공인제도 혁파 후 분원 공인의 분화와 직업 · 자본의 변화(1895~1910)

박은숙(Park Eun-sook) 한국역사연구회 2017 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.105

“Bun’weon”(Branch office) was a governmental office established in the 15<SUP>th</SUP> century to produce porcelain items needed for the royal family. After the country was opened to the outer world, the government transferred the operational rights of the Bun’weon office to the Gong’in figures in 1883, and renamed the office to “Bun’weon Jagi Gongso(分院磁器貢所).” The Gong’in figures operated this office while producing porcelain items, and submitted the products to the royal family while also selling some of them to the market. But when the centuries-old Gong’in system was abolished in 1895 and the Bun’weon Jagi Gongso office was also shut down by the Gabo-year reforms, the Gong’in figures who had been attached to the office also lost their status as Gong’in, and were summarily dismissed. Later, the porcelain business previously overseen by the Bun’weon office was transformed into the form of a “Beonja(Producing Porcelain) Company,” and 5 Gong’in figures who had earlier served the Bun’weon office was newly enlisted as employees of the new Beonja Company. In the meantime, some other people also decided to remain at Bun’weon to take another shot at their old job, but some of them left for good, to seek for new opportunities. People who ‘stayed’ were in many cases land owners or people with some capital, with higher social status than other ordinary people, while people who ‘left’ were the ones who had been stuck in disadvantageous conditions. In retrospect, most of the former Gong’in figures remained at Bun’weon, engaging themselves in both porcelain and agricultural production, as many of them had lands of their own. Meanwhile, a man named Kim Ik-jun, who was one of the Gong’in figures that left the Bun’weon office and also happened to be a wealthy capitalist, set up his own pawnshop and a store in places inside the Capital city which were frequented by the citizens. But people with lesser cash had to float around the harbors and ports. These Bun’weon Gong’in figures were rather wealthy, as they were required to invest thousands Nyang of money when they enlisted themselves in the Bun’weon activities. After they lost their status as Gong’in, they remained at the Bun’weon office and invested their own money in porcelain production, paying for costs of personnel and material. Some of them even set up a new Japanese-style kiln to produce colored porcelain, or applied local “Mangdongyo” technique to their own operations. But certain challenges -from the competition with imported foreign houseware and the Japanese porcelain productions- forced the Bun’weon business to decline. Producers with lesser capital eventually succumbed to accumulating deficits, and in the end went bankrupt while being consumed by loansharking. After the Gong’in system was abolished in 1895, changes in the people’s occupations and divergence of their capital reflected their social status, personal capabilities, and range of their intra-personnel relationships. The fact that economic power turned out to have been important in that process shows us the reality of the Joseon society which was already experiencing Capitalism.

