아침형-저녁형의 측정을 위한 한국어판 조합척도의 교차 타당화

이형영,윤진상,국승희 大韓神經精神醫學會 1999 신경정신의학 Vol.38 No.2

연구목적 : 일주기 리듬의 유형을 분류하는 설문지는 일주기 리듬을 연구하고, 교대근무의 적응력을 예측하기 위해 개발이 필요하다. 본 연구에서는 Smith 등 (1989)의 조합척도를 한국어판으로 표준화한 윤진상 등(1997)의 한국어판 조합척도(Korean translation of Composite Scale : KtCS)를 실제 직장인들에게 적용할 수 있는 지를 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법 : 간호사 115명(순환교대 근무자 85명, 주간고정 근무자 70명)과 여대생 247명을 대상으로 KtCS와 생활습관 설문지(Life Habit Questionnaire : LHQ)를 배포하였다. 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각에 대해 KtCS 점수의 분포도를 검증하고 백분위 10이하의 점수를 받은 군을 저녁형, 백분위 90이상의 점수를 받은 군을 아침형, 그 중간의 점수를 받은 군을 중간형으로 정의하였다. 두 군 각각에서 KtCS 점수의 내적 일치도를 구하고, 요인 분석을 하였으며, 일주기 리듬의 유형에 따른 생활습관의 차이를 분석하였다. 결 과 : 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각의 KtCS 점수는 부적으로 편포되어 있었으나 유의하지는 않았고, KtCS의 평균점수에서도 유의한 차이가 없었다. 간호사 군에서 Cronbach alpha는 .836이었으며, “취침과 가상의 선호시간”, “아침의 각성”, “기상시간”의 세 요인이 추출되었는데, 문항 11이 요인 1에 추가적으로 부하된 경우 외에는 본 연구의 여대생 군 및 윤진상 등 (1997)의 요인분석 결과와 거의 동일하였다. 여대생 군에서 KtCS의 내적 일치도는 Cronbach alpha .787이었고, “취침과 기상의 선호시각”, “기상시각”, “아침의 각성” 세 요인이 추출되었다. 또한 간호사 군과 여대생 군 각각의 생활습관에서도 일주기 리듬간에 유의한 차이가 있었다. 즉 각성, 수행, 업무 혹은 학습효과가 최고조에 이르는 시간대는 저녁형이 가장 늦고, 다음이 중간형, 아침형 순이었으며, 오전 학습효과는 아침형이, 저녁의 학습효과는 저녁형이 가장 높았으나, 오후의 학습효과에서는 저녁형과 아침형 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 취침시각과 기상시각은 저녁형이 가장 늦었지만, 총 수면시간에서는 저녁형, 중간형, 아침형 간에 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결 론 : 간호사에서 KtCS의 심리측정 속성은 여대생에서의 분포도, 내적 일치도, 타당도가 매우 유사하였고, 윤진상 등(1997)의 연구결과와도 유사하여서, KtCS 활용의 일반화 가능성이 시사된다. Objectives : It is necessary to develop a questionnaire to classify the circadian rhythm for studying circadian rhythms and predicting shift work adaptability. This study attempted to confirm the general applicability of “Korean translation of Composite Scale : KtCS)” by Jin-Sang Yoon et al(1997), a Korean version of Composite Scale(CS) by Smith et al(1989). Methods : KtCS and Life Questionnaire(LHQ) were administered to 155 nurses(65 rotating shift nurses,, 70 nurses on a fixed day schedule) and 247 female university students. We tested the distribution of KtCS scores and then subjects were categorized on the basis of their KtCS scores into evening(E), intermediate(I), and morning(M) types. Cut-off points for these categories were set at the 10th and 90th percentiles. We obtained the results of the internal consistency and the structure of factors of KtCS. We also compared the difference of life habits according to the circadian rhythm types. Results : In both groups, nurses and female university students, the distributions of KtCS score were negatively skewed but not significantly and the KtCS mean score was not significantly different. In nurses, Cronbach's alpha was 0.836, and three extracted factors were ‘preferred times of performance and going to bed’, ‘rising time’ and ‘morning alertness’. In female university students, Cronbach's alpha was 0.787, and the same three factors as nurses were confirmed. However, only item 11 was loaded to factor 1 for the nurse group, whereas it was loaded to factor 2 for the student group. Life habits significantly differed among the three circadian rhythm types. The time of perceived peak alertness(mental and physical) was the latest in the E-type. The quality of academic performance during the morning was the highest in the M-type, and during the evening it was the highest in the E-type, