http://chineseinput.net/에서 pinyin(병음)방식으로 중국어를 변환할 수 있습니다.
변환된 중국어를 복사하여 사용하시면 됩니다.
홍성화 ( Sunghwa Hong ) 고려대학교 역사연구소 2015 사총 Vol.86 No.-
Although fiscal policy in early Ming Dynasty based on spot goods, the issue of the currency is inevitable for government. It was hard to issue the currency massively due to the inflexible fiscal policy in Ming Dynasty. So they had chosen ‘Baochao(寶抄)’ which costs less comparatively as the currency. But ‘Baochao(寶抄)’ was vulnerable to excessive issue with less values in possession and could not function as the currency as time went by. The Ming Dynasty also acknowledged the issue of ‘privately issued coins(私 錢)’ seriously. As officials also suggested proposals through merchandised order, inducing ‘Pu-hang(鋪行)’ into system is outstanding but the most striking thing is that they suggested to let it go in private currency market unlike the current common sense and prefer less discussion on ‘monetary regime(錢法)’ in the government, regarding the discussions on ‘monetary regime(錢法)’ as a troubleshooter for public attention of people. Even though providing enough ‘government issued coins(制錢)’ would be desirable, it was difficult with finance situation in Ming Dynasty. In terms of this, it could not help issuing different coins in various qualities with diverse financial conditions. It means that ‘government issued coins(制錢)’ could not guarantee a good quality of coins. For example, Chongzen Tongbao(崇禎通寶) with mixed kinds in quality separately seemed not that good coins to use. Meanwhile ‘privately issued coins(私錢)’ had almost same quality of government issued coin. Like this, as issue of coins in Ming Dynasty was not enough, most commercial transaction happened inside through silver greatly contributed to increasing the flexibility of commercial transaction. That is, incorporation into silver-economy had a lot of side effects. As silver was handy, wealth in a region moved to another region easily, entailing imbalance between regions and classes. In other words, the mobility of silver had been maximizing and gap between the rich and the poor had deepened in the late Ming Dynasty. Further to this, not going smoothly of silver-flux in Chongzhen reign caused serious social issues.
Sunghwa Kim,Irfan Ullah,Jagadish Beloor,Kunho Chung,Jong-Kil Kim,Yujong Yi,Eunhwa Kang,Gyeongju Yun,Seoyoun Heo,Seon-Hong Pyun,Seung Hyun Kim,Priti Kumar,이상경 한국생체재료학회 2024 생체재료학회지 Vol.28 No.00
Amyloid-β (Aβ) peptide aggregation in the brain is a key factor in Alzheimer’s disease. However, direct inhibition of β-secretase or γ-secretase proves ineffective in reducing Aβ accumulation and improving cognition in Alzheimer’s. Recent findings suggest that inhibiting gamma-secretase activating protein (GSAP) can decrease Aβ generation without affecting crucial γ-secretase substrates. Dimerization of Lep9R3LC (diLep9R3LC) was confirmed by Ellman’s test. The peptide–small interfering RNA (siRNA) complex ratio, particle size, and surface charge were analyzed using electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and dynamic light scattering, respectively. In a 3xTg mice model of Alzheimer’s disease, diLep9R3LC:siRNA complexes were intravenously administered twice a week for 8 weeks. Assessments included gene silencing, protein expression, and behavioral improvement using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, Y-maze, and object recognition tests. The efficacy of Lep9R3LC dimerization was ~80% after a 3-d reaction by Ellman’s test. In N2a cells, diLep9R3LC:siGSAP complexes achieved ~70% silencing at 48 h posttransfection. In 7-month-old male 3xTg mice, GSAP knockdown was ~30% in the cortex and ~50% in the hippocampus. The behavior improved in mice treated with diLep9R3LC:siGSAP complexes, showing a 60% increase in entries and an 80% increase object recognition. A novel dipeptide, diLep9R3LC, complexed with siRNA targeting GSAP (siGSAP), efficiently delivers siRNA to the mouse brain, targeting the hippocampus. The treatment inhibits Aβ accumulation, reduces GSK-3β-associated with tau hyperphosphorylation, and improves Alzheimer’s behavior. Our findings highlight diLep9R3LC:siGSAP’s potential for Alzheimer’s and as a siRNA carrier for central nervous system-related diseases.
Jeong, Jae Young,Hong, Eun-Hye,Lee, Song Yi,Lee, Jae-Young,Song, Jae-Hyoung,Ko, Seung-Hak,Shim, Jae-Seong,Choe, Sunghwa,Kim, Dae-Duk,Ko, Hyun-Jeong,Cho, Hyun-Jong Elsevier Science B.V. Amsterdam 2017 ACTA BIOMATERIALIA Vol. No.