血液內 水銀濃度와 非蛋白窒素値와의 比較 檢討

김태전,윤기은 서울保健大學 1984 論文集 Vol.4 No.1

81명에 대한 혈액내수은농도, BUN치, Creatinine치를 측정하고 이들간의 상관관계를 알아본 결과들을 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 조사자 81명에 대한 혈액내총수은 농도는 12.12±0.60ppb이였고, BUN치와 Creatinine치는 12.17±0.43mg/dl과 0.76±0.02mg/dl이었다. 그리고 도시인 29명에서의 총수은량은 11.29±1.18ppb, BUN치와 Creatinine치는 각각 14.38±0.65mg/dl과 0.76±0.03mg/dl이었고, 28명의 농촌주민의 총수은량은 11.90±0.91ppb, BUN치와 Creatinine치는 각각 10.19±0.73mg/dl과 0.82±0.04mg/dl이었다. 그리고 24명의 수은취급자에서의 총수은량은 13.37±0.99ppb, BUN치와 Creatinine치는 각각 11.80±0.60mg/dl과 0.68±0.04mg/dl이었다. 2. 혈중수은농도와 BUN치는 남자에서 다소 높은 경향을 보였으나 Creatinine치는 남자에서 유의하게 높았다. (p<0.05). 3. 연령에 따른 수은농도 BUN치, Creatinine치에는 유의한 차는 보이지 않았다. 4. 혈액내수은농도는 도시인, 농촌주민, 수은취급자 순으로 다소 높아지는 경향을 보였으나 유의성은 없었다. 그러나 BUN치, Creatinine치는 그들간에 유의한 차를 보였다. (P<0.01, P<0.05). 5. 혈액내수은농도와 BUN치, Creatinine치간의 상관관계는 전혀 존재하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 BUN치와 Creatinine치간에는 매우 유의한 상관관계를 나타냈다 (P<0.01). 따라서 혈액내수은농도는 BUN치와 Creatinine치와 무관하며, 수은에 직접적인 폭로여부와의 관계 보다는 환경적인 요인이나 식이와 더욱 깊은 관계를 갖고 있지 않나 생각하는 바이다. This studies were examined to measure total mercurial concentration in blood, BUN and creatinine levels in serum, and find the relationship of correlation among them in 29 urban and 28 rural populations, and 24 men exposed by mercury. Mercury analysis was made by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The results were summarized as the following; 1. In 81 populations total mercurial concentration was 12.12±0.60ppb, BUN and creatinine levels were 12.17±0. 43mg/d1, 0.76±0.02mg/dl; in 29 urban mercurial concentration was 11.29±1.18 PPb,and BUN and creatinine levels, respectively 14.38±0.65mg/dl, 0.76±0.03mg/dl; in 28 rural mercurial concentration, BUN and creatinine levels were respectively 11.90±0.91 PPb, 10.19±0.73mg/dl, 0.82±0. 04mg/dl; in 24 men exposed by mercury mercurical concentration, BUN and creatinine levels were respectively 13.37±0.99 ppb, 11.80±0.60mg/dl, 0.68±0.04 mg/dl. 2. Total mercurial concentration and BUN levels were more or less higher in male than in female but creatinine levels were high confidently in male. (P<0.05) 3. According to ages total mercurial concentration, BUN and creatinine levels had not confidential differences. 4. Total mercurial concentration was gradually high as the sequence of men exposed by mercury, rural and urban populations. But their mutual differences were of no statistical significance, on the other BUN and creatinine levels respectively had very significance among them (p<0.01, p<0.05). 5. The relationship of correlation between total mercurial concentration and BUN, creatinine levels was not at all but between BUN and creatineine very significant (P<0.01).

