의 논의를 근거로 결과를 정리하면 다음과 같다. 1. 開口1等 寒韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -an형, -e형, -a형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -an형, -al형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -an형, -atu형 順으로 반영되었다. 合口1等 桓韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uan형, -an형, -o형, -uo형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -an형, -oan형, -al형, -oal형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -an형, -atu형, -ati형 順으로 반영되었다. 2. 開口2等 刪韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -an형, -a형, -ia형, -ian형 順으로, 現代 韓國漢字音은 -an형, -al형 順으로 반영되었다. 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -an형, -atu형, -ati형 順으로 반영되었다. 合口2等 刪韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uan형, -an형, -ua형, -en형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -an형, -oan형, -oal형, -al형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -an형, -wan형, -watu형, -atu형 順으로 반영되었다. 3. 開口2等 山韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -ian형, -an형, -a형, -ia형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -an형, -al형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -an형, -en형, -atu형, -on형 順으로 반영되었다. 合口2等 山韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uan형, -ua형으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -oan형, -oal형, -oai형으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -atu형, -an형, -en형으로 반영되었다. 4. 開口3等 元韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -ian형, -ie형, -uan형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -ən형, -al형, -əl형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -on형, -etu형, -atu형 順으로 반영되었다. 合口3等 元韻은 現代中國漢字音에서 -yuan(üan)형, -an형, -uan형, -a형, -ue(üe)형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -uən형, -ən형, -an형, -əl형/-al형, -uəl형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -an형, -atu형, -etu형, -on형 順으로 반영되었다. 5. 開口3等 仙韻乙類는 現代 中國漢字音에서 -ian형, -ie형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -jən형, -ən형, -jəl형/-əl형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -etu형 順으로 반영되었다. 開口3等 仙韻甲類는 現代 中國漢字音에서 -ian형, -an형, -ie형, -e형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -ən형, -jən형, -əl형, -jəl형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -etu형 順으로 반영되었다. 6. 合口3等 仙韻乙類는 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uan형, -yuan(üan)형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -uən형으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -an형, -on형으로 반영되었다. 合口3等 仙韻甲類는 現代 中國漢字音에서 -uan형, -ue(üe)형, -ian형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -ən형, -jən형, -jəl형, -əl형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -etu형, -an형 順으로 반영되었다. 7. 開口4等 先韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -ian형, -ie형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -jən형, -ən형, -əl형 順으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -etu형 順으로 반영되었다. 合口4等 先韻은 現代 中國漢字音에서 -ue(üe)형, -uan형, -ian형 順으로 반영되었다. 現代 韓國漢字音은 -jən형, -jəl형으로, 日本 常用漢字音에서는 -en형, -etu형으로 반영되었다. In this study, the phonetic system of in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese Chinese consonants and their acceptance and response patterns were analyzed on the Group Shan(山). The following is a summary of the correspondence between Korean, Chinese, and Japanese Chinese consonants. 1. GradeⅠopened rhyme han(寒) were reflected in the order of -an, -e, -a type in modern Chinese consonants and -an, -al type, in modern Korean consonants and -an, -atu type in Japanese Chinese consonants. GradeⅠrounded rhyme huan(桓) were reflected in the order of -uan, -an, -o, -uo, type in modern Chinese consonants and -an, -oan, -al, -oal type, in modern Korean consonants and -an, -atu, -ati type in Japanese Chinese consonants. 2. Grade Ⅱ opened rhyme shan(刪) were reflected in the order of -an, -a, -ia, -ian type in modern Chinese consonants and -an, -al type, in modern Korean consonants and -an, -atu, -ati type in Japanese Chinese consonants. Grade Ⅱ rounded rhyme shan(刪) were reflected in the order of -uan, -an, -ua, -e type in modern Chinese consonants and -an, -oan, -oal, -al type, in modern Korean consonants and -an, -wan, -watu, -atu type in Japanese Chinese consonants. 3. Grade Ⅱ opened rhyme shan(山) were reflected in the order of -ian, -an, -a, -ia type in modern Chinese consonants and -an, -al type, in modern Korean consonants and -an, -en, -atu, -on type in Japanese Chinese consonants. Grade Ⅱ rounded rhyme shan(山) were reflected in the order of -uan, -ua type in modern Chinese consonants and -oan, -oal, -oai type, in modern Korean consonants and -atu, -an, -en type in Japanese Chinese consonants. 4. Grade Ⅲ opened rhyme yuan(元) were reflected in the order of -ian, -ie, -uan type in modern Chinese consonants and -ən, -al, -əl type, in modern Korean consonants and -en, -on, -etu, -atu type in Japanese Chinese consonants. Grade Ⅲ rounded rhyme yuan(元) were reflected in the order of -yuan(üan), -an, -uan, -a, -ue(üe) type in modern Chinese consonants and -uən, -ən, -an, -əl/-al, -uəl type, in modern Korean consonants and -en, -an, -atu, -etu -on type in Japanese Chinese consonants. 5. Grade Ⅲ opened rhyme contained medial ï xian(仙) were reflected in the order of -ian, -ie type in modern Chinese consonants and -jən, -ən, -jəl, -əl type, in modern Korean consonants and -en, -etu type in Japanese Chinese consonants. Grade Ⅲ opened rhyme contained medial i xian(仙) were reflected in the order of -ian, -an, -ie, -e type in modern Chinese consonants and -ən, -jən, -əl, -jəl type, in modern Korean consonants and -en, -etu type in Japanese Chinese consonants. 6. Grade Ⅲ rounded rhyme contained medial ï xian(仙) were reflected in the order of -uan, -yuan(üan) type in modern Chinese consonants and -uən type, in modern Korean consonants and -en, -an, -on type in Japanese Chinese consonants. Grade Ⅲ rounded rhyme contained medial i xian(仙) were reflected in the order of -uan, -ue(üe), -ian type in modern Chinese consonants and -ən, -jən, -əl, -jəl type, in modern Korean consonants and -en, -etu, -an type in Japanese Chinese consonants. 7. Grade Ⅳ opened rhyme xian(先) were reflected in the order of -ian, -ie type in modern Chinese consonants and -jən, -ən, -əl, -jəl type, in modern Korean consonants and -en, -etu type in Japanese Chinese consonants. Grade Ⅳ rounded rhyme xian(先) were reflected in the order of -ue(üe), -uan, -ian type in modern Chinese consonants and -jən, -jəl type, in modern Korean consonants and -en, -etu type in Japanese Chinese consonants.