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>(3-Aminomethylphenyl)boronic acid (AMPB)-installed hyaluronic acid–ceramide (HACE)-based nanoparticles (NPs), including manassantin B (MB), were fabricated for tumor-targeted delivery. The amine group of AMPB was conjugated to the carboxylic acid group of hyaluronic acid (HA) <I>via</I> amide bond formation, and synthesis was confirmed by spectroscopic methods. HACE-AMPB/MB NPs with a 239-nm mean diameter, narrow size distribution, negative zeta potential, and >90% drug encapsulation efficiency were fabricated. Exposed AMPB in the outer surface of HACE-AMPB NPs (in the aqueous environment) may react with sialic acid of cancer cells. The improved cellular accumulation efficiency, <I>in vitro</I> antitumor efficacy, and tumor penetration efficiency of HACE-AMPB/MB NPs, compared with HACE/MB NPs, in MDA-MB-231 cells (CD44 receptor-positive human breast adenocarcinoma cells) may be based on the CD44 receptor-mediated endocytosis and phenylboronic acid-sialic acid interaction. Enhanced <I>in vivo</I> tumor targetability, infiltration efficiency, and antitumor efficacies of HACE-AMPB NPs, compared with HACE NPs, were observed in a MDA-MB-231 tumor-xenografted mouse model. In addition to passive tumor targeting (based on an enhanced permeability and retention effect) and active tumor targeting (interaction between HA and CD44 receptor), the phenylboronic acid-sialic acid interaction can play important roles in augmented tumor targeting and penetration of HACE-AMPB NPs.</P> <P><B>Statement of Significance</B></P> <P>(3-Aminomethylphenyl)boronic acid (AMPB)-tethered hyaluronic acid-ceramide (HACE)-based nanoparticles (NPs), including manassantin B (MB), were fabricated and their tumor targeting and penetration efficiencies were assessed in MDA-MB-231 (CD44 receptor-positive human adenocarcinoma) tumor models. MB, which exhibited antitumor efficacies <I>via</I> the inhibition of angiogenesis and hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-1, was entrapped in HACE-AMPB NPs in this study. Phenylboronic acid located in the outer surface of HACE-AMPB/MB NPs (in the aqueous <I>milieu</I>) may react with the sialic acid over-expressed in cancer cells and intramolecular B‒O bond can be formed. This phenylboronic acid-sialic acid interaction may provide additional tumor targeting and penetration potentials together with an enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect (passive tumor targeting) and HA-CD44 receptor interaction (active tumor targeting). Developed HACE-AMPB NP may be one of promising nanocarriers for the imaging and therapy of CD44 receptor-expressed cancers.</P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>
조선시대 순조, 고종 년간의 자수·금박 활옷에 대한 연구
명유석 ( Myoung Yoo-suk ),홍성화 ( Hong Sunghwa ),김영란 ( Kim Yeong Ran ) 한국동양예술학회 2016 동양예술 Vol.32 No.-
This study tries to find out the origin, significance and style of pattern by examining gold leaf and embroidery Hwarot which have the unique pattern, color, texture. First Hwarot was made for the wedding of Princess Bokon, second daughter of Soonjo (23rd King of Joseon Dynasty). Second Hwarot is in the collection of the Field Museum, Chicago. (Relic No. 33157) The sketch of embroidery for Hwarot used at the wedding of Princess Deokon (1822-1844), which is similar to above two, will also be examined. Patterns of the gold leaf and embroidery Hwarot symbolize a good fortune, a stipend, a long life, authority, and idleness, which were highly appreciated in Confucian ideology. Most patterns can be categorized into Gilsangmun. They were in a fashion through several era and dynasties. For example, embroidery designs such as hwasokmun (花束紋 - the pattern of a bunch of flowers) are very characteristic. Hwasokmun is a pattern of two or three flowers, which seem to be from the same root or clouds. Such design composition can be also found in patterns of clothes, hyungbae (embroidered insignia on the breast and the back of an official robe), and fabrics from Dingling (定陵, a tomb of the Wanli Emperor, Ming Dynasty). Its origin seems to be a Jeoljimun (折枝紋, the pattern of chopped branches) in the Hwajohwa (花鳥畵). Hwajohwa was prevalent in the garden of palace Song and Ming Dynasty. Hwasokmun developed into Payeonmun (把蓮紋) in the blue and white ware which was popular in Qing Dynasty. Special royal craft technique was used for making gold leaf embroidery crafts. Ordinary people could not use gold leaf embroidery because gold leaf was produced by striking pure gold. The technique of Cheopkkeum (貼金, fixing gold leaf on texture) is lost. Nowadays, craftsmen just paste gold leaf on texture. Sticking patterns on the clothes is the final step in the process of gold leaf embroidery. Various types of embroidery needlework have developed from four types of technology system. In this gold leaf embroidered Hwarot, characteristics of palace embroidery is conspicuous. It is prominent to use both color thread and gold thread. It is also prominent to use soksil. Moreover, the effect of jarisu and jaryeonsu are outstanding. Specifically, Jingeomsu embroidery needlework, a method which divides space horizontally/vertically and then sews gold thread, is the best palace embroidery. It expresses abundance of the beauty of color with a silk thread which sheds a dim glow. Gold leaf and embroidery Hwarot is the record of life culture in the palace during 19th century Joseon. The style of Hwarot can be applied to develop creative items in fashion, architecture, design, craft industry. It can also be succeeded to new cultural items for the world market. This study can be expanded to a comparative study on symbolism, origin, original technology and changes of patterns used in royal wedding costume throughout the world.