고려 말 조선 초 문인-지식층의 분운(分韻)에 대하여

심경호 국문학회 2013 국문학연구 Vol.0 No.27

근대 이전의 문인-지식인들은 시문을 통해서 지적 교류를 행하고 당파와 집단을 형성하였다. 본고는 고려 말 조선 초에 신흥 사대부들이 정치권력을 장악하면서 문학적 모임에서 분운을 사용한 예들을 살펴보았다. 분운은 지식층의 시회와 소집에서 상호 간의 유대와 작시 수련을 위해 매우 중시되었다. 한국에서는 그 관습이 대개 원나라 강점기의 고려 중엽에 발아하여 고려 말에 과거제가 정기적으로 실시되면서 문인-지식인 집단이 연속성을 지니면서 문화적, 정치적 세력을 구축하던 때에 극성하였다. 고려 중엽에는 과거에서 과부(科賦)가 매우 중시되어, 문인들이 즉석에서 평측 상간의 여러 운자들 활용하는 것을 평소 훈련해 두었으므로 분운의 즉석 창작이 가능한 문인-지식층이 성립하였다. 이제현이 신예의 전송연에서 이루어진 분운 연장의 시축에 서문을 쓴 것은 작시가 자유자재한 문인-지식층이 그 시기에 두텁게 존재하여, 문학과 정치의 장에서 중요한 역할을 하기 시작했음을 알려주는 징표이다. 본고에서 다룬 내용을 정리하면 다음과 같다. (1) 고려 말 조선 초에는 외직으로 나가는 관료나 과거 후 귀근하는 유생에게 전별연을 베풀면서 분운 연장하는 일이 정착되었다. 이 분운의 방식은 조선후기까지 지속되었다. (2) 고려 말에는 좌주를 위한 연회에서 분운 연장하는 사례가 있었다. 좌주문생의 명족회는 조선시대에 회시 제도가 정착되면서 축소되었다. (3) 고려 말에는 승려를 중심으로 분운 연장이 이루어진 사례가 많았다. 하지만 조선전기에 배불론이 대두되면서 승려를 중심으로 하는 분운 연장은 찾아볼 수 없게 되었다. (4) 고려 말, 조선 초에는 국왕을 호종하는 문신들이 국왕을 위해 송축한 시에 호종신들이 분운하는 사례가 있었다. 송축시를 이용한 분운 연장은 조선 전기 이후 찾아 볼 수 없다. (5) 고려 말, 조선 초에는 내외간상을 당하여 시묘 생활을 할 때 그것을 기념한 시를 만들고 또 분운 연장한 시를 시권으로 만들기도 하였다. 조선중기 이후로는 문인-지식인들이 시회와 시사를 갖는 일이 많아져, 후기에는 대단히 번성하였다. 이때에는 분운 구호와 분운 연장 등이 더욱 많았을 것이다. 분운은 문인-지식층이 문학 양식과 기호를 공유하는 장(場)의 의미가 문학 실질 내용보다 더욱 큰 의미를 지녔다. It was frequently occurred that literati in pre-modern period wrote poems to broaden the intellectual interchange and to form political groups. This paper is to survey the cases that literati during the late Goryeo-early Joseon period performed Bun-un(分韻) at literary coteries' activities. Bun-un was highly regarded as it was frequently perfomed at literary coteries' activities. It was also useful to practice verse writing. In Korea, the Bun-un tradition began around the middle of Goryeo, and prevailed in the late Goryeo as Gwa-geo(科擧, civil service literary examination) started to be fulfilled regularly. It became very usual consequently that they exercised to rhyme out poems readily as Gwa-bu(科賦) was highly valued at Gwa-geo, and as a result groups that could write and enjoy poems using Bun-un were naturally formed. The preface composed by Lee Jehyeon(李齊賢) for Si-chuk(詩軸, a roll of pomes) of Bun-un Yeon-jang(分韻聯章) suggests that not a few such groups existed at that time and they played a important part in political and literary activities as well. To summarize this paper is the same as follows. (1) In the late Goryeo-early Joseon period, to perform Bun-un Yeon-jang at farewell parties for those who went local government posts or returned home after finishing Gwa-geo, was regularized and it lasted until the late Joseon period. (2) In the late Goryeo period, there were cases that Bun-un Yeon-jang was performed at parties for Jwa-ju(座主, examiner), but Myeongjokhoe(名簇會) by Jwa-ju and Mun-saeng(門生, pupil) began to decrease as Huesi(會試) system was established in Joseon dynasty. (3) In the late Goryeo period, there were also cases that Bun-un Yeon-jang was performed by Buddhist monks, but these cases disappeared as religious oppression for Buddism began at the beginnig of Joseon dynasty. (4) In the late Goryeo-early Joseon period, there were cases that government officials wrote poems using Bun-un keeping harmony with poems in praise for kings, but these cases disappeared since early Joseon period. (5) In the late Goryeo-early Joseon period, there were also cases that one edited a collection of poems or of Bun-un Yeon-jang while visiting the tombs of his father or mother since he or she had been dead. From the middle of Joseon dynasty, literati had lots of chances to exercise Bun-un as literary coteries' activities increased, and it remarkably flourished in the late Joseon dynasty. It is assumed that there would be lots of cases of Bun-un Gu-ho(口呼) and Yeon-jang at that period. It is notable that literary coteries' activities practicing Bun-un had lots of meaning more than they appeared.

「분지」를 읽는 몇 가지 독법 - 남정현의 소설 「분지」와 1960년대 중반의 이데올로기들에 대하여

김건우 상허학회 2011 상허학보 Vol.31 No.-

Nam Jung-Hyun's Bun-Ji, published in 1965, was the first case of writing-trouble affairs(i.e. being prosecuted for one's writing) in which Anti-Communist Law was applied to literary works. Although Bun-ji was a sort of allegorical novel, it also contained exceedingly realistic touch points as his novels mostly did. And Bun-Ji's interpreting code did exist in the intellectual discourses of those days. It was no other than new nationalism which was the international matter of concern then. Cheong-Maek and Han-Yang(published by korean residents in japan) were the representaive magazines producing various discourses based on new nationalism. In the context of new nationalism, the Korean nationalism campaign led to Anti-America movement. The idea that U.S practically ‘dominates’ the Korean peninsula, was found everywhere in the progressive nationalistic discourses of those days in Korea. Therefore, Bun-Ji was the fitting text which was supposed to be read in the context of progressive nationalistic discourses of those days. Meanwhile, we should not miss the way by which the critical liberalist poet Kim Su-Yung read Bun-Ji. To conjecture Kim's reading of Bun-Ji, is to investigate the way how the critical liberalism recognized the progressive nationalism as the other of two major resistance discourses(of course, critical liberalism is the one, progressive nationalism is the other) and to examine how these two resistance discourse axes made their positions in Korean intellectual discourse. For Kim, natioalism was rather ‘unscientific’ and therefore ‘dangerous’ ideology. He could not help but watch for the blindness implied in nationalism. To sum up; The interpreting instance or code of Nam's Bun-Ji did exist in the discourse of new nationalism or anti-imperialist natioalism. So, though it sounds ironical, we can conclude that the prosecutor, i.e the anti-communist state apparatus, and North Korea were those which made the most ‘accurate’ reading of Bun-Ji. And the most ‘radical’ liberalist Kim was also the one who appreciated and perceived the writing-trouble affair fully, in spite of being removed from the core of the affair. In the middle of 1960s, Bun-Ji was a sort of coordinate system in the topography of intellectual discourses. 1965년 남정현의 소설 「분지(糞地)」 사건은 문학작품에 반공법이 적용된 최초의 필화사건으로 알려져 있다. 「분지」는 일종의 알레고리 소설이지만, 대개의 남정현의 소설들이 그렇듯이 대단히 현실적인 접점들을 내장하고 있었다. 「분지」의 해석 코드는 지식 담론 상에서 뚜렷이 존재했다. 그 해석의 코드란 바로 당시 전 세계적인 관심사였던 제3세계 신민족주의였다. 매체 상으로 [청맥]과 재일교포 잡지 [한양]이 이 기반에서 담론을 생산하고 있었다. 신민족주의의 맥락에서 한국 민족주의 운동은 자연스럽게 ‘반미’의 과제로 연결되었다. 미국이 한국을 사실상 ‘지배’하고 있다는 생각은 이 시기의 진보 민족담론 진영의 글들 도처에 나타난다. 결과적으로 남정현의 「분지」를 당시 진보 민족담론의 맥락에서 읽는 것은 너무도 당연했던 것이다. 한편 비판적 자유주의자였던 김수영이 「분지」를 읽었던 방식을 놓쳐서는 안된다. 김수영의 독법을 추측하는 것은, 한국사회에서 비판적 자유주의가 저항담론의 다른 축인 진보적 민족주의를 어떻게 대타화하고 인식했는가를 살피는 작업이며 동시에 이 두 축이 어떻게 자기 위치를 잡아나가는가를 살피는 작업에 해당하기 때문이다. 김수영에게 있어 민족주의는 다소 ‘비과학적인’, 그래서 ‘위험한’ 것이었다. 그는 민족주의에 내장된 맹목성을 경계할 수밖에 없었다. 요약해 본다. 남정현의 「분지」를 해석하는 심급은 확실히 신민족주의 혹은 반제 민족주의 담론에 놓여 있었다. 그래서, 「분지」를 가장 ‘정확하게’ 읽은 쪽은 역설적으로 말해 반공국가권력의 장치였던 검찰과 그리고 ‘북’이었다. 가장 ‘급진적인’ 자유주의자였던 김수영 역시 사태의 중심에서 한 발 비켜서 있긴 했지만 실상을 충분히 감지할 수 있었다. 1960년대 중반 한국사회의 이데올로기들의 지형도에 있어 「분지」는 좌표계에 해당했던 것이다.

