SNA를 이용한 물류산업의 3D Printing 연구 동향분석

김유나(Kim, Yu-Na),김현진(Kim, Hyun-Jin),손일명(Sun, Yi-Ming),여기태(Yeo, Gi-Tae) 한국물류학회 2022 물류학회지 Vol.32 No.2

물류산업에서 3D Printing이 가지는 환경적, 경제적 가치에도 불구하고 물류분야에 초점을 맞춰 전반적인 연구 트렌드를 파악한 연구는 거의 이루어지지 않은 상태이다. 이러한 측면에서 본 연구에서는 물류분야에서 3D Printing을 주제로 한 연구를 종합하여 연구 동향을 파악하는 것을 연구의 목적으로 하였다. ‘3D Printing’과 ‘Logistics’ 키워드를 사용한 해외학술연구를 대상으로 물류분야 내의 3D Printing 연구를 중심으로, 가장 많이 사용된 키워드를 사회 네트워크 분석(Social Network Analysis, SNA) 방법론을 활용하여 파악하였다. Science Direct를 비롯한 Scopus, Emerald Insight, Springer, Taylor & Francis의 학술데이터베이스에서2010년부터 2021년 4월까지 총 11년간 119편의 논문을 분석에 활용했다. 연구의 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 키워드간 연결 횟수를확인한 결과, 3D Printing을 이용한 적층제조 방식과 Industry 4.0에서 제시된 기술을 활용한 물류분야의 적용 및 개선에 연구가 집중되고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. 둘째, 분석대상 119편 논문의 키워드 간 매개성을 분석한 결과, 대부분 키워드들이 Industry 4.0를통해서 3D Printing에 연결되는 것을 확인하였다. 이는 키워드 Industry 4.0에서 제시된 혁신적인 기술을 활용하여 다양한 물류산업에 접목을 시도하는 연구가 가장 활발하다는 것을 나타낸다. 셋째, 전체노드의 중심성을 반영하여 계산하는 고유벡터중심성 결과에서 물류 키워드는 각각 3위 (Supply Chain: 0.242) 및 4위 (Logistics: 0.240)로 상승한 것을 확인할 수 있다. 이를 통하여 3D Printing 관련연구는 물류분야 연구와 밀접하게 진행되고 있으며, 특히 공급사슬망의 최적화 및 보완 역할에 3D Printing이 유용하게 접목되고 있음을 확인할 수 있다. Despite the environmental and economic value of 3D printing in the logistics industry, no research has thus far focused on the field of logistics to identify its overall research trend. Therefore, the present study aims to understand the research trends in logistics by incorporating studies on 3D printing in the field of logistics. The most commonly used keywords surrounding 3D printing in the field of logistics were identified using the social network analysis on academic research that used the keywords “3D printing”and “logistics”. The 110 papers published for a 11-year period from 2010 to April 2021 were retrieved from the academic databases of Science Direct, Scopus, Emerald Insight, Springer, and Taylor & Francis, and then were utilized for analysis. The results of the study are as follows. First, as a result of checking the number of connections between keywords, it can be confirmed that research is focused on applying and improving the additive manufacturing method using 3D printing and the logistics field using the technology presented in Industry 4.0. Second, as a result of analyzing the mediating between keywords of the 119 papers to be analyzed, it was confirmed that most of the keywords were connected to 3D printing through Industry 4.0. This indicates that research that attempts to graft into various logistics industries is the most active by utilizing the innovative technology presented in the keyword Industry 4.0. Third, in the eigenvector centrality result calculated by reflecting the centrality of all nodes, it can be seen that the logistics keyword rose to 3rd (Supply Chain: 0.242) and 4th (Logistics: 0.240), respectively. Through this, research on 3D printing is being conducted closely with research in the logistics field, and in particular, 3D printing is useful for the optimization and supplementation role of the supply chain.

