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Komaki, Yukako,Simpson, Adam M.-A.,Choe, Jong Kwon,Plewa, Michael J.,Mitch, William A. American Chemical Society 2018 Environmental science & technology Vol.52 No.16
<P>Following the Food Safety Modernization Act of 2011 in the U.S., guidelines for disinfection washes in food packaging facilities are under consideration to control pathogen risks. However, disinfectant exposures may need optimization because the high concentrations of chlorine disinfectant promote the formation of high levels of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). When chlorine doses up through the 200 mg/L as Cl<SUB>2</SUB> range relevant to the current practice were applied to spinach and lettuce, significant DBP formation was observed, even within 5 min at 7 °C. Concentrations of volatile chlorinated DBPs in washwater were far higher than typically observed in disinfected drinking water (e.g., 350 μg/L 1,1-dichloropropanone). However, these DBPs partitioned to the aqueous phase and so represent a greater concern for the disposal or reuse of washwater than for consumer exposure via food. The volatile DBPs represent the low-yield, final products of chlorination reactions with multiple biomolecular precursors. The initial, high-yield transformation products of such reactions may represent a greater concern for consumer exposure because they remain bound within the biopolymers in food and would be liberated during digestion. Using protein-bound tyrosine as an example precursor, the concentrations of the initial 3-chlorotyrosine and 3,5-dichlorotyrosine transformation products from this one precursor in the leaf phase were comparable to, and, in the case of some lettuces, exceeded, the aggregate aqueous concentration of volatile DBPs formed from multiple precursors. Chlorotyrosine formation increased when spinach was shredded due to the greater accessibility of chlorine to proteins in the leaf interiors. The cytotoxicity of chlorotyrosines to Chinese hamster ovary cells was higher than any of the trihalomethanes regulated in drinking water.</P> [FIG OMISSION]</BR>
The effects of gas mixtures on hydrogen permeation through Pd-Ag/V-Ni alloy composite membrane
Hulme, J.,Komaki, M.,Nishimura, C.,Gwak, J. Elsevier 2011 Current Applied Physics Vol.11 No.4
The effects of gas mixtures on hydrogen permeation through Pd-Ag coated V-Ni composite membranes were investigated by gas permeation technique in the temperature range of 473-673 K at atmospheric pressure. Dense Pd-25Ag layer was sputtered on the V-15Ni alloy film prepared by arc-melting. Hydrogen permeation experiments for as-prepared Pd-Ag/V-Ni composite membrane were carried out with pure hydrogen and different gas mixtures of H<SUB>2</SUB>/CO<SUB>2</SUB> and H<SUB>2</SUB>/H<SUB>2</SUB>S. Long-term permeation tests were performed with the mixture feed of 30%-CO<SUB>2</SUB> in H<SUB>2</SUB> and 11 ppm-H<SUB>2</SUB>S in H<SUB>2</SUB>. As the percentage of gas impurity increased, the hydrogen permeability decreased. However, the composite membrane did not suffer irreparable damage when exposed to CO<SUB>2</SUB> and the flux value for pure hydrogen was readily recovered by post-treatment in the permeation system. For the H<SUB>2</SUB>S impurity, the interaction with the membrane surface was significantly different compared to CO<SUB>2</SUB>. Membrane permeability rapidly deteriorated when exposed to a small percentage of H<SUB>2</SUB>S. Nevertheless, the membrane does not seem to be damaged as the permeability was fully recovered by longer post-treatment with pure hydrogen.
Counter-Rotating Type Pumping Unit (Impeller Speeds in Smart Control)
Kanemoto, Toshiaki,Komaki, Keiichi,Katayama, Masaaki,Fujimura, Makoto Korean Society for Fluid machinery 2011 International journal of fluid machinery and syste Vol.4 No.3
Turbo-pumps have weak points, such as the pumping operation is unstable on the positive slope of the head curve and/or the cavitation occurs at the low suction head. To improve simultaneously both weak points, the first author invented the unique pumping unit composed of the tandem impellers and the peculiar motor with the double rotational armatures. The front and the rear impellers are driven by the inner and the outer armatures of the motor, respectively. Both impeller speeds are automatically and smartly adjusted in response to the pumping discharge, while the rotational torques between both impellers/armatures are counter-balanced. Such speeds contribute to suppress successfully not only the unstable operation at the low discharge but also the cavitation at the high discharge, as verified with the axial flow type pumping unit in the previous paper. Continuously, this paper investigates experimentally the effects of the tandem impeller profiles on the pump performances and the rotational speeds against the discharge, using the impellers whose loads are low and/or high at the normal discharge. The worthy remarks are that (a) the unstable operation is suppressed as expected and the shut off power is scarcely large in the smart control, (b) the blade profile contributes to determine the discharge giving the maximum/minimum rotational speed where the reverse flow may incipiently appears at the front impeller inlet, (c) the tandem impeller profiles scarcely affect the rotational speeds, while the loads of the front and the rear impellers are same, but (d) the impeller with the low load must run faster and the impeller with the high load must run slower at the same discharge to take the same rotational torque, and (e) the reverse flow at the inlet and the swirling velocity component at the outlet of the front impeller with the high load require making the rotational speed of the rear impeller with low load fairly faster at the lower discharge.
The effects of gas mixtures on hydrogen permeation through Pd–Ag/V–Ni alloy composite membrane
John Hulme,Masao Komaki,Chikashi Nishimura,곽지혜 한국물리학회 2011 Current Applied Physics Vol.11 No.4
The effects of gas mixtures on hydrogen permeation through Pd―Ag coated V―Ni composite membranes were investigated by gas permeation technique in the temperature range of 473―673 K at atmospheric pressure. Dense Pd―25Ag layer was sputtered on the V―15Ni alloy film prepared by arc-melting. Hydrogen permeation experiments for as-prepared Pd―Ag/V―Ni composite membrane were carried out with pure hydrogen and different gas mixtures of H_2/CO_2 and H_2/H_2S. Long-term permeation tests were performed with the mixture feed of 30%-CO_2 in H_2 and 11 ppm-H_2S in H_2. As the percentage of gas impurity increased, the hydrogen permeability decreased. However, the composite membrane did not suffer irreparable damage when exposed to CO_2 and the flux value for pure hydrogen was readily recovered by post-treatment in the permeation system. For the H_2S impurity, the interaction with the membrane surface was significantly different compared to CO_2. Membrane permeability rapidly deteriorated when exposed to a small percentage of H_2S. Nevertheless, the membrane does not seem to be damaged as the permeability was fully recovered by longer post-treatment with pure hydrogen.