조선후기 사대부의 성리학적 풍수관

이덕형(Lee, Duck-Hyoung) 한국역사민속학회 2009 역사민속학 Vol.- No.30

분수원산송이 발생한 조선후기였던 18c에는 임금의 명에 의해서 山訟사건은 엄중하게 처리 하라는 명이 내려질 정도로 산송은 이미 사회적인 문제로 대두되어 있었다. 이런 사회적 분위기 속에서 청송심씨와 파평윤씨 두 가문은 경기도 파주 분수원에 위치한 묘역 문제로 약 250년간 산송을 벌여왔다. 분수원산송은 산의 같은 줄기에 심지원과 윤관의 묘가 함께 조성되어있는 이유로 훗날 쟁송이 시작 되었다. 이곳 분수원에는 1111년 파평윤씨 윤관의 묘가 조성되었고, 1662년에는 청송심씨 심지원의 묘가 조성되었다. 그런대 청송심씨 심지원의 묘를 조성될 때 아래에는 이름 없는 古?이 한기 있었다. 이 묘를 파평윤씨 측에서는 윤관의 묘라고 생각하고 있었다. 그리하여 두 가문에서 훗날 묘역지의 독점적인 사용권을 주장하며 다툼이 벌어진 것이다. 이렇게 발생한 분수원산송의 원인과 이유에 대해서 아직까지 분명한 해답을 획득하지 못하고 있다. 왜 두 가문이 이렇게 오랜 기간 산송을 벌여야만 하였던 원인이 무엇에 기인한 것인지 현재 나타나있는 자료로서는 단정 지을 수 없는 실정인 것이다. 그래서 필자는 분수원 산송의 실체를 풍수지리사상을 통해서 파악해보기로 했다. 첫째 분수원 산송이 발생한 지역의 풍수지리 형국을 살펴보고, 둘째 18세기 후기의 심지원과 윤관의 묘역 배치와 현재의 모습에 대해서 알아보았다. 셋째 고려시대에 조성된 윤관의 묘와 조선후기에 조성된 심지원의 묘가 만들어질 때 사대부들이 享受하고 있었던 풍수관에 대해서 추론해 보았다. 그 결과 고려와 조선에서 사용되어지는 풍수론은 차이가 있었고, 같은 조선시대에서도 개국초기와 조선후기에 사용되어지는 풍수론에 차이가 있었다. 그리고 숙종조에 새롭게 만들어진 분묘의 범위규정이었던 용호의 범위규정은 당시 사대부들의 위선사업에 이용되어 사회적으로 큰 파장을 불러 일으켰다. 더구나 사대부들은 조선후기에 이르러서는 전과는 다른 성리학적 표현을 구사하고 있던 시기여서 그 여파는 더욱 크게 확산되었고 이것은 곧 산송으로 나타났다. 이런 이유로 전개된 분수원산송은 최근 두 문중의 합의로 끝을 맺었다. 그 결과의 후속행위로 이어진 청송심씨의 이장 현장에서는 관 속에 물이 가득 차있었던 것을 보았다. 이것은 분수원 묘역지가 풍수지리에서 말하는 명당의 조건에 일치하지 않고 있는 것을 확인해주는 현장이었다. 그럼에도 불구하고 분수원산송은 분묘의 독점적인 사용을 위해서 근 250여 년간 이어졌다. 이것은 결국 조선후기 사회현상의 변화가 사대부들의 성리학적 가치관에 변화를 가져다 주었고, 그 사상적 기저에는 풍수관의 영향이 있었던 것으로 판단되었다. 결국 분수원산송도 이런 범주에 놓여 있어 벌어진 산송으로 판단된다. In the eighteenth century, late in the Joseon Dynasty, lawsuits over family graveyards had risen to the level of a social problem. It became so severe that the king delivered a special order to the government to pay close attention to issues of a fair settlement in such cases. One case representing this is the Bun-su-won Sansong, a lawsuit between two families, Shim and Yoon, that lasted for over 250 years. The lawsuit over Bun-su-won, a family graveyard located in Paju, Gyoungggi-do, started because Shim Ji-won and Yoon Gwan, ancestors of the Shim and Yoon families, had been buried on the same mountain ridge. In 1111, Yoon Gwan from the Papyoung Yoon family was first buried in Bun-su-won, and later in 1662, Shim Ji-won from the Cheongsong Shim family was also buried there. At the time of entombing Shim Ji-won in Bun-su-won, there had been only an unknown old tomb. The Yoon family claimed that the old tomb was their ancestor Yoon Gwan’s, and this controversial lawsuit began. Despite the opposing claims, it still hasn’t been clearly resolved (because of deficient historical records) why the lawsuit over Bun-su-won occurred and lasted for such a long period of time. In order to discover the reasons for their legal confrontation, this study conducted the following research based on the concept and principles of Pungsu : 1) Examined the landform and its features of the tomb sites in Bun-su-won 2) Comparatively studied placement and current status of the two tombs of Yoon Gwan and Shim Ji-won 3) Compared the concepts of Pungsu respected by the literati in the Goryo Dynasty and in the late Joseon Dynasty. As a result, the study shows that different Pungsu theories were appreciated in the Goryo Dynasty and the Joseon Dynasty. In fact, even between the early and late Joseon Dynasty period, there existed a difference in Pungsu theory. Yongho, new principles of tomb range during the reign of King Sook-jong, had been used for the literati worshiping their ancestors and caused a controversy in the Joseon Dynasty. Accordingly, the neo-confucian literati in the late Joseon Dynasty eagerly sought lawsuits over family graveyards. Recently, however, the lawsuit over Bun-su-won ended by the consent of the two families. As part of the agreement procedure, the Shim family exhumed their ancestor Shim Ji-won’s tomb and discovered that his coffin was filled with water. This proved that Bun-su-won was not “Myoung -dang,” a propitious graveyard considered by Pungsu theory. It is an irony that these two families had to fight for over 250 years to earn such a graveyard in name only. This concludes that changes in the late Joseon Dynasty obviously affected the confucian values of the literati in the late Joseon Dynasty, and were also deeply influenced by Pungsu theory. Bun-su-won Sansong is believed to have occurred in the stream of this social phenomenon.