한국인의 중국어 어두자음 범주지각 연구

이선희(Lee, Sun-Hee) 중국문화연구학회 2018 중국문화연구 Vol.0 No.42

According to PAM, categorization assimilation is happened at the very short period of learning. That’s why we need to know how Korean listen and comprehend Chinese sound when they haven’t learn Chinese. It is important to know the naive Korean’s perception to Chinese initial consonants. Because only after we know how they choose the category of the Chinese consonants, we might be able to presume how the Korean Chinese language learner construct Chinese consonants category in their cognitive system. If we know know how naive Korean choose the category of a certain Chinese consonant, and if we observe the Chinese language learner’s choice for consonant category we can compare the results and find out whether there are any differences. Then it might be more easy to deduce how Korean listen and comprehend Chinese consonant sounds or it is possible for us to assume there will be difficulty to learn that sounds or not. However, in Korea, there are almost no research has been done to the naive Korean who doesn’t have Chinese Experience. In this article, we will review the previous phonetic researches of Korean and Chinese consonant. Then, we carry on the perceptual experiment to 100 Koreans and we analyze what characteristic Korean have when categorizing Chinese consonants. As a result, this paper proved two facts related to the previous research. First, there are difficulties in choosing a category of ‘c, ch, l, r, sh, z, zh’, which can lead to listening comprehension difficulties even at the learning stage. Second, unlike to the result of previous studies, Koreans perceived the Chinese plosive as a fortis regardless of Tones.

对上古音“C+L”复声母的优选论分析

朴奎贞 대한중국학회 2014 중국학 Vol.49 No.-

The problems about consonant clusters in old Chinese are hot issues in modern linguistics and traditional phonology in China. Joseph Edkins advanced some opinions about the consonant clusters of old Chinese for the first times. And Bernhard Karlgren also pointed out that there are some relationships between concord-characters in modern Chinese and consonant clusters in old Chinese. After that, Lin, Yu-tang et al. have studied on the problems about consonant clusters. So far, there are many studies about the forms of consonant clusters in the period of old Chinese and the rules of changes from old Chinese to middle Chinese, but there are shortcomings on the researches about internal constraints of changes. Therefore, this article will explain two problems below through optimality theory. First, what was the forms of consonant clusters in old Chinese? Second, what were the reasons for the loss of consonant clusters in middle Chinese? As a result, old Chinese had consonant clusters and their form was “C+L”, because Max-IO dominated *Complex and Sonority had higher hierarchy than Ident-IO(F). But in the period of middle Chinese, there was a reverse of hierarchy between MAX-IO and *Complex, and there were successive hierarchical raise from right to left among Ident-IO(F), *Onset-VO, Ph and Onset-Son, so that ‘voiceless obstruents(or nasal) + liquid’ and ‘voiced obstruents + liquid’ in old Chinese have changed into ‘voiceless obstruents(or nasal)’ and ‘liquid’ respectively in middle Chinese.

