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Occurrence and Prevalence of Honeybee Disease in Apis mellifera and Apis cerana in Korea
Seung-Won Kang,Mi-Sun Yoo,Jin-Hyeong Noh,Hyo Seon Park,il Min,Dong-Min Jeon,Su Chin Park,Mi Seong Lee,Young Un Hong,Sang Young Bang,Eun Hee Jang,Min Kwon Lee,Jong Sik Park,Myeong-Ho Jeong,Kwang Jung,M 한국양봉학회 2012 韓國養蜂學會誌 Vol.27 No.3
The occurrence and distribution of twelve bee diseases was investigated in Apis mellifera (A. mellifera) and Apis cerana (A. cerana) in Korea: american foulbrood (AFB), european foulbrood (EFB), chalkbrood, stonebrood, Nosema, sacbrood virus (SBV), acute bee paralysis virus (ABPV), deformed wing virus (DWV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), kashmir bee virus (KBV), chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) and Varroa destructor (V. destructor). Samples were collected from Korean apiaries located in different regions of the country in Novemver 2010-October 2011. V. destructor was the most prevalent disease in A. mellifera (identified in 75% of samples), followed by Nosema (46%), chalkbrood (39%), stonebrood (37%), BQCV (24%), DWV (22%), SBV (15%), KBV (13%), AFB (12%), and EFB (0.6%). SBV was identified in 64% of A. cerana samples and was especially dominant during the winter, when it was identified in 70% of samples. The results indicate that disease prevalence is associated with both susceptibility and season. A. cerana was susceptible to SBV during hibernation but resistant to V. destructor, whereas A. mellifera was susceptible to V. destructor during the working period, which was associated with the spread of other viruses. This is the first paper reporting the detection of 12 distinct diseases in A. mellifera and A. cerana honeybees in Korea.
Synthesis and characterization of high purity aluminum sec-butoxide from aluminum dross
Seung-Joon Yoo,Dong-Heui Kwak,Se-Il Lee,이재욱,Un-Yeon Hwang,Jin-Geol Kim,Heung-Jo Jung,장희동,윤호성 한국화학공학회 2009 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.26 No.1
Aluminum sec-butoxide (ASB) was synthesized to a high purity grade from Al dross through dissolution reaction and vacuum distillation under the condition of 3 mol C4H9OH/mol Al as a stoichiometric reactant ratio and 10−3 mol HgI2/mol Al as a catalyst. The dissolution reaction proceeded for 24 hours, then pure ASB was recovered by vacuum distillation from the Al solution obtained after the dissolution. The ASB thus synthesized was quantitatively analyzed by a complexometric method for purity. This reaction gave a 99.2% purity and 28% yield. Characteristics of the synthesized ASB were analyzed by FT-IR, 27Al-NMR, and 1H-NMR. The result of analysis revealed that the crystalline structure between the synthesized ASB and commercial ASB was identical. Especially, the yield synthesized through this experiment corresponded to the total amount of Al metal existing in Al dross.
Analysis of SOHOS Flash Memory with 3-level Charge Pumping Method
Seung-Dong Yang,Seong-Hyeon Kim,Ho-Jin Yun,Kwang-Seok Jeong,Yu-Mi Kim,Jin-Seop Kim,Young-Uk Ko,Jin-Un An,Hi-Deok Lee,Ga-Won Lee 대한전자공학회 2014 Journal of semiconductor technology and science Vol.14 No.1
This paper discusses the 3-level charge pumping (CP) method in planar-type Silicon-Oxide-High-k-Oxide-Silicon (SOHOS) and Silicon-Oxide-Nitride-Oxide-Silicon (SONOS) devices to find out the reason of the degradation of data retention properties. In the CP technique, pulses are applied to the gate of the MOSFET which alternately fill the traps with electrons and holes, thereby causing a recombination current Icp to flow in the substrate. The 3-level charge pumping method may be used to determine not only interface trap densities but also capture cross sections as a function of trap energy. By applying this method, SOHOS device found to have a higher interface trap density than SONOS device. Therefore, degradation of data retention characteristics is attributed to the many interface trap sites.
Un-Ki Hwang(황운기),Kyoung-Ho An(안경호),Hyoun-Kook Jin(진현국),Seung-Youn Park(박승윤),Pyoung-Joong Kim(김평중),Seung-Min Lee(이승민) 환경독성보건학회 2007 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.22 No.4
4-nonylphenol (4-NP)이 해산어류인 조피볼락, Sebastes schlegeli의 혈장 vitellogenin (VTO), alkaline-labile protein phosphorus (ALPP), calcium (Ca), glutamate pyruvate transaminase (GPT) 및 hepatosomatic index (HSI)에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 실험어에 3일간격으로 estradiol-17β (E₂, 5 ㎎/㎏ B.W.) 또는 4-NP (0, 10, 50, 100 및 200 ㎎/㎏ B.W.)을 복강에 2번 주사한 후, 7일째에 채혈과 적출을 통해 혈장과 간장을 수집해 분석이 실시되었다. 대조 실험어에는 용매로 사용된 70% 에탄올만이 투여되었다. E₂ 투여 실험어의 혈장 단백질을 전기 영동상으로 분석한 결과 약 l70kDa의 위치에서 짙은 VTG 밴드가 관찰되었으나, 용매만 투여한 대조 실험어의 혈장에서는 동일 밴드가 관찰되지 않았다. 4-NP 투여한 모든 실험어의 혈장 단백질에서는 E₂ 투여 실험어와 동일한 VTG 밴드가 관찰되었다. 혈장 ALPP와 Ca 농도도 4-NP 투여 실험어에서 E₂ 투여 실험어와 유사하게 증가하였으며, 이들 농도 변화는 VTG 합성과 더불어 증가하는 경향을 나타냈다. 혈장 전위효소인 GPT와 HSI도 E₂ 투여 실험어와 유사하게 4-NP가 투여된 모든 실험어에서 급격히 증가하였다. 이상의 결과로부터 연안생태계 내에서 서식하는 어류가 4-NP과 같은 내분비 장애물질(Endocrine Disrupting Compounds, EDCs)에 의해 영향을 받는지를 규명하기 위한 생물학적 지표로서 VTG와 더불어 혈장 ALPP와 Ca이 사용가능할 것으로 판단된다. 또한, 조피볼락과 같은 해산어가 EDCs에 노출되어 VTG가 합성될 때 간장 기능의 손상으로 혈장 전위효소인 GPT가 일시적으로 증가하고 간장도 비대해져 HSI가 높아지는 것으로 판단된다.