저체중 출생아에서 생후 혈청 크레아티닌 혈액 요소 질소 값의 변화

김신미 ( Shin Mi Kim ),고정희 ( Jeong Hee Ko ),심은정 ( Eun Jung Shim ),이대형 ( Dae Hyoung Lee ),조도준 ( Do Jun Cho ),김덕하 ( Dug Ha Kim ),민기식 ( Ki Sik Min ),유기양 ( Ki Yang Yoo ) 대한주산의학회 2008 大韓周産醫學會雜誌 Vol.19 No.2

목적: 출생 시 혈청 Cr 수치는 신생아의 크기와 근육량에 비해 증가하여있으며 미숙아일수록 신기능이 미성숙한 상태에 있으나 미숙아에서 혈청 Cr 농도와 재태연령, 혹은 출생체중과의 상관관계에 대해서 알려진 바가 많지 않다. 이에 저자들은 신생아집중 치료실에 입원한 저체중 출생아들을 대상으로 혈청 Cr, BUN 수치의 변화를 출생 당일과 일주일 뒤를 비교함으로써 신기능의 변화를 추정하여 보고 출생체중, 혹은 재태연령과의 관계를 확인하고자 하였다. 방법: 2003년 1월부터 2006년 12월까지 한림대학교 성심병원 신생아 집중 치료실에 입원한 저체중 출생아를 대상으로 의무 기록을 분석하였다. 총 162명이 대상이 되었으며 의무 기록을 후향적으로 검토하여 출생체중, 재태 연령 신장, 성별, 1분, 5분 APGAR 점수와 혈청 내 BUN, Cr (출생 직후, 일주일 뒤)을 조사하였다. 출생체중에 따라 500~999 g, 1,000~1,499 g, 1,500~2,000 g인 세 그룹으로 분류하였다. 결과: 저체중 출생아에서 혈청 Cr 값은 출생 후 시간이 지날수록 감소하였으며 1,000 g 이상은 1주 이후 감소하였으며 1,000 g 미만인 경우 3주 이후 혈청 Cr 값이 감소하였다. 또한, 이전 연구들에서 다양한 형태로 나타났던 BUN의 변화는 본 연구에서 출생체중이 클수록 생후 일주일 뒤에 시행한 혈청 Cr, BUN 값이 낮게 나왔다. 결론: 저체중 출생아에서 혈청 Cr 수치는 출생 후 감소하게 되지만 출생체중 1,000 g 미만인 초극소 저체중 출생아에서는 더 천천히 감소한다는 점으로 미루어 보아 출생 후 신기능 발달은 출생체중과 연관성이 있음을 알 수 있었다. Objective: To study the changes in serum creatinine and correlation between gestational age or birth weight and serum creatinine in low birth weight infants in the immediate postnatal period. Methods: Medical records of all premature infants, who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit of Hallym University Hospital between January 2003 and December 2007, were reviewed. 162 infants met our inclusion criteria. Medical records were reviewed for: birth weight, gestational age, length, gender, APGAR scores, use of medications, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (Scr) during the first days of life. Premature infants were separated into three groups according to their birth weight: 500 to 999 g; 1,000 to 1,499 g; and 1,500 to 2,000 g. Results: Scr was found to decrease postnatally, however there was a delay in the decrease of Scr in the subgroup of infants <1,000 g BW, Scr was also found to decrease with increasing birth weight at 1 week after birth (Pearson test, p=0.01). Serum BUN was found to decrease with increasing birth weight at 1 week after birth (Pearson test, p=0.00). Conclusion: In low birth weight infants Scr decrease during the first days of life. However, in infants smaller than 1,000 g birth weight there is a delay in the decrease of their Scr that extends beyond the first days of life. Our findings indicate progression of renal function is directly correlated to birth weight.

상복부 통증을 분돈(奔豚)으로 진단하고 양지탕(良枳湯)을 투여하여 호전된 1례

