자존감, 자존감 안정성, 자기개념 명료성과 심리적 적응과의 관계 탐색

고현석,김민희,민경환 한국심리학회 2012 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.31 No.3

This study distinguished the content and structural aspects of self-concept and examined the relationships between self-esteem, stability of self-esteem, and self-concept clarity, and the relationship between those variables and psychological adjustment. Self-concept was measured by the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, Stability of Self-Esteem Scale, and Self-Concept Clarity Scale. There was a significant correlation among the three variables. Hierarchical and multiple regressions were used, with subjective well-being and mental health index as criterion variables, to investigate the relationship between the three variables and the individual’s psychological adjustment. Hierarchical regression showed that after controlling for self-esteem, the stability of self-esteem strongly predicted subjective well-being and accounted for an additional variance; however, self-concept clarity did not explain any incremental variance. Multiple regression revealed that self-esteem is the most predictable variable for subjective well-being, but self-concept clarity did not show any significant relation. However, the mental health index constructed with depression, anxiety and stress had a discriminative pattern. Regression controlled for self-esteem and demonstrated that the stability of self-esteem and self-concept clarity explain any incremental variances. The variances were higher than those of self-esteem in every criterion variable. Multiple regression also showed that the stability of self- esteem is the most accountable variable in predicting the mental health index, and that the variance of self-esteem was lower than that of self-concept clarity. Finally, a number of implications, limitations and suggestions for future research were discussed. 본 연구에서는 자기개념의 내용적 측면과 구조적 측면을 구분하고, 이를 대표하는 구성개념인 자존감, 자존감 안정성, 자기개념 명료성 간의 관계 및 이들 변인과 심리적 적응과의 관계를 탐색하였다. 이를 위해 자존감 척도(RSES), 자존감 안정성 척도(SSES), 자기개념 명료성 척도(SCCS)로 자기개념을 측정한 결과, 세 변인 간에는 서로 유의미한 상관이 나타났다. 이들 변인과 개인의 심리적 적응과의 관계를 탐색하기 위해 주관적 안녕감과 정신건강 지표를 준거변인으로 하여 위계적회귀분석과 다중회귀분석을 실시하였으며 주요 결과는 다음과 같았다. 먼저 주관적 안녕감의 경우, 자존감을 통제한 위계적회귀분석에서 자존감 안정성은 유의미한 증분 설명량을 보였으나, 자기개념 명료성은 증분 설명량을 나타내지 못했다. 다중회귀분석 결과 자존감은 주관적 안녕감을 예언하는 가장 중요한 변인으로 확인되었으며, 자기개념 명료성은 유의미하지 않았다. 하지만 우울, 불안, 스트레스로 구성된 정신건강 변인에서는 차별적인 패턴이 발견되었다. 자존감을 통제한 회귀분석에서 자존감 안정성, 자기개념 명료성 모두 증분 설명량을 보였으며, 우울, 불안, 스트레스 모두에서 자존감보다 설명량이 높은 것으로 확인되었다. 다중회귀분석 결과에서도 자존감 안정성이 정신건강 변인을 예언하는 가장 중요한 변인으로 나타났으며, 자존감의 설명력이 가장 낮았다. 마지막으로 본 연구결과에 대한 의의와 제한점, 그리고 추후 연구 방향에 대해 논의하였다.