Population Distribution and Growth Environment of Euphorbia jolkinii Boiss. in Jeju Island, Korea
Un Seop Shin,Jong Suk Lee,Hye Jin Oh,Sang Yong Kim,Seung Youn Lee 한국화훼학회 2018 화훼연구 Vol.26 No.3
암대극(Euphorbia jolkinii Boiss.)은 우리나라 제주도 및 남부 해안가 암석지에서 자생하는 대극과(Euphorbiaceae)의 다년생 초본식물이다. 등잔모양꽃차례가 황록색으로 3월부터 5월까지 긴 기간 동안 개화하기 때문에 새로운 관상식물로 개발할 가치가 높다. 본 연구에서는 암대극을 재배화하고자 우선적으로 제주도의 자생지 환경과 개체군 분포 특성을 조사하였다. 제주도 전역의 해안을 따라서 암대극 개체의 전수조사를 실시한 결과 40여 지점에 걸쳐 약 14,817개체가 자생하는 것으로 확인되었다. 그 중 제주도 본섬의 동쪽에 위치한 우도에 1,075개체(전체의 7.3%), 북서쪽에 위치한 비양도에 952개체(6.4%), 남쪽에 위치한 가파도에 589개체(4.0%)가 조사되었다. 암대극은 주로 제주도 본섬 남동부 해안가 암석지대에 집중적으로 자생하는 것으로 확인되었고 가파도, 우도, 비양도의 경우에도 섬 동쪽지역에만 분포되어 있었다. 암대극의 생육은 자생지에 따라 차이가 있었다. 초장, 줄기 길이, 줄기 직경은 꽃 크기와 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 모든 지역에서 꽃이 피는 시기는 3월 말로 비슷하게 개화가 시작되었고, 6월 초에는 대부분의 꽃에서 종자가 성숙하여 탈리되었다. 암대극의 주변 식생은 갯개미자리, 돌가시나무, 순비기나무, 갯강활 등 30여 종이 분포되어 있었고, 초본이 80%를 차지하는 데에 반해, 목본은 20%로서 초본식물이 주를 이루었다. 토양의 pH는 8.3~9.4의 범위에 있었으며, 염분 농도는 0.003~0.017%로 나타났다. 유기물 함량은 중문에서 1.9%, 가파도에서 1.4%, 표선면에서 1.0%로 나타났고, CEC는 가파도에서 10.7cmol+/kg, 표선면에서 5.6cmol+/kg, 중문 지역에서 1.3cmol+/kg로 나타났다. 전기전도도는 중문, 가파도, 표선면에서 각각 0.47dS/m, 0.19dS/m, 0.16dS/m으로 나타났고, Cl-은 57.45mg/kg, 63.01mg/kg, 8.12mg/kg으로 나타났다. 중문에서 유효인산은 검출되지 않았다. Euphorbia jolkinii Boiss. is a perennial herb belonging to the family Euphorbiaceae and is native to Jeju island and the southern coastal area of Korea. It holds potential as a new ornamental plant, with yellow-green flowers and a long flowering period which ranges from March to May. The present study aimed to investigate the population distribution and growth environments in habitats that are native for the species. Identification of 14,817 plants was done at more than 40 sites along the coastal area of Jeju Island. Of these, 1,075 individuals (7.3%) were identified in eastern Udo, 952 individuals (6.4%) were found in north-west Biyangdo, and 589 individuals (4.0%) were identified in southern Gapado. E. jolkinii was found mainly occurring on rocky areas of the southeastern coast. Similarly, it was distributed only in the eastern part of the island i.e., in the areas of Gapado, Udo, and Biyangdo. The growth of E. jolkinii varied depending on its native area. Plant height, stem length, and stem caliper showed positive correlation with flower size. In each area, flowers bloomed in late March, and seeds were dispersed starting in early June. Approximately 30 plant species were distributed in the vegetation surrounding E. jolkinii habitats, including Spergularia marina (L.) Besser, Rosa wichuraiana Crep. ex Franch. & Sav., Vitex rotundifolia L.f., and Angelica japonica A. Gray. Herbaceous and woody plants accounted for 80% and 20%, respectively. Soil pH ranged from 8.3 to 9.4, and salinity values obtained ranged from 0.003 to 0.017%. Organic matter was determined to be present at 1.9% in Jungmun, 1.4% in Gapado, and 1.0% in Pyoseonmyeon, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values were recorded as 10.7 cmol+/kg in Gapado, 5.6 cmol+/kg in Pyoseonmyeon, and 1.3 cmol+/kg in Jungmun, respectively. Electrical conductivity (EC) was determined to be 0.47 dS/m in Jungmun, 0.19 dS/m in Gapado, and 0.16 dS/m in Pyoseonmyeon, and Cl− was 57.45 mg/kg, 63.01 mg/kg, and 8.12 mg/kg, respectively. Available phosphate was not detected in the coastal areas of Jungmun.