中國人 한국어 학습자의 韓國語 子音의 발달 단계 연구

김지형(Kim, Ji-hyung) 중앙어문학회 2013 語文論集 Vol.54 No.-

This study presented the results of study follow-up surveying the feature of Korean pronunciation by Chinese learners phonetically from the elementary level to the advanced level of Korean learning. Among Korean consonants, I studied plosive consonant and affricate that forms opposition of ‘Lax consonants : Aspirated consonants : Tense consonants’. 5 men and 5 women, a total of 10 Chinese Korean learners were selected, and a total of 3 experiments were conducted in the interval of 6 months. For experiment, consonants required for analysis were recorded, F0 value and VOT value were obtained using the voice analysis program, Praat, and analyzed. To measure the degree of development of pronunciation for Korean consonant, paired t-test was conducted with he matching pairs of elementary - intermediate, intermediate-advanced, elementary-advanced. As a result of experimental analysis, Chinese learner was found to learn the pronunciation of Tense consonants relatively easily, but not to separate Lax consonants and Aspirated consonants well. It was recon-firmed that Aspirated consonants was highly likely to develop through learning process, but Lax consonants was considerably difficult to develop. In this regard, it was proposed to intensively discuss Lax consonants in Korean consonant education.

중국어와 일본어 모어 화자의 한국어 음절 종성 산출 차이 연구

장향실 ( Hyang Sil Chang ) 우리어문학회 2016 우리어문연구 Vol.55 No.-

본고는 한국어 음절 종성에 대한 일본어와 중국어권 화자의 산출 차이에 대해고찰하였다. 중국어권 학습자와 일본어권 학습자는 공통적으로 한국어의 종성 ‘ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ’ 등을 제대로 발음하지 못하는데, 그 이유는 학습자의 모국어인 중국어 및 일본어와 목표어인 한국어의 음절 구조가 다르기 때문이다. 그런데 주목을 요하는 것은 두 언어권 학습자의 발음 산출이 다르게 나타난다는 점이다. 중국어권 학습자들은 대개 음절 종성을 탈락시켜 발음하는 경향이 강한 반면, 일본어권학습자들은 음절 종성을 후행 음절의 초성으로 재음절화하여 발음하는 경향이 나타난다. 한국어의 CVC 음절을 가지는 단어에 대해 일본어권 학습자는 CV.CV로 산출하는 데 비해 중국어권 학습자는 CV로 산출하는 것이다. 이에 대해 기존의 음운론 연구에서는 외국인 학습자의 목표어 음절 종성 발음은 목표어의 음절종성이 가진 특성에 영향을 받는다고 하였다. 하지만 한국어의 같은 종성 자음에 대해 두 언어권 학습자가 달리 산출한다는 것은, 그 원인이 학습자 모어의 음절구조 및 음절화 원리에서 비롯된다고 보아야 할 것이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 일본어와 중국어의 음절 구조 특징 및 음절화 원리를 살펴보았다. 특히 두 언어가 모두 기본적으로 CV 음절 구조를 가지는 언어임에도 불구하고 다른 산출 결과가 나오는 원인에 대해 주목하였다. 분석 결과일본어권 학습자가 한국어의 CVC 음절을 CV.CV로 산출하는 이유는 그들이 한국어의 음절 종성을 일본어의 촉음 廷와 발음 ん로 대응하는 데서 비롯되는것으로 파악된다. 일본어권 화자는 한국어의 종성을 일본어의 촉음이나 발음으로 대응시키는데, 이들은 CV-Q.CV, CV-N.CV의 구조로만 나타나야 하는 음절 구조 제약을 가진다. 이 때문에 한국어의 CVC 음절을 CVC.CV구조로 발화하는 것이다. 중국어권 학습자의 경우, 한국어 종성 탈락은 그들이 하나의 형태소를 하나의 음절로 인식하여 음절화하기 때문으로 분석된다. 하나의 형태소(문자)를 하나의 음절로 인식하기 때문에 한국어를 인식할 때에도 음절 단위로 표기되는 한국어의 표기에 많이 견인되어 오류를 발생시키는 것이다 This thesis aims to investigate different outputs of Korean syllable-final consonant that are pronounced by Chinese and Japanese learners. The Chinese and Japanese who are learning Korean samely pronounce Korean syllable-final consonant incorrect especially, syllable final consonant ㄱ, ㄷ, ㅂ. The inaccuracy results from the difference in syllable structure among the Korean, Chinese, and Japanese. Other study on Korean phonology regard the error of foreign learners`` pronounce as being due to the nature of syllable-final consonant of target language. But different output of syllable-final consonant in Korean between Chinese and Japanese learners shows that the causes of error result from the syllable structure of foreigners`` mother tongue. By the way, it is different that the output of Korean syllable-final consonant pronounced by Chinese and Japanese learners. The Chinese learners are generally apt to eliminate syllable-final consonant of Korean. But the Japanese learners usually resyllabicate the consonant in coda as the next initial consonant. It means that the Chinese learners pronounce the word which is CVC syllable structure like CV syllable structure word. But the Japanese pronounced like CV.CV structure word. The reason for the Japanese learners output as CV.CV structure in pronounce CVC structure word is that the Japanese learners unconsciously regarded the syllable-final consonant as Japanese ``廷`` or ``ん``. As result, the Japanese learners outputs as CV-Q.CV CV-N.CV structure. But the Chinese learners`` eliminating the syllable-final consonant are resulted from the characteristics of Chinese which is the certain syllable boundary. The Chinese learners are affected by the characteristic of their syllable structure. This thesis investigated the outputs of Korean syllable-final consonant produced by foreign learners, especially Janpanese and Chinese learners. The foreign learners`` error are caused by the syllable structure of their mother tongue.