한국 성인의 자존감 구성요인 탐색 및 척도개발

차경호,홍기원,김명소,한영석 한국심리학회 2006 한국심리학회지 일반 Vol.25 No.1

This study was conducted to explore the structure of self-esteem among Korean adults and to develop a Korean Self-esteem Scale. 61 Korean adults participated in FGI (Focused Group Interview) in which they were asked to indicate situations enhancing their self-esteem as well as situations depressing their self-esteem. The content analysis of their responses yielded 14 categories with 148 characteristics of self-esteem. The list of 148 items, Rosenberg's self-esteem scale(1979), and Ryff's psychological well-being scale(1989) were administered to a nationwide sample of 1503 Korean adults in order to assess their self-esteem and psychological well-being through 6-point Likert scale. Responses from 877 participants were submitted to exploratory factor analysis and 70 items with low factor coefficient were deleted. The Korean Self-esteem Scale consisted of 78 items and 11 factors. Confirmatory factor analysis of the responses from the 611 adults showed that the 11 factor structure derived from the exploratory factor analysis was appropriate. The Korean Self-esteem Scale showed relatively high correlations with Rosenberg's self-esteem scale and Ryff's psychological well-being scale, respectively r=.39, .68. These results supported the construct validity of the Korean Self-esteem Scale. Finally the implications and limitations of the present study were discussed. 본 연구에서는 한국 성인남녀가 생각하는 자존감의 구성요인들을 탐색하고 이를 평가하는 척도를 제작한 후, 확인적 요인분석과 Rosenberg(1979)의 자존감 척도 및 심리적 안녕감 척도(Ryff, 1989)와의 관계분석을 통해 그 타당성을 검토하였다. 이를 위해 모두 두 차례의 조사가 실시되었는데, FGI형식으로 이루어진 1차 조사에서는 성인남녀 61명을 대상으로 자존감에 영향을 미치는 상황들을 조사하여 중복된 응답을 제외하고 148개의 특성들이 도출되었고, 각 특성들의 유사성에 따라 14개의 요인으로 분류되었다. 2차 조사에서는 전국 성인남녀 1503명을 대상으로 148개의 자존감 척도 예비 문항들과 Rosenberg의 자존감 척도와 Ryff의 심리적 안녕감 척도 문항들을 함께 실시하여 자신의 현재 삶의 모습을 평정하도록 하였다. 조사 2에서의 응답결과에 대한 분석은 두 부분으로 나누어 실시하였는데, 먼저 877명의 응답 자료를 바탕으로 문항 선정을 위한 탐색적 요인분석을 실시한 결과, 요인계수가 낮은 문항을 제외한 후 최종 11개요인, 78개의 문항으로 구성된 자존감 척도가 마련되었다. 나머지 611명의 자료는 확인적 요인분석을 위해 사용되었는데 탐색적 요인분석에서 밝혀진 요인구조가 적합한 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 개발된 자존감 척도와 Rosenberg의 자존감 척도 및 심리적 안녕감 척도를 이용하여 구성개념 타당도를 확인하였다.

A Study on Applying the Factors of Self-Esteem to Moral Education

김봉제 한국윤리학회 2017 倫理硏究 Vol.113 No.1

The self-esteem first presented by William James is one of the oldest research topics in psychology. Research on self-esteem provides a starting point for restoring human nature in modern society where humanity has been lost. The reason why self-esteem is illuminated as a research theme is recognized as a major mechanism for leading to human behavior. According to researches self-esteem has emotional, cognitive, and evaluative functions, and is divided into two factors: domain and specific. Especially, the specific factors of self-esteem are related to the moral trait. Thus, a good understanding of the factors of self-esteem associated with moral traits is an attempt to promote the development of moral education. According to 2015 Moral Education Curriculum (MEC), self-esteem and positive attitude related to self-esteem were suggested as elements of moral education contents. In order to utilize self-esteem as an effective moral education content, it is necessary to analyze the characteristics and factors of self-esteem. Also, this try is to find the grounds that can be applied to moral education. For this purpose, this study analyzed the characteristics of early self-esteem and recently presented concepts to find applicability to moral education. In addition to this, some examples of how to link the factors of self-esteem and the contents presented in 2015 MEC is presented.