3차원 프린터의 출력 볼륨보다 큰 물체를 출력하기 위한 인터랙티브 3차원 메쉬 편집 시스템

추창우,김갑기,박창준,최진성 한국멀티미디어학회 2016 멀티미디어학회논문지 Vol.19 No.8

3차원 프린터의 출력 볼륨보다 큰 Recently, as the public interests about the 3D printing technology are increased, various kinds of 3D printers are being released. But, they are limited to use because they cannot fabricate an object which is larger than the printer’s printing volume. To relieve this problem, we propose an interactive 3D mesh editing system for 3D printing the object that is larger than the printing volume. The proposed 3D editing system divides the input 3D mesh using the user’s line drawings defining cutting planes and it attaches various connectors. The output meshes are guaranteed to fabricate without post-processing. The printed parts can be assembled using the connectors. Our proposed system has an advantage that it can be used easily by non-professional 3D printer users.물체를 출력하기위한 인터랙티브 3차원 메쉬 편집 시스템 Recently, as the public interests about the 3D printing technology are increased, various kinds of 3D printers are being released. But, they are limited to use because they cannot fabricate an object which is larger than the printer’s printing volume. To relieve this problem, we propose an interactive 3D mesh editing system for 3D printing the object that is larger than the printing volume. The proposed 3D editing system divides the input 3D mesh using the user’s line drawings defining cutting planes and it attaches various connectors. The output meshes are guaranteed to fabricate without post-processing. The printed parts can be assembled using the connectors. Our proposed system has an advantage that it can be used easily by non-professional 3D printer users.

Will 3-D Printing Technology Change the Face of Copyright of Real Estate In Singapore?

( Seow Samuel ) 건국대학교 법학연구소 2015 일감부동산법학 Vol.10 No.-

3-D 프린팅의 발명으로 인해 전 세계인들은 무엇이든지 프린터를 통해 생산할 수 있게 되었다. 이로 인해 지적 재산권과 부동산의 관계를 검토할 수 있는 기회가 마련되었다 할 수 있다. 3-D 프린팅으로 제조업의 `민주화`라는 것이 가능해지면서, 대중의 창의력을 북돋고 경제발전을 조성할 수 있는 막대한 가능성이 펼쳐지게 되었다. 3-D 프린팅 환경의 맥락에서 저작권 문제가 발생할 수 있는 것이 사실이지만, 이를 통해 설계공정과 제조공정 간의 거리가 더욱 좁혀질 수 있게 되었다. 3-D 프린팅 공정의 효율성을 제고한다면, 소량 생산의 경우에도 대량 생산의 효율성을 달성할 수 있게 된다는 점에서 업계에 완전히 새로운 기회를 제공할 수 있게 될 것이다. 저작권과 관련한 3-D 프린팅의 주요 문제는 기존의 시장에 대하여 독립적으로 광범위한 저작물의 사적 복제가 가능해지며, 이는 추적하거나, 방지 및 통제 불가한 방식으로 이루어질 것이라는 점이다. 저작권 침해의 원칙들을 다른 저작권 문제와 동일하게 3-D 프린팅에도 적용할 수 있지만, 저작권법이 3-D 디자인과 소프트웨어의 보호 범위를 어디까지로 할 것인지, 또 어떠한 행위가 침해를 구성하는지를 전부 규율하는 것은 아니다. 3-D 프린팅과 관련한 법적 쟁점의 해결을 도출하는 것은 용이하지 않다. 현 시점에서 3-D 프린팅에 관련된 흥미로운 문제점이 다양하게 발생하고 있다. 그러나 보통법(Common Law) 체계의 특성상 이러한 문제의 해결에 있어 3-D 프린팅을 직접 대상으로 하지 않는 판례에 기초하여 지침과 유사점을 도출해야 할 것이다. 결론적으로, 보다 명확한 법적 준거가 마련될 때까지는 국제 사회가 공동으로 3-D 프린팅 발전의 규범을 수립해 나가야 할 것이다. 3-D printing offers to the public the realistic possibility that anyone in the world with an access to a printer can produce any object. For this reason, it offers to the world an opportunity to examine the way we think about intellectual property and its relationship with real property. The so-called “democratization” of manufacturing that 3-D printing promises has a huge potential to unleash the creativity of the masses and foster economic growth. With all the copyright complications that may arise in the 3-D printing context, 3-D printing has the capability of bringing the design process and the manufacturing process closer together. A more efficient 3-D printing process would allow industry an opportunity it never had before, in that small-scale production can be as efficient as large scale production. The main problem with 3-D printing related to copyrights is the possibility of extensive personal manufacturing of copyrighted objects independent of established markets in ways that cannot be detected, prevented or controlled. Although the principle of copyright infringement apply to 3-D printing as they apply to other copyright issues, not all copyright laws are clear about the degree to which 3D designs and softwares are protectable and which act may constitute infringement. Many of the legal issues raise by 3-D printing do not have simple, easy answers. At this point, numerous interesting questions are starting to emerge concerning 3-D printing technology. However, the answers to these questions can only be provided by drawing guidance and analogies from cases that do not involve 3-D printing as the Common law system is wont to do. Ultimately, the burden is on the international community to set the norms on the development of 3-D printing until there is a better legal clarity.