석선희 ( Seon Hee Seok ),박세환 ( Se Hwan Park ),김근우 ( Geun Woo Kim ),구병수 ( Byung Soo Koo ) 대한한방신경정신과학회 2008 동의신경정신과학회지 Vol.19 No.2

Stress reaction can be shown widely in the systems of psychology, endocrinology, immunology and so on. Stress promotes catecholamine from the autonomic nerve system, and this activates the sympathetic nerve system. As the sympathetic nerve system is activated, high blood pressure, tachycardia, vertigo, anxiety, diaphoresis, myotonic reaction and others can happen. Autonomic imbalance is the syndrome that people suffer from various symptoms accompanying no organic lesions and no psychological disorders by losing the hormonies between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve system. We experienced a 55 year-old female who complained of sudden abdominal pain after being frightened at trouble with her husband. Her abdominal pain was very characteristic, "Something is like rising in my abdomen.", that occurred several times a day. We diagnosed ``Bun-Ton Disease`` from her abdominal sign. Several oriental medicine books recorded aspects of Bun-Ton disease and treatments, we had given herbal medicine and treated acupuncture be based on those. Results from studies to date suggest the Bun-Ton Disease`s main cause is fright or shock, and they stimulate releasing epinephrine or norepinephrine, that result in various symptoms. In this case report, we will present this patient`s case and review the Bun-Ton Disease.

분원 사기장의 자유해방과 계약 노동자의 길(1895~1910)

박은숙(Park, Eun-sook) 한국역사연구회 2014 역사와 현실 Vol.- No.93

The potters(沙器匠) who had been working at the “Bun’weon” branch factories were freed from the government in 1895. They became wage workers ever since. They wandered around the Gyeong’gi Province to find a job. Their organization[邊房都中] was also abolished. They were individually employed by owners who had enough capital to hire them. They received wages for their work. The owners employed them for a limited time period, in an exclusive fashion. The owners of the Bun’weon branch factories used the power of the government to recruit potters. They paid their travel expenses, and provided them with residences. Skilled potters received more than hundreds of Nyang(兩), which was much more than previous government-paid wages. But there were not that many of them. In the meantime, owners of Bun’weon factories introduced new porcelain technology to the market. They imported techniques to produce Japanese color porcelain in 1902. But after the collapse of the last Bun’weon factory, potters were all scattered and some of them were employed by the Japanese ceramic factory.