청소년의 자존감 특성에 따른 잠재유형 탐색 및 유형별 정신건강 기능의 차이

권혜수,최윤정 한국상담학회 2017 상담학연구 Vol.18 No.5

The purpose of the current study was to explore whether homogeneous groups of high school student were classified according to self-esteem level, self-esteem stability, and self-esteem contingency, and to identify the differences between the groups in terms of mental health functions (e. g. implicit self-esteem, social desirability, and negative emotion on negative feedback). Results from Latent Profile Analysis of 506 high school students in Kangwon region indicated the presence of four types. According to the characteristics of each types, High self-esteem - Secure (type 1), High self-esteem - Fragile (type 2), Low self-esteem - Stable (type 3), Low self-esteem - Fragile (type 4) were named. MANOVA was conducted to compare if there was a difference in implicit self-esteem, social desirability and negative emotions on negative feedback according to the classified types. Results indicated that there was no significant difference in implicit self-esteem among all groups, but there were significant differences in the social desirability and negative emotions under negative feedback situation. Type 1 has the highest scores in social desirability and the lowest negative emotions on negative feedback. Type 2 and Type 3 have lower social desirability and higher grief and anger on negative feedback than Type 1. Type 4 has the lowest social desirability and the highest negative emotions such as sadness, anger, and incapacity on negative feedback. Based on the results, we discussed optimal self - esteem research and counseling intervention for understanding and improving self - esteem of adolescents. 본 연구는 청소년의 자존감 수준, 자존감 안정성, 자존감 수반성에 따라 동질적인 집단이 분류되는지를 탐색하고, 하위 유형에 따라 정신건강기능(암묵적 자존감, 사회적 바람직성, 부정적 피드백에 대한 부정적 정서)에서 차이가 존재하는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 강원도 내 고등학교 재학생 506명을 대상으로 잠재 프로파일 분석을 실시한 결과, 네 개의 유형으로 분류되었으며 각 유형의 특징에 따라 높은 자존감-강건한 유형(유형1), 높은 자존감-취약한 유형(유형 2), 낮은 자존감-안정된 유형(유형 3), 낮은 자존감-취약한 유형(유형 4)으로 명명하였다. 분류된 유형에 따라 암묵적 자존감, 사회적 바람직성과 부정적 피드백에 대한 부정적 정서에서 차이가 있는지 살펴보기 위해 다변량 분산분석을 실시하였다. 연구 결과, 암묵적 자존감에 대해서는 모든 집단에서 유의미한 차이가 없었으나 사회적 바람직성과 부정적 피드백에 대한 부정적 정서에서 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 높은 자존감-강건한 유형(유형1)은 사회적 바람직성이 가장 높고 부정적 피드백에 대한 부적 정서가 가장 낮았다. 높은 자존감-취약한 유형(유형2)과 낮은 자존감-안정된 유형(유형3)은 높은 자존감-강건한 유형(유형1)보다 사회적 바람직성은 낮고 부정적 피드백에 대한 슬픔 및 분노 정서가 높았다. 낮은 자존감-취약한 유형(유형4)은 사회적 바람직성이 가장 낮고 부정적 피드백에 대한 슬픔, 분노, 무능의 모든 부적 정서가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 연구 결과에 기초하여, 진정한 자존감에 관한 연구와 청소년의 자존감 이해와 향상을 위한 상담 개입에 대해 논의하였다.

Self-Esteem of Christian Adolescents

Hyun Joo Oh 한국기독교교육정보학회 2006 Journal of Christian education information tech Vol.0 No.10

The purpose of this study was to investigate self-esteem of Korean Christian adolescents. The subjects of the present study were 580 adolescents (444 youth group students in Korea and 136 students in America). In order to examine both global and specific self-esteem of adolescents, this study used a revised Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents (SPPA) (Harter, 1988). Out of 9 subscales of the SPPA, this study used 7 subscales. A Christian Self-Esteem subscale (3 items) was developed and added by the researcher to measure how the adolescents felt because they were Christian. Among the 8 subscales, the highest score was in the domain of Christian Self-Esteem and the lowest one was Physical Appearance. Differences of self-esteem levels by gender, grade, location, years of church attendance, living with parents, and if parents were Christian were compared. Except for the grade variable, differences were found in all variables.

심리적 위협 상황에서 자존감 안정성과 조절초점의 부합효과

김경아,최훈석 한국건강심리학회 2014 한국심리학회지 건강 Vol.19 No.4

The current study was conducted to compare the underlying motivational orientations of individuals who possess secure self-esteem vs. fragile self-esteem. It was hypothesized that, under psychological threat, fragile self-esteem (i.e., high on explicit self-esteem but low on implicit self-esteem) would be associated with prevention focus, whereas secure self-esteem (i.e., high on both explicit and implicit self-esteem) would be associated with promotion focus. In contrast, under low threat we expected that both types of self-esteem would be associated with promotion focus. In Study 1, we surveyed one hundred Korean college students and found that explicit self-esteem was positively correlated with both promotion focus and narcissistic tendency. In addition, we found that fragile self-esteem was positively correlated with narcissistic tendency, whereas secure self-esteem was unrelated to narcissism. In Study 2, we tested the effects of a fit between regulatory focus and the two types of self-esteem under psychological threat using a 2 (secure vs. fragile self-esteem) × 2 (promotion vs. prevention focus) × 2 (high vs. low threat) between-participant design. Results revealed that, under psychological threat, participants with fragile self-esteem showed higher performance in the prevention focus condition than in the promotion focus condition, whereas the opposite trend emerged under low threat. In contrast, no significant effect was observed among participants with secure self-esteem. We found the same pattern of results on narcissism. Implications of these results and directions for future research are discussed. 본 연구는 자존감 안정성 유형을 외현적 자존감과 내현적 자존감의 차이 양상으로 규정하고, 실험연구를 통해 심리적 위협 상황에서 자존감 안정성 양상과 조절초점의 부합 효과를 알아보았다. 이를 위하여 내현적 자존감과 외현적 자존감을 각각 측정하여 내현적 자존감은 낮지만 외현적 자존감은 높은 개인(취약한 자존감)과 내현적 자존감과 외현적 자존감이 모두 높은 개인(강건한 자존감)을 선별하여 사전 조사를 실시했다. 사전 조사 결과, 두 유형에 해당되는 개인들은 공통적으로 향상초점 경향성을 보이지만, 취약한 자존감을 지닌 개인이 강건한 자존감을 지닌 개인보다 높은 자기애 경향성을 보이는 점에서 차이를 발견하였다. 이를 토대로 실험에서는 심리적 위협 상황에서 자존감의 두 유형(강건한 자존감 vs. 취약한 자존감)에 부합하는 동기적 지향성(향상초점 vs. 예방초점)이 서로 다르고, 자존감 유형과 동기적 지향성이 부합하는 조건에서 부합하지 않는 조건보다 개인의 수행이 우수하다는 가설을 검증하였다. 실험 결과, 취약한 자존감을 지닌 개인은 심리적 위협 수준이 높을 때 예방초점 조건에서 향상초점 조건보다 과제 수행이 우수했으며, 심리적 위협 수준이 낮을 때는 향상초점 조건에서 예방초점 조건보다 과제 수행이 우수했다. 반면에, 강건한 자존감을 지닌 참가자들은 위협 상황에 따른 조절 초점 조건 간 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이는 강건한 자존감은 심리적 위협 수준과 무관하게 향상초점과 부합하는 반면, 취약한 자존감은 심리적 위협 수준이 낮을 때는 향상초점과 부합하지만 심리적 위협 수준이 높을 때에는 예방초점과 부합함을 시사한다. 이 결과를 토대로 본 연구의 제한점 및 장래 연구 방향을 논의하였다.

The Effects of Self-Esteem Training Program on Improvement of Self-Esteem and Speaking Abilities of Students with Physical Disabilities

( Yun Hyang Chong ) 대구대학교 한국특수교육문제연구소 2019 Asia-Pacific Journal of Intellectual Disabilities Vol.6 No.1

Students with disabilities have low self-esteem and lack the ability to speak confidently because of their physical impairment and failure experiences. Therefore, in this research, the self-esteem training program was developed and applied to students with physical disabilities, and the effects of self-esteem and speaking ability of physically disabled students were examined. The subjects of this study were 20 students from D special-education school in Daegu Metropolitan City. Experimental design methods applied for the experiment of this study are experimental design of pre- and post-test control group. After applying the self-esteem improvement program to the experimental group and not applying it to the control group, pre- and post-test were done to both the experimental group and the control group to compare the experimental treatment results. The results of this study were as follows: First, the students of the experimental group who performed the self-esteem training program showed a positive improvement in general self-esteem, social self-esteem, family self-esteem and school self-esteem compared to the control group. Second, the experimental group participating in the self-esteem training program improved speaking ability in four areas: content selection, content organization, expression and delivery, attitude. Based on the above conclusions, it is suggested that the self-esteem training program for the students with disabilities should be developed in accordance with the characteristics of the learner, so that long-term training should be done using the creative experiential activity time.