A Characteristic Analysis on 3D printing materials for Textiles

Lee, Cheol Ho(이철호),Hong, Sung Yeap(홍성엽) 한국전시산업융합연구원 2016 한국과학예술융합학회 Vol.24 No.-

3D printing is technology making 3D object through the process adding class materials continuously. It is expected that 3D printing technology will cause manufacturing revolution by producing a product personally according to development of internet and software technology. 3D printing technology can be applied to the whole industries such as architecture, airline industry, medical industry producing dentistry prostheses, consumer-electronics industry producing all sorts of electronic components, and even food industry using the ingredient of food. Materials of 3D printing are classified into thermoplastic, powder, resin, metal, and ceramic. Thermoplastic materials cannot put pressure fully in 3D printing process, so are bounded to get elaborate printed matters, and need various properties of different kinds of matter by problems such as particle size and distribution, particle shape, molecular weight, melting point, re-crystallization temperature, viscosity on dissolution, reactivity of laser, volatility, and containing surviving monomer and volatile matter. The 3D printing materials such as BendLay, soft PLA, and TPU are used most in 3D printing of clothes. TPU has flexibility generally, and has the strong corrosion resistance, so is thermoplastic plastics as rubber that is industrially used. This can be very flexible matter according to degree of mixing with other matters. Soft PLA is as rubber because of tightening with excellent roundness. BendLay-3D Filament is a brand name of 3D printing material of modified ABS made by Orbi-Tech. In this article, the positive situation of 3D printing of clothing industry and the 3D printing materials for textiles will be discussed. Clothing industry has tried to make existing comfortable clothing or to print soft clothing with 3D printing technology, but is at an early stage yet. Until now, clothes made by 3D printing have much inconvenience to wear in reality, but many designers and 3D machine manufactures are attracting the public’s attention about a possibility of production of 3D printed textiles. There are several needs for clothing industry using 3D printing to grow. The first need is about material. Various materials that are generally used in 3D printing at present such as general high-molecular substance, metal, and cotton are used in production of clothes. Till now, it is insufficient for these materials to be flexible, warm, and breathable as existing fabrics. Second, it should be favoring-consumer technology. It should be easy for consumers to design, change into 3D file, and do 3D printing. Third, it should be eco-friendly. The whole process from printing to materials should be eco-friendly or possible to recycle, and biodegradable substance should be used.

한복 문화를 활용한 3D 프린팅 패션 소품 및 교육 콘텐츠 개발 연구 - 뒤꽂이를 중심으로 -

권유미 ( Yumi Kwon ) 한국디자인트렌드학회 2022 한국디자인포럼 Vol.27 No.4

Background 3D printing, a core technology of the quarternary sector of the economy, is gradually expanding in terms of its scope of application for manufacturing. Due to the high value of applying 3D printing in the fashion industry, it is now necessary to systematically establish 3D printing education methods for fashion majors. Thus, the purpose of the present study is to develop 3D printing fashion accessories and education content applicable to 3D printing education by understanding traditional hanbok culture and focusing on traditional accessories that can be recreated using 3D printing. Methods After investigating documents and museum artifacts of the highly practical dwikkoji as a research subject from among many traditional accessories, the study analyzed the types and design characteristics of dwikkoji. On this basis, the study attempted to reproduce traditional designs and recreate them into modern designs using 3D modeling. In this way, the study examined the educational value of applying dwikkoji produced through 3D printing. Result After creating various designs using 3D modeling and 3D printing with dwikkoji as a research subject, the study found dwikkoji to be an item appropriate for teaching 3D modeling because it involves the use of various tools necessary to 3D modeling. Furthermore, the application of dwikkoji as education content for 3D printing not only improves the level of understanding for traditional culture and traditional accessories but also creates a cultural uniqueness with distinguished levels of modern accessories and designs. Conclusion At a point where there is an emphasis on the convergence education of cutting-edge technology, the development of 3D modeling and 3D printing accessories using dwikkoji becomes valuable because it can serve as educational material for 3D printing education methods for fashion majors.