분당신도시 상업지역의 개발현황에 관한 연구

배웅규 영산대학교 2003 영산논총 Vol.11 No.-

Bun-Dang New-Town has important historical values in urban design and new-town development. Hoewever, it has been raised lots of problems such as over-supply of commercial and business areas, and the mono-function as bed-town, etc. The main purpose of this study is to analyse the actual development in the commercial areas of Bun-Dang, in order to find out the reasons why it has been left being undeveloped and to seek the improvement elements for the existing and future new town development. The distribution of the lots for the commercial and business function were over-supplied by the political consideration. So, more than half of the distributed areas was remained being undeveloped and even vacant in the buildings in commercial areas. There are the problems of inclined distribution and ambiguous hierarchy in the commercial districts. Due to the difference of the location and the development uses, the actual situation of each district is diverse. Based upon the result of the study, the subject of the future research requires to define the problems and to propose the improvement of commercial area of Bun-Dang New-Town.

야관문(Lespedeza Caneata) Ethanol 추출물이 납 투여한 생쥐의 간장과 콩팥에 미치는 영향

정경아(Kyoung-A Chung),정민주(Min-Ju Cheong) 한국산학기술학회 2016 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.17 No.6

본 연구는 야관문 추출물이 납 투여된 생쥐의 간장과 콩팥에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 시행하였다. 대조군(Nor), 납 단독투여 4주군 (Pb 4W), 납 단독투여 8주군 (Pb 8W), 납-야관문 복합투여 4주군(Pb-LC 4W), 납-야관문 복합투여 8주군 (Pb-LC 8W)으로 나누어 구분하였다. 대조군은 1차 증류수를, 납 단독투여군은 lead acetate를 증류수에 1000ppm으로 용해하 여 식수로 공급하였다. 납–야관문 복합투여군은 납을 식수로 공급하면서 야관문을 500 mg/kg 농도로 매일 경구투여 하였다. 혈액의 AST, ALT, BUN 효소활성과 간장, 콩팥의 조직학적 실험을 하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. AST, ALT, BUN는 대조군에 비해 실험군 모두 증가하였고, 같은 기간의 납 단독투여군 보다 납-야관문 복합투여군에서 수치가 감소하였다. 조직학적 결과는 간장과 콩팥에서 Pb 4W군은 일부가 변형되었고 Pb 8W군은 대부분에서 괴사와 변형이 일어났고 Pb-LC 4W군과 Pb-LC 8W군은 Pb 4W군과 Pb 8W군 비해 변형이 완화되었다. 같은 기간의 납 단독투여군 보다 납-야관문 복합투여군에서 조직 변화가 완화되었다. 이상의 연구결과로 보아 야관문 추출물이 납 투여한 생쥐의 간장과 콩팥 의 손상에 대한 보호 효과가 있다고 사료된다. This study determined the effect of Lespedeza Caneata extract on the livers and kidneys of lead-administered mice. The experimental groups were divided into a normal group, Pb 4W group, Pb-LC 4W group, Pb 8W group, and Pb-LC 8W group. The normal group was supplied single distilled water, and the pb group was provided distilled water in which lead acetate was dissolved at 1,000 ppm. The Pb-LC group was provided with lead as drinking water, and the Lespedeza Caneata was orally medicated at a concentration of 500 mg/kg daily. AST, ALT, and BUN enzyme activities and histological experiments on the livers and kidneys resulted in the following conclusions. AST, ALT, and BUN activities increased in the experimental group compared to the normal group and decreased more in the Pb-LC group than the pb group during the same period. The histological results reveal that portions of the livers and kidneys were deformed in the Pb 4W group, and most of the Pb 8W group experienced necrosis and deformation. pb-LC4W and Pb-LC 8W groups experienced less deformation than the Pb 4W and Pb 8W groups. During the same period, the Pb-LC group experienced less histological changes than the Pb group. These results suggest that Lespedeza Caneata extract may have some protective effect on hepatic tissue and renal tissue damage with lead-administered in mice.