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Optical thermometry probe via fiber containing β-NaLuF4:Yb3+/Er3+/ Tm3+
Muhammad Khuram Shahzad,Yundong Zhang,Muhammad Usman Khan,Harse Sattar,Muhammad Ikram 한국물리학회 2019 Current Applied Physics Vol.19 No.6
In this article, β-NaLuF4:Yb3+/Tm3+/Er3+ were synthesized by thermal decomposition technique. Yb3+/Tm3+/ Er3+ has been firstly manifested to fabricate the microfibers after co-doping with polymer solution. The guiding performance of a microfiber was observed under 980 nm excitation source to prove that it could be used as an active and passive waveguides. The characteristics of optical thermal sensing of Tm3+ and Er3+ ions in a single microfiber were demonstrated. The FIR method was utilized to evaluate the sensitivity of a single microfiber and maximum sensitivity of activator ions in a microfiber was achieved as 0.00124 and 0.00311 K-1 with temperature ranging from 303 to 363 K, respectively. Our results suggest that a single microfiber has good sensing stability and has potential applications in the field of thermometry.
Classification of Network Traffic using Machine Learning for Software Defined Networks
Muhammad Shahzad Haroon,Husnain Mansoor International Journal of Computer ScienceNetwork S 2023 International journal of computer science and netw Vol.23 No.12
As SDN devices and systems hit the market, security in SDN must be raised on the agenda. SDN has become an interesting area in both academics and industry. SDN promises many benefits which attract many IT managers and Leading IT companies which motivates them to switch to SDN. Over the last three decades, network attacks becoming more sophisticated and complex to detect. The goal is to study how traffic information can be extracted from an SDN controller and open virtual switches (OVS) using SDN mechanisms. The testbed environment is created using the RYU controller and Mininet. The extracted information is further used to detect these attacks efficiently using a machine learning approach. To use the Machine learning approach, a dataset is required. Currently, a public SDN based dataset is not available. In this paper, SDN based dataset is created which include legitimate and non-legitimate traffic. Classification is divided into two categories: binary and multiclass classification. Traffic has been classified with or without dimension reduction techniques like PCA and LDA. Our approach provides 98.58% of accuracy using a random forest algorithm.
Shahzad Hafiz Muhammad Aamir,Khan Sher Jamal,Khan Musharib,Schönberger Harald,Weber Frank-Andreas 한국화학공학회 2023 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.40 No.6
Performance of an anaerobic moving bed biofilm reactor (AnMBBR) was evaluated for pretreatment of real textile desizing wastewater at organic loading rate (OLR) of 1±0.05 to 6.3±0.37 kgCOD/m3/d. After OLR optimization, the performance of AnMBBR was evaluated for biodegradation of reactive dyes. AnMBBR was operated under a mesophilic temperature range of 30 to 36 °C, while the oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) and pH were in the range of 504 to 594 (-mV) and 6.98 to 7.28, respectively. By increasing the OLR from 1±0.05 to 6.3±0.37 kgCOD/m3/d, COD and BOD5 removal was decreased from 84 to 39% and 89 to 49%, respectively. While the production of biogas was increased from 0.12 to 0.83 L/L·d up to an optimum OLR of 4.9±0.43 kgCOD/m3/d. With increase in the dye concentration in the feed, COD, BOD5, color removal and biogas production reduced from 56, 63, 70% and 0.65 L/L·d to 34, 43, 41% and 0.08 L/L·d, respectively. Based on the data obtained, a cost-benefit analysis of AnMBBR was also investigated for the pretreatment of real textile desizing wastewater. Cost estimation of anaerobic pretreatment of textile desizing wastewater indicated a net profit of 21.09 million PKR/yr (114,000 €/yr) and a potential payback period of 2.54 years.
Muhammad Babar Shahzad Afzal,Sarfraz Ali Shad 한국응용곤충학회 2017 Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology Vol.20 No.2
Spinosad is new chemical insecticide, which acts on nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Selection of Phenacoccus solenopsis with spinosad was carried out in the laboratory to characterize spinosad resistance. Cross resistance, stability and fitness cost of spinosad resistance were evaluated. Phenacoccus solenopsis showed a 282.45-fold resistance to spinosad after seven rounds of selection. Spinosad selected population (Spinosad-SEL pop) showed different levels of cross-resistance to profenofos, spinetoram and deltamethrin in comparison with unselected population. Spinosad resistance decreased significantly from282.45 to 25.4-fold when resistant population was not exposed to the insecticide for up to six generations, indicating unstable resistance. Relative fitness of Spinosad-SEL pop was 0.51with decrease in survival rate, fecundity, intrinsic rate of male and female, biotic potential and mean relative growth rate of male,whereas prolonged developmental time fromegg to adultmale and female, and generation time of both sexes compared with the unselected population. Resistance to spinosad indicates the need to rotate insecticides with others of differing modes of action and implementing alternative methods for P. solenopsis management.
Muhammad Fiayaz,Khalid Mahmood Zia,Muhammad Asif Javaid,Saima Rehman,Shahzad Ali Shahid Chatha,Mohammad Zuber 한국화학공학회 2020 Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering Vol.37 No.12
A novel green series of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) based polyurethane (PUs) prepolymersblended with TiO2 nanoparticles were synthesized by reaction of Isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). The chain was further extended with 1,4-butanediol (BDO) to get final HEC based polyurethane bio nanocomposites (FPUNC). A mixture of HEC based polymer and TiO2 nanoparticles was formed in solution polymerization, in which the TiO2 nanoparticles dispersed depending on interaction of TiO2 nanoparticles with polymer chains. The molecular structure of the synthesized PU bionanocomposites was confirmed by FTIR. A series of FPUNCs was prepared by varying the percent composition of the TiO2 nanoparticles into the PU matrix. The morphology of the bionanocomposites was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM images verified the good dispersion of TiO2 nanoparticles into PU matrix. The thermal stability of the synthesized FPUNCs was done by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and the FPUNC12 with 5% contents of TiO2 nanoparticles showed better thermal stability. The resultant HEC-TiO2 based FPUNCs material have promising bio-degradable and bio functional materials with good thermal properties and have potential applications in the field of biomaterials.
Muhammad Hasnain,Imran Ghani,Muhammad Fermi Pasha,Ishrat Hayat Malik,Shahzad Malik 한국인터넷방송통신학회 2019 International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting an Vol.11 No.2
Research classification of software modules was done to validate the approaches proposed for addressing limitations in existing classification approaches. The objective of this study was to replicate the experiments of a recently published research study and re-evaluate its results. The reason to repeat the experiment(s) and re-evaluate the results was to verify the approach to identify the faulty and non-faulty modules applied in the original study for the prioritization of test cases. As a methodology, weconducted this study to re-evaluate the results of the study. The results showed that binary logistic regression analysis remains helpful for researchers for predictions, as it provides an overall prediction of accuracy in percentage. Our study shows a prediction accuracy of 92.9% for the PureMVC Java open source program, while the original study showed an 82% prediction accuracy for the same Java program classes. It is believed by the authors that future research can refine the criteria used to classify classes of web systemswritten in various programming languages based on the results of this study.
An improved indirect evaporative cooler experimental investigation
Shahzad, Muhammad Wakil,Burhan, Muhammad,Ybyraiymkul, Doskhan,Oh, Seung Jin,Ng, Kim Choon ELSEVIER 2019 Applied Energy Vol. No.
<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Air conditioning has enhanced the work efficiency and improved life style by maintaining comfortable environment. The growing demand of air conditioning has negative impact on energy and environment. In 2015, air conditioning consumed 6% of total global electricity produced and it is expected to increase to 20% by 2050. The leveling-off conventional chiller’s efficiency at 0.85 ± 0.03 kW/Rton due to pairing of dehumidification and cooling processes in one machine is not only the major reason of high energy consumption but also the key limitation in efficiency improvement. The de-coupling of dehumidification and cooling processes can be one of the solution to achieve the quantum jump in the performance, 0.6 ± 0.03 kW/Rton, by improving individual processes. We proposed an improved indirect evaporative cooler system for sensible cooling that can be combined with dehumidification processes to achieve sustainable cooling goals. The experimentation on 800 mm long and 280 mm wide generic cell showed that it can produce temperature differential up to 10 °C with small area of heat transfer. It was showed that the proposed vertical heat exchanger configuration with multi point injection of working air is the best configuration of the indirect evaporative cooler, achieving coefficient of performance level of 78 for cooling alone. We expect that overall coefficient of performance level of 7–8 is achievable by incorporating efficient dehumidification processes. We also presented detailed design parameters that can be used as a reference for commercial system design.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Decoupling of latent and sensible load in cooling is the key for sustainability. </LI> <LI> The indirect evaporative cooler integrated with dehumidification is one of the solution. </LI> <LI> Improved IEC with three major modification can achieve COP up to 78 for cooling only. </LI> <LI> The dehumidification system COP around 4–5 can help to achieve overall COP of 7–8. </LI> <LI> The proposed multi injection vertical heat exchanger design has the best performance. </LI> </UL> </P>
Dengue Virus Serotypes Circulating in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province, Pakistan, 2013-2015
Muhammad Suleman,Rani Faryal,Muhammad Masroor Alam,Salmaan Sharif,Shahzad Shaukat,Uzma Bashir Aamir,Adnan Khurshid,Mehar Angez,Massab Umair,Mian Muhammad Sufian,Yasir Arshad,Syed Sohail Zahoor Zaidi 대한진단검사의학회 2017 Annals of Laboratory Medicine Vol.37 No.2
From 2013 to 2015, the National Institute of Health, Pakistan, received 1,270 blood samples of suspected dengue cases reported from inpatient and outpatient departments of various hospitals in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK) province. In this study, we determined the circulating dengue virus (DENV) serotypes using real-time reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR to understand the serotype-based epidemiology of DENV. All four serotypes (DENV-1 [6%], DENV-2 [33%], DENV-3 [47%], and DENV-4 [0.1%]) were found circulating during the study period. Our findings suggest the need for an active surveillance system coupled with the laboratory diagnosis, especially in the chronic endemic areas of the country. Public awareness programs are needed for effective control and prevention of outbreaks in the future.