유방암과 그 전구 병변의 Cyclin-dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21과 Ki-67의 발현

박용래,이중달 한양대학교 의과대학 1999 한양의대 학술지 Vol.19 No.2

Dysregulation of the cell cycle is a hallmark of human cancers. The cell cycle is governed by cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk), the activity of which is regulated by binding of negative effectors, the cdk inhibiors. p21^cipl is a cdk inhibitor which inhibits progression from G_1 into S phase in the cell cycle. Ki-67 is a marker for proliferation cell index. Both p21 and Ki-67 expressions are altered in a variety of human cancers including cancer of the breast. The significance of these altered expressions have been yet to be defined The author investigated p21 and Ki-67 levels in breast lesions by immunohistochemical stain. The breast lesions consist of 13 cases of adenosis and sclerosing adenosis, 4 cases of atypical ductal hyperplasia, 7 cases of intraductal carcioma, and 9 cases of invasive ductal carcinomas. 1. p21 and Ki-67 are not expressed in cells of the normal duct, acinus, adenosis and sclerosing adenosis. 2. Atypical ductal hyperplasia shows low levels of expression in both p21 and Ki-67. Their expression levels appear correlated. 3. p21 are expressed in high level in intraductal carcinomas whereas Ki-67 expression is low. Their expression levels are inversely correlated. 4. In invasive ductal carcinomas reduced levels of p21 and high levels of Ki-67 are found, levels of which appear inversely correlated between two markers. In summary of the results, the expression of p21 protein and Ki-67 in lesions of atypical ductal hyperplasia appears positively correlated, whereas intraductal and invasive carcinomas show inverse correlation between two markers. The high level of p21 in intraductal carcinomas and reduced level in invasive carcinoma suggest that intraductal carcinoma consists mainly of malignant cells in G_1 phase and genetically unstable cells responding to DNA damage.

등간격 병진스프링으로 지지되는 단순곡선보의 고유진동수해석

조정래,이용운,윤한익 동의대학교 산업기술개발연구소 2000 産業技術硏究誌 Vol.14 No.-

The transfer matrix method is used to study the influence of the translational spring support on the transverse vibration of the simple curved beam. The translational spring supports are constituted by the middle point and the nine points at regular interval on the curved beam. The influence of the translational spring constants on the natural frequency of the simple curved beam is very much at 1st and 3rd mode and the natural frequency is augmented as increasing of the translational spring constants. Since the amplitude of the curved beam is small at high mode, the translational spring constant has a little influence on the transverse vibration of the simple curved beam. The simple curved beam supported elastically at middle point has high frequency than that supported elastically at nine points at regular interval. If the translational spring constant supporting the simple curved beam become very large, and then since the elastic support is similar to the rigid support, the transverse natural frequencies increase very much at the each mode of the simple curved beam.

안정된 고속 보행 휴머노이드 로봇의 개발

김승우,정용래,장경준 순천향대학교 부설 산업기술연구소 2004 순천향 산업기술연구소논문집 Vol.10 No.2

Most previous robots had used the wheels as means for movement. These structures were relatively simple and easy to control and this is why the method had been used until currently. However, there are many realistic problems to move from one place to another in human life, for instance, steps and edges. So we need to develop the two-legged walking humanoid robot. The 2-legged walking Robot system has been vigorously developed in so many corporations and academic circles of several countries. However, 2-legged walking Robot has been mostly studied in view of the static walk. We design a stable humanoid Robot which can walk in high-speed through the research of the dynamic walk in this paper. Especially, worldwide companies have been interested in developing humanoid robots for a long time to solve the before mentioned problems so that they can become more familiar with the human form. The most important thing, for the novel two-legged walk, is to create a stable and fast walking in two-legged robots. For realization of this movement, an optimal mechanical design of 12 DOFS, a distributed control and a parallel processing control are implemented in this paper. This paper proves that high speed and stable walking can be achieved, through experiments.

당뇨병환자에서 뇨증 Fibronectin농도의 증가에 관한 연구

한승범,조준승,손건영,서성문,박근용,조성래,박규영,박정모,이인규,여준기 啓明大學校 醫科大學 1994 계명의대학술지 Vol.13 No.4

Plasma fibronectin is an α₂-glyoprotein, which is produced by vascular endothelial cells. Raised level of plasma fibronectin has been observed in diabetic patients particularly in the presence of microvascular complications. However, no available data exist about urine level of this glycoprotein in diabetic patients. We measured urine fibronectin level by ELISA methods in 54 diabetic patients who have microvascular comlications or not. The following results were obtained. 1) Urine fibronectin level(㎍/g creatinine) in diabetic group(1740.0±678.0) is increased compaired with those in normal control group(471.0±59.0). but this results were not significantly different among two groups(P>0.05). 2) Urine fibronectin level(㎍/g creatinine) was significantly increased in patients with nephropathy (6188.0±3144.0) compared with those in normal control group(471.0±59.0) and patients without nephropathy(645.0±251.0)(P<0.001). 3) There were a significant correlation between BUN, creatinine, creatinine clearance, 24hr urine total protein and urine fibronectin level in diabetic patients. Our data suggest that urine fibronectin excretion level might be used as a sensitive guide for diabectic nephropathy.

Treatment of eggshell with casein phosphopeptide reduces the severity of ovariectomy-induced bone loss

Jung-Hoon Kim,Min Seuk Kim,Hong-Geun Oh,Hak-Yong Lee,Jeong-Woo Park,Bong-Gun Lee,Sang-Hoon Park,Dae-In Moon,Eun-Hye Shin,Eun-Kyeong Oh,Munkhsoyol Erkhembaatar,Okjin Kim,Yong-Rae Lee,Han-Jung Chae 한국실험동물학회 2013 Laboratory Animal Research Vol.29 No.2

It has been generally accepted that calcium intake prevents bone loss, and frequent fracture resulted from osteoporosis. However, it is still elusive as to how effective sole calcium intake is in preventing or attenuating the severity of osteoporosis. Here, we demonstrate the effects of eggshell-casein phosphopeptide (ES-CPP), and compared these effects those of calcium supplement, for restoring ovariectomy-mediated bone loss. CPP, synthesized from the hydrolysis of casein (0.5%) using trypsin, was added to the grinded ES and was then administered to the ovariectomized (OVX) rat at 100 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Urine and feces from each group were collected each day, and were used to calculate the apparent calcium absorption rate in a day. After 4 weeks incubation, blood and femoral bones were isolated for the analysis of parameters representing osteoporosis. The apparent calcium absorption rate was significantly increased in the ES-CPP treated groups, in comparison to both the OVX and the commercial calcium supplement (CCS) treated group. Notably, treatment with ES-CPP markedly enhanced the calcium content in femoral bone and the relative weight of femoral bone to body weight, though calcium content in serum was barely changed by treatment with ES-CPP. Parameters of osteoporosis, such as osteocalcin in serum and bone mineral density, were rescued by treatment with ES-CPP, compared to treatment with commercial calcium supplement. This finding strongly suggests the possible use of ES-CPP in preventing or attenuating the severity of postmenopausal osteoporosis.