THE POTENTIAL OF 3D PRINTING TECHNOLOGY IN THE FASHION INDUSTRY

Jinghe Han,Heeju Chae,Eunju Ko 글로벌지식마케팅경영학회 2014 Global Marketing Conference Vol.2014 No.7

3D printing technology, also called the third manufacturing revolution, dramatically changes and revolutionizes the original frame, shifting production processes, supply chains, and the global economic order (Yeh, 2014). The World Economic Forum (2013) selected 3D printing as one of '10 promising technologies'. U.S. President Barack Obama, states in the State of the Union address in 2013: I will bring a revolution of new manufacturing business on the support of technology of 3D printing. Furthermore, G2 (Group of 2: US and China), China expressed their commitment to invest in the 3D printing technology to restructure the manufacturing industry (Garrett, 2014). By considering its immense economic and creative potential, it is important to understand the effects of 3D printing on the fashion industry. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is (1) to examine the application of 3D printing in fashion industry and (2) to analyze the way it changes the fashion industry. In this study, information from various sources was used, such as governmental market reports, academic literature, newspaper articles, and related other materials. Through analyzing the change of the fashion industry, this research found that technical characteristics of 3D printing were more suitable for customized items that produced in small quantity rather than for the mass market. In addition, 3D printing will change the ‘global operating environment’ for policy makers as well as with regards to business and labor conditions. Governments have to consider the possible risks and problems of 3D printing, ranging from design copyright, security concerns about printing of weapons, and other destructive issues This study indicates how 3D printing technology changes the structure of the apparel industry and the preparation of future changes. The findings will help to understand the effects of 3D printing on the fashion industry and provide a guideline to policy makers to develop a governmental policy. These implications will be useful to both the government and apparel companies. Future research of 3D printing should include quantitative research concerning the attitude and acceptance of fashion consumers on 3D printing technology.

3D프린팅 제품/서비스 사용자 연구 - 온라인 3D프린팅 서비스 Shapeways를 중심으로 -

우숙영 ( Woo Soog Yeong ),이유진 ( Lee Yoo Jin ) 디자인융복합학회 2018 디자인융복합연구 Vol.17 No.2

본 연구는 3D프린팅 기술과 산업자체에 대한 연구에 비해, 실질적으로 사람들과의 접점이 되는 서비스와 3D프린팅 제품을 제작하는 사용자 측면에서의 연구는 부족하다는 문제의식에서 출발하였다. 연구는 기업차원이 아닌 개인이나 소상공인 차원에서의 3D프린팅(Consumer 3D Printing)으로 한정되어 진행 되었으며, 3D프린팅 서비스와 사용자들에 대한 이해를 높이기 위한 문헌연구와, 3D프린팅 제품 및 사용자 현황을 파악하기 위한 사례연구로 나누어 진행되었다. 연구결과 개인, 소상공인 3D프린팅 서비스 사용자들은 기존 산업용 3D프린팅(Enterprise 3D Printing)과 달리 부품, 시제품뿐 아니라 높은 비율로 다양한 완제품을 만들고 판매 하고 있었으며, 전문성과 소속, 제작물에 따라 분류 할 수 있었다. 이는 3D프린팅 서비스가 소수의 사용자를 벗어나 성공적으로 확산되기 위해서는 다양한 제품과 사용자 유형을 고려해야 함을 의미하며, 본 연구는 3D프린팅 서비스가 단순한 제품의 3D출력을 넘어 서비스 전반에 걸쳐 완성도 있는 제품을 생산하는데 필요한 제품과 사용자 유형을 밝혀냈다는 점에서 그 의미를 가진다. This study started from the awareness that there has been a lack of research in terms of users who are producing 3D printing products and services that are actually contact points with people, compared to research on 3D printing technology and industry itself. The study has been conducted with the limitation of 3D printing at the individual or small business level rather than at the enterprise level, and it also has been carried out by dividing it into a literature study to improve understanding of 3D printing services and users as the subject of study, and a case study to understand 3D printing products and the present condition of users. As a result of the study, 3D printing service users were making and selling a wide variety of finished products at a high rate as well as parts through the 3D printing technology and were classified according to their expertise, affiliation, and products. This means that 3D printing services need to consider various products and user types in order to spread successfully from a few users, and it can be said that this study is meaningful in that it revealed products and user types that should be considered in order to provide the help that 3D printing services need to produce products with a higher level of maturity throughout the services, beyond the 3D output of simple products.

3D프린팅 서비스에 대한 사용자 경험 분석과 서비스 방향제안

이국희(Guk-Hee Lee),조재경(Jaekyung Cho) 한국HCI학회 2016 한국HCI학회 논문지 Vol.11 No.1

삼차원 프린팅(이하 3D프린팅)은 현대인들에게 새로움과 흥미를 줄 뿐 아니라 새로운 산업혁명을 예고할 정도로 각광받는 기술이다. 또한 다양한 3D프린팅 서비스 플랫폼의 출현으로 개인들도 3D프린팅으로 디자인한 제품을 쉽게 소유할 수 있게 되었다. 그러나 3D프린팅이 대중화되는 시대, 3D프린팅으로 누구나 원하는 제품을 디자인해서 만들 수 있는 신제조시대가 오기까지는 아직 고려할 문제들이 많아 보인다. 예를 들어, 과연 현존하는 3D프린팅 서비스들이 기존에 기계나 사람이 제작하던 제품을 3D프린팅으로도 만들 수 있다는 것 이상을 보여줄 수 있는지, 현존하는 대다수의 3D프린팅 서비스 플랫폼들처럼 넓은 범위의 제품군을 판매하는 것이 소비자들에게 어떤 의미를 제공할 것인지 등에 대한 충분한 고려와 연구가 필요하다. 이런 맥락에서 시작한 본 연구는 소비자들로 하여금 제품군의 범위가 넓은 3D프린팅 온라인 서비스 플랫폼과 상대적으로 좁은 서비스를 직접 경험해보게 한 후, 구매희망 사이트, 디자인의 다양성, 디자인 만족도, 지각된 기술력, 지각된 구매만족, 지각된 애프터서비스(A/S)를 비교하고 선택형 질문과 서술형 질문에 응답하게 함으로써 향후 3D프린팅 서비스가 나아가야할 방향이 무엇인지에 대한 통찰을 얻고자 했다. 결과적으로 제품군의 범위가 넓은 서비스(예: Shapeways)에 대한 소비자들의 선호가 좁은 서비스(예: Digital Forming)에 대한 선호보다 전반적으로 강함을 관찰하였고, 디자인의 다양성과 원하는 디자인의 구현 가능성이 3D프린팅 서비스가 고려해야할 가장 중요한 요소임을 확인할 수 있었다. 더하여 향후 경쟁력 있는 3D프린팅 서비스가 되기 위해 다양한 분야의 디자이너풀을 확보를 통한 디자인 컨설팅을 진행, 초보자들도 쉽게 디자인할 수 있는 웹기반 소프트웨어 제공, 온-오프라인 매장 병행운영에 대해 논의하였다. Three Dimensional Printing (herein, 3D printing) not only gives novelty and interests to modern people but is also a spotlighted technology that could herald a new industrial revolution. The introduction of various 3D printing service platforms has enabled individuals to easily possess products designed through 3D printing. However, there are still many issues to consider until the era of new manufacturing, when 3D printing becomes available to the general public so that anyone can make and design products with 3D printing. For instance, there needs to be sufficient consideration and research on whether the current 3D printing services can prove their higher capability to produce products conventionally done by machines and hands through 3D printing, and on the meaning of selling a wide range of product families like those of most 3D printing service platforms to the consumers. This study, which was initiated in this context, aimed to gain insight on the directions that 3D printing services need to advance going forward by letting consumers have first-hand experience on 3D printing online service platforms with a wide range of product families and those with relatively limited services, and then asking them to answer multiple-choice and short-answer survey questions on the websites they wish to purchase from, diversity of designs, design satisfaction, perceived technical skills, perceived purchase satisfaction, perceived after-sales service(A/S). As a result, we were able to witness that consumers generally had a strong preference for services with a wide range of product families (e.g. Shapeways) compared to services with a narrow range (e.g. Digital Forming). We also verified that design diversity and the possibility of realizing the designs were the crucial aspects that need to be considered with 3D printing services. Moreover, we also carried out discussions on carrying out design consulting by securing a pool of designers from diverse fields, on providing web-based designing software that can be utilized even by beginners, and on operating shops both online and offline in order to provide more competitive 3D printing services.

3D 프린팅에 대한 제조물책임의 적용 연구

李相水(Lee, Sang-Soo) 중앙법학회 2016 中央法學 Vol.18 No.2

「Three Dimensional Printing Industry Promotion Act」 legislated in December 2015 has significance as the first law that introduced Product Liability to the individual law related to ICT. It means that the Act arranged legal solution plan in case of the damage on one’s life, body, or property due to faulty product made with 3D Printing, which is advanced ICT technology. Compensation for further damage due to the defects of 3D Printing product is first, under default of obligation of 「Civil Law」 Article 390, assuming contract relation between person directly related. Second, it is under responsibility of tort 「Civil Law」 Article 750 that should prove negligence/intention of assailant regardless of contract relation between person directly related and defects liability under 「Civil Law」 Article 580. Also, there is Product Liability that applies liability without fault to compensation for damages due to product defect. The problem is that to establish defects of 3D Printing Product requires high-degree of professional ability. 3D Printing Product is developed by skilled programmers or technicians, and it is hard for normal consumers to know the complexity of 3D Printing Product combined with elaborate IT devices and electronics. Therefore, by putting liability without fault regardless of contract relation on 「Product Liability Law」, it has a different signification in the point that it can solve the existing limitation of compensation for damage due to the defects of 3D Printing Product. Especially, 3D Plan and 3D Printing software developed by software technicians run 3D Printer, and produce 3D Printing products. Because it is difficult for consumers to understand the complexity of 3D Plan, 3D Printing Software, or 3D Printer that is developed by skilled software technicians, it is urgent to relax burden of proof about causal relationship of occurrence of damage and presence of defects on 「Product Liability Law」. Therefore, when the fact confirms that the accident occurs under the exclusive control of manufacturer and the accident does not normally occur without mistake of manufacturer or third party although the product is used in normal way and the consumer receives further damage, regulation should be created that estimates further damage due to defect and accident of products occurring by the fault of the product. And it must be coincided with legislative purpose of 「Product Liability Law」. Meanwhile, as we examined before, Product Liability exemption should be made toward manufacturers of 3D printing software in the point that it enables users to judge the availability in printing software that provides source code. Also, in the case of the products that accompany high-degree of technical skills like 3D Printing and in case of conflict that occurs due to Product Liability, consumers actually have burden of raising original suit on the basis of Product Liability on 「Product Liability Law」 or 「Three Dimensional Printing Industry Promotion Act」, and due to the difficulty of defect proof unlike general products. Therefore, dispute conciliation function of 3D Printing Product Liability to 「Three Dimensional Printing Industry Promotion Act」 should be established and suspension effect of statute of limitations need to be required in order that prompt and effective solution can be made from conflict consequential to Product Liability of 3D Printing.

패션디자인의 3D 프린팅 적용 방법과 특성 연구

이정수 ( Jung Soo Lee ) 한국패션비즈니스학회 2020 패션 비즈니스 Vol.24 No.4

The development of three-dimensional (3D) printing technology is bringing new innovations to various fields such as health care, architecture, and fashion. 3D printing can be manufactured to suit the size of the consumer's body, modify the design to meet their tastes, and produce small quantities of various products. Therefore, 3D printing in the field of fashion has great potential. The purpose of this study was to investigate various application models of 3D printing for fashion design and analyze their characteristics after developing the fashion garment samples. First, the background of 3D printing was reviewed then, fashion designed by a 3D printing application was analyzed. As a result, four types of 3D printing applications were developed: object-attached, linkage, kinematics, and assembly. The object-attached type was the method of printing 3D material as an object in the intended shape and form and was attached to the garment by sewing. The linkage type referred to printing 3D material in small pieces of certain shapes that could be linked. The kinematics type was structures with hinges that could flex to fit the human body. The assembly type referred to developing 3D materials in female and male pieces such as nuts and bolts. By providing the advantages, disadvantages, trial-and-errors, and challenges of the 3D printing fashion design process, this study contributes to the effective applications and possibilities of future design.