上古音에서 中古音에 걸친 舌齒音의 變化

陳宇昕(CHEN YUXIN),李京哲(Lee Kyongchul) 한국일본어학회 2021 日本語學硏究 Vol.- No.70

In this study I explored the change of the Alveolar plosive initials and Alveolar sibilant affricate & fricative initials form Old Chinese to Middle Chinese. Findings can be summarized in the following five points. 1. There were two language groups in Old Chinese. The first group distinguished aspirated and tenuis initials. We call it Language “A”. The second group distinguished voiced and voiceless sounds, We call it Language “B”. It is thought that in Old Chinese, Language “A” was more influential than “B”. “A” was distributed widely in the north whereas “B” was in the south. Middle Chinese distinguished not only aspirated and tenuis sounds but also voiced and voiceless sounds, which was produced after the language contact between “A” and “B”. 2. Alveolar plosive initials and Alveolar sibilant affricate & fricative initials existed separately in Old Chinese. Postalveolar plosive initials and Alveolo-palatal affricate & fricative initials in Middle Chinese were derived from Alveolar plosive initials in Old Chinese and Postalveolar affricate & fricative initials in Middle Chinese were derived from Alveolar sibilant affricate & fricative initials in Old Chinese. The Cr-type consonant cluster was basically possible in Old Chinese. Alveolo-palatal affricate & fricative initials in Middle Chinese had two different sources form Old Chinese. One was form Tri-type, which we call Group “α” and the other one was from Ti-type, which we call Group “β”. After the disappearance of [r] of Group “α”, Group “α” and Group “β” underwent the palatalization during Northern and Southern Dynasties, and merged to Alveolo-palatal affricate & fricative initials. 3. The separation of Postalveolar plosive initials from Alveolar plosive initials happened in some areas of the Western Jin Dynasty. However, the separation had not occurred in some areas in the Northern and Southern Dynasties. 4. In Old Chinese, people who used Language “B” did not distinguish between Alveolar fricative and Sibilant affricate consonants. 5. Tongue-up sounds and Tooth-up sounds were Postalveolar initials in the Qie-yun system.

중국 월방언권 화자들의 한국어 종성 발음 연구― 월방언에서 진행 중인 종성의 변화를 중심으로 ―

유월,장산산 중앙어문학회 2023 語文論集 Vol.96 No.-

이 글에서는 중국 월방언에서 진행 중인 종성의 변화에 주목하여 월방언 화자들의 한국어 종성 발음 양상을 재고찰하였다. 중국 월방언에서 진행 중인 종성의 변화에 대한 선행 연구를 보면, 월방언의 종성에 지속적인 변화가 일어나고 있고, 그 유형도 다양하다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이에 월방언 화자 20명을 대상으로 한 중국 월방언의 종성 발음과 한국어를 학습하고 있는 월방언권 학습자 9명을 대상으로 한 한국어 종성 발음을 상호 대조 분석하였다. 그 결과, 두 언어의 종성의 오류율과 변이율이 모두 t⇒k⇒m⇒n/ŋ의 순으로 나타났다. 따라서 월방언에서 진행 중인 종성 변화가 월방언권 한국어 학습자의 종성 발음에 영향을 미친다는 것을 알 수 있었다. This study analyzed the pronunciation of Korean final consonants by Cantonese Chinese native speakers in conjunction with Cantonese dialectal variation of final consonants. We examined literature on the persistent Cantonese dialectal variation of final consonants and found several variations in Cantonese final consonants. Furthermore, we recorded and analyzed the pronunciations of final consonants in Cantonese dialect by 20 native speakers, and the pronunciations of Korean consonants by 9 Cantonese learners of Korean. A comparison of the rates of variation of final consonants in the Cantonese dialect and the rates of errors in the pronunciation of Korean final consonants shows that the order of the ratesof variation and errors of final consonants in both languages, from highest to lowest, is t⇒k⇒m⇒n/ŋ. Therefore, we conclude that the linguistic variation and change of the Cantonese dialects have a non-negligible effect on Cantonese learners’ pronunciation of Korean final consonants.