중학생의 청소년 수련관 프로그램 참여가 자아존중감 및 정신건강에 미치는 영향

김태형(Kim Tae Hyeong),조지훈(Cho Ji Hoon),전진욱(Jeon Jin Uk) 한국유산소운동과학학회 2017 한국유산소운동과학회지 Vol.15 No.1

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of the youth training center program on the change of psychological characteristics such as self-esteem and mental health of adolescents. To accomplish this goal, the youth training center program was implemented for two middle school students who participated in the youth training center located in Gurye-gun, Jeollanam-do. Among 380 questionnaires, which were not participated in the double youth training center program or those who abandoned moderately, 36 of the questionnaires including no answer, double entry, and no acceptance were coded, followed by SPSS 20.0 versiov statistical program. One-way ANOVA and Scheffe(post-test) tests were conducted to examine differences in mental health. T-tests were conducted to examine the mean and standard deviation of pre- As a result, it was found that after participating in youth training center program activities, the sef -esteem and mental health score of adolescents were increased or decreased by sub - types. The conclusions drawn from this study are as follows. First, in the present study, there was a significant difference in general self-esteem, family self-esteem, and self-esteem at school as a sub-variable of self-esteem and self-esteem. The self-esteem score showed an increase in overall self-esteem from the pre/post test, and the sub-variables of self-esteem such as general self-esteem, social self-esteem, home self-esteem, There was a significant improvement. Second, as a result of the youth training activities, it was found that the self and psychopathology, which are sub-variables of mental health, were significant according to sex and school. Self-efficacy, social support (family), and psychopathology were significant subscales of mental health. Social support (friends and relatives), which is a sub-variable of mental health, was significant according to the number of participation. After performing youth activities, it was found that the subscales of self-efficacy, social support, and psychopathology were significantly higher in mental health subscale.

자존감, 인지적 정서조절전략과 공격성 간의 관계 - 교도소 수용자를 대상으로-

김은희,강승호 한국교정학회 2010 矯正硏究 Vol.- No.47

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships among self-esteem, cognitive emotion regulation strategies, and aggressiveness of the convicts incarcerated in a correctional institution. Five Questionnaires were administered to 304 convicts. First, the study examined the differences among the self-esteem subtypes on aggressiveness, anger expression, and cognitive emotion regulation strategies. For this purpose, the participants were divided into three groups based on their scores on the SES and NPDS; high self-esteem, defensive self-esteem, and low self-esteem group. For this, ANOVA was conducted. And then, the study identified mediation effect of cognitive emotion regulation strategies on the relationships between self-esteem and anger expression by using hierarchical multiple regression. The main results were as follows; First, The high self-esteem group showed lower anger, hostility, and physical aggression than the defensive and low self-esteem groups. The defensive self-esteem group showed higher hostility and verbal aggression than the other groups did. Second, The defensive and low self-esteem groups showed higher anger-out and anger-in than the high self-esteem group did. Furthermore, the low self-esteem group showed the highest difficulty in anger-control. Third, The high self-esteem group utilized more adaptive emotion regulation strategies, but the low self-esteem group utilized more maladaptive strategies. Forth, Adaptive emotion regulation strategies mediated the relationship between self-esteem and adaptive anger expression. Also, maladaptive emotion regulation strategies mediated the relationship between self-esteem and maladaptive anger expression. 본 연구에서는 교도소 수용자를 대상으로 자존감, 인지적 정서조절전략과 공격성 간의 관계를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 자존감 척도(SES), 자기애성 성격장애 척도(NPDS), 인지적 정서조절 질문지(CERQ), 공격성 질문지(AQ-K), 상태-특성 분노표현 척도(STAXI-K)가 실시되었으며, 총 304명의 응답이 분석에 포함되었다. 먼저, 자존감 유형에 따라 공격성과 분노표현 양상, 인지적 정서조절전략에 차이가 있는지를 ANOVA와 Tukey 사후비교를 통해 알아보았다. 분석 결과 첫째, 높은 자존감 집단에서 분노감, 적대감, 신체적 공격행동이 가장 낮았으며 방어적인 자존감 집단에서 적대감과 언어적 공격행동이 가장 높았다. 방어적인 자존감 집단과 낮은 자존감 집단에서 분노표출과 분노억제 경향이 동일하게 높았지만, 낮은 자존감 집단에서 분노통제의 어려움이 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 높은 자존감 집단에서 적응적인 인지정서조절 전략이, 낮은 자존감 집단에서는 부적응적인 인지정서조절 전략이 더 많이 사용되는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로, 인지적 정서조절전략이 자존감과 분노표현 양상 간의 관계에서 매개적 역할을 하는지 검증하기 위하여 위계적 회귀분석을 실시하였다. 예측대로, 적응적 인지정서조절 전략은 자존감과 적응적 분노표현 간의 관계를 매개하였으며, 부적응적 인지정서조절 전략은 자존감과 부적응적 분노표현 간의 관계를 매개하는 것으로 확인되었다.

영재아의 자아존중감에 관한 연구

송수지(Song, Sujie) 한국영재학회 2000 영재교육연구 Vol.10 No.2

This study analyzes the factors influencing self-esteem of the gifted children. The factors are divided into the environmental ones and innate ones. The purposes of this study is presented as follows. 1) To analyze the environmental factors influencing self-esteem of the gifted children ① whether the education period affects self-esteem of the gifted children? ② what influences do the manners of parental child-rearing behavior make? ③ what influences do peer relationships make on self-esteem of the gifted children? 2) To analyze the innate factors influencing self-esteem of the gifted children ① does the gender make a difference to self-esteem of the gifted children? ② does the level of intelligence make a difference to self-esteem of the gifted children? ③ what influences does the locus of control make on the self-esteem of the gifted children? To solve these questions 120 gifted children were selected, who were taking a special education program at C Korea Academy of Gifted Education located at Yangjae-dong Seocho-gu. They were 1st to 3rd grades at elementary school. We used Hare Self-Esteem Scale developed by Bruce R. Hare in 1985, the Index of Peer Relations developed by Hudson in 1986, and Nowicki & Strickland Locus of Control Scale developed by Nowicki and Strickland in 1973. At the other hand the nursing behaviors of 120 mothers of the gifted, were also investigated, based on the Korean Maternal Behavior Inventory, developed by Sungyeon Park in 1989 with some modifications. For statistical analysis we adopted SPSS, a computer software, and calaulated the coefficient of internal appropriateness and the frequencies and percentages of general aspects of the cases. We analysed the factors influencing the self-esteem of the gifted children by way of Pearson's product moment correlation coefficient, t-test, ANOVA, and multiple regression analysis and Duncan for ex-post-facto approval. The results of this study can be summarized as follows. 1) Influences of the environmental factors on the self-esteem of the gifted children: ① The duration of education period had a significant effect on the self-esteem; the longer the duration were, the higher self-esteem they possessed. ② Of parental child-rearing behaviors, active involvement had positive influence on the self-esteem; on the contrary, authoritarian control and overprotection had negative influences on the self-esteem. ③ An acceptable peer relationship had a positive influence on the self-esteem of the gifted children. 2) Influences of individual innate characteristics on the self-esteem of the gifted children: ① The gender made no difference on the self-esteem of the gifted. ② The intelligence did not have a statistically significant effect on the self-esteem of the gifted. ③ When the locus of control was external, the self-esteem of the gifted tended to be low.