세무조사제도의 입법적 개선방안

정래용 ( Rae Yong Jung ) 연세대학교 법학연구원 2013 法學硏究 Vol.23 No.1

본 연구는 세무조사제도의 신뢰성 측면에서 세무조사제도의 남용제한 및 세무조사 정보의 비밀유지를 위한 입법적 개선방안을 제시하였다. 그리고 금융기관에 대한 세무조사를 예시하여 세무조사제도의 효율성을 제고하기 위한 입법적 개선방안을 제시하였다. 연구 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 세무조사 목적의 남용에 대한 입법적 개선방안으로는 먼저 세무조사의 개념과 목적을 국세기본법에 격상시켜 규정하고 개별 세법상의 세무조사 근거 규정을 구체화하되 국세기본법에 통합하여 규정한다. 그리고 정부의 정책추진 지원 등을 이유로 다른 행정기관에서 세무조사를 의뢰하는 경우 이를 거부할 수 있는 명문의 규정과 이를 위반하는 경우 손해배상을 청구할 수 있도록 입법화한다. 둘째, 세무조사정보의 비밀보호에 관한 입법적 개선방안으로는 비밀유지 대상이 되는 정보에 세무조사 정보가 포함됨을 명확히 하고 이를 위반하는 경우 국가공무원법을 적용할 수 있도록 구체화하며 적용대상에 언론에 종사하는 자를 명시하고 조세범 고발 시 관련 정보의 공개를 금지하는 명시적인 조항을 신설한다. 그리고 세무조사 목적의 남용의 경우에 준하여 손해배상 청구할 수 있도록 입법화하고 정보공개의 범위를 구체화한다. 셋째, 유관기관들 간의 협조체계의 제도화를 통한 효율성 제고방안으로는 국세청이 세무조사 과정에서 파악한 입법적 제안사항을 재경부에 청원할 수 있는 입법적 근거 및 국세청과 납세협력의무를 이행하는 기관들과의 상호 협조와 정보교류의 입법적 근거를 마련한다. 넷째, 세무조사 사각지대의 양성화를 통한 효율성 제고방안으로는 특수한 업종에 속하는 분야에 대한 세무조사 규정을 조사사무처리규정에 별도로 마련하거나 조사사무처리규정의 위임 하에 별도의 시행세칙으로 제정함으로써 특별한 조사절차를 개발하고 적용할 수 있는 법적근거를 마련한다. This study suggested legislative improvement to limit the abuse of tax investigation system and to maintain confidentiality of the investigation information in the respect of reliability. Also it indicated legislative measures to enhance the efficiency of the system by illustrating tax investigations on financial institutions. The suggestions can be summarized as follows. First, to limit the abuse of tax investigation purpose in legislative ways, define the concept and purpose of the investigation upper in the Framework Act on National Taxes and embody the applicable investigation provisions in the individual tax laws which are combined and coded in the Framework Act as well. In addition, enact stipulated provisions which allow to refuse investigation requests from other administrative agencies for reasons such as the support for government`s policy promotion and to claim compensation for damage in case of violations. Second, to enhance the confidentiality of investigation information legislatively, establish clauses which clarify that the information on tax investigation is included in those needs to remain in secrecy, specifically enable the application of the Public Officials Act in case of violations, also include the person engaged in the media industry in to whom the Act applies and specify the range of information made available to the public in the accusation of tax criminals. Third, to boost the efficiency through institutionalized cooperation among the relevant agencies, prepare the legislative bases upon which the National Tax Service can petition the Ministry of Finance and Economy for legislative suggestions obtained through the inspections and the legal grounds for cooperation and information exchange between the National Tax Service and the institutions performing the tax cooperation obligation. Fourth, to increase the efficiency by legalizing blind spots of tax inspection, provide separate investigation rules on special industries in the tax treatment regulations or establish the rules as a part of additional rules for operation under the authority of the tax treatment regulations so that they can form legal grounds for development and application of special investigation procedures.

Comparison of Biochemical Profiles with Biogroups for the Identification of Cronobacter spp. (Enterobacter sakazakii)

Kim, Jung-Beom,Park, Yong-Bae,Kim, Woon-Ho,Kim, Ki-Cheol,Jeong, Hong-Rae,Kim, Dae-Hwan,Kang, Suk-Ho,Yong, Kum-Chan,Yoon, Mi-Hye,Park, Yong-Chul The Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety 2009 한국식품위생안전성학회지 Vol.24 No.4

The objectives of this study were to compare the biochemical profiles with biogroups for the identification of Cronobacter spp. (formally known as Enterobacter sakazakii) isolates using biochemical identification kits. A total of 38 Cronobacter spp. contained 5 clinical, 31 food, and 2 environmental isolates were used. All isolates were identified as Cronobacter spp. with the Vitek II system and ID 32E kit. The API 20E kit identified all isolates as Cronobacter spp. but the percentage identification was 51.1% for 16 of 38 isolates. These strains were contained to Biogroup 2, 9, 10, and 11. The utilization of inositol is a factor determining the percentage identification of Cronobacter spp. with the API 20E kit.

Design of an Initial Fine Alignment Algorithm for Satellite Launch Vehicles

Eun-Jung Song,Woong-Rae Roh,Jeong-Yong Kim,Jun-Seok Oh,Jung-Ju Park,Gwang-Rae Cho 한국항공우주학회 2010 International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sc Vol.11 No.3

In this paper, an initial fine alignment algorithm, which is developed for the strap-down inertial navigation systems of satellite launch vehicles, is considered. For fast and accurate alignment, a simple closed-loop estimation algorithm using a proportionalintegral controller is introduced. Through computer simulation for the sway condition in the launch pad, it is shown that a simple filter structure can guarantee fast computational speed that is adequate for real-time implementation as well as the required alignment accuracy and robustness. In addition, its implementation results are presented for the Naro-1 flight test.

가업승계 세제의 실효성 확보 방안 연구

정래용 ( Rae Yong Jung ),강내철 ( Na Chul Kang ) 홍익대학교 법학연구소 2016 홍익법학 Vol.17 No.3

원활한 가업승계는 기업의 지속가능한 발전 측면에서 중요성을 지닌다. 이에 정부는 중소기업의 원활한 가업상속을 지원하기 위해 1997년에 가업상속공제제도를 최초로 도입하였고 2008년부터 가업승계에 따른 증여세 과세특례제도를 도입하였다. 그러나 국세청 통계 자료에 따르면 가업승계 대상 기업이 2만개임에도 불구하고 가업상속공제 신청자가 매년 60여건(과세미달 포함 시 70여건)에 불과하여 매우 저조하다. 이는 가업승계 세제의 실효성 문제를 의미한다. 그리고 도덕적 해이 등 후계자의 자질 문제로 인한 부작용이 적지 않은 실정임에도 불구하고 현행 세법은 이에 대한 방지 규정을 두고 있지 않다. 이에 본 논문은 가업승계와 관련된 추가적인 세제혜택 방안뿐만 아니라 효율적인 가업승계 준비를 유도하기 위해 회계법인의 가업승계 적정성 확인 의무화 방안을 제시하고 자녀 이외의 제3자에게 가업을 승계시킬 수 있는 세제상의 대안을 함께 제시하여 가업승계 세제의 실효성을 제고하기 위한 세제상의 정책적 대안을 다음과 같이 제시하였다. 첫째. 가업승계 조건 완화 및 추가적인 혜택제공 방안으로서 증여세 특례세율을 현행 10%(20%)에서 5%(10%)로 완화하고 가업승계 시 5년 내 대표이사 취임 의무 규정은 폐지한다. 그리고 1회에 한하여 후계자 교체기회를 부여하되 이 경우 재차 증여에 따른 증여세를 부과하지 않는다. 또한 가업승계 준비과정에서 사후관리 요건을 구비하지 못하여 증여세를 추징할 경우 부담하는 이자 성격의 가산세율을 면제하거나 국세환급가산금 수준(연1.8%)으로 인하한다. 둘째, 가업상속공제 신청 시 회계 법인으로부터의 가업상속 적정성 확인을 의무화한다. 후계자의 경영 능력 또는 도덕성은 객관적인 검증의 대상이 되기는 어려우나 후계자의 일탈이나 도덕적 해이는 내부통제 시스템을 통해 견제되도록 하는 것이 바람직하기 때문이다. 셋째, 제반 세제 혜택을 부여하여 자녀 이외에 기존 경영자나 전문적인 M&A 펀드와 같은 제3자로도 가업이 승계될 수 있는 기회를 제도적으로 마련해 준다. 이는 자녀에게 가업을 승계시킬 수 없는 여러 가지 현실적인 여건을 고려한 것이다. The smooth succession of family businesses has significance in terms of corporate sustainable development. For this reason, the government introduced the tax deduction for family business succession for the first time in 1997 and special provisions on gift tax for those who succeed family businesses in 2008. According to statistical data provided by the Nation Tax Service, however, the number of applicants for the tax deduction for family business succession has been extremely low, recording only about 60 cases (or about 70 cases if those under tax threshold are included) per year although there are around 20,000 family enterprises that are potentially to be inherited to owners` children, questioning the effectiveness of the taxation system of family business succession. In addition, despite the large number of side effects caused by the incompetence of successors such as moral hazard, the current taxation system does not have provisions to prevent them. For this reason, this study proposes a compulsory measure to enforce accounting firms to verify the appropriateness of family business succession in order to encourage the effective preparation for inheriting a family business and an alternative taxation system to allow family business succession to a third person other than children as well as additional tax benefits related to family business succession. The policies suggested by this study for the purpose of increasing the effectiveness of the taxation on family business succession are summarized as follows. First, as a part of additional benefits and the measure to ease the regulations on family business succession, the special taxation rate for gift tax needs to be reduced to 5% (10%) from the present 10% (20%) and the provision that requires the successor to become the president of the inherited company within 5 years from the inheritance needs to be abolished. There should also be one-time-only opportunity for the current successor to find other person who can inherit the family business without the risk of being imposed additional gift tax. In addition, it is necessary to exempt the additional tax rate that is imposed as a kind of interest when gift tax is levied because the successor does not meet the post management requirements during the preparation of family business succession, or reduce it to the level of the additional rate of national taxes. Second, the confirmation of the appropriateness of family business succession from an accounting firm needs to be obligated when applying for the tax deduction for family business because it is desirable that the aberrational behaviors or moral hazard of successors are checked by an internal control system although their management abilities or morality are difficult to be evaluated in an objective manner. Third, given various situations where family businesses cannot be inherited by children, a systematic method with tax benefits that allows a family business can be inherited by a third party other than children such as the current professional manager or an M&A fund.

Assessment of Soil Compaction Related to the Bulk Density with Land use Types on Arable Land

Hee-Rae Cho,Kang-Ho Jung,Yong-Seon Zhang,Kyung-Hwa Han,Ahn-Sung Roh,Kwang-Rae Cho,Soo-Jeong Lim,Seung-Chul Choi,Jin-il Lee,Yeo-Uk Yun,Byoung-Gu Ahn,Byeong-Ho Kim,Jun-Hong Park,Chan-Yong Kim,Sang-Jo Pa 한국토양비료학회 2013 한국토양비료학회지 Vol.46 No.5

Soil compaction is affected by soil texture, organic matter (OM), strength (ST) and soil moisture, which is difficult to understand the degree and effects of related factors. The purpose of the study is to assess the impact of them on the compaction with bulk density (BD). The analysis was conducted with data collected from national-wide monitoring sites including 105 upland soils, 246 orchard soils, and 408 paddy soils between 2009 and 2012. The distributions of soil physical properties were measured. The correlation and multi linear regression analysis were performed between soil physical properties using SAS. The regression equation of BD(y) includes ST, gravitational water contents (GWC), and OM as variables commonly, having additional factors, clay content and sand content in paddy soil and upland soil for only subsoil (p<0.001). Our results show that the BD could be explained about 40~50% by various physical properties. The regression was mainly determined by ST in orchard and upland soil and by the GWC in paddy soil. To mitigate soil compaction, it is important to maintain the proper level of OM in upland soil and to consider the moisture condition with soil texture in paddy soil when making work plan. Furthermore, it would be recommended the management criteria classified by soil texture for the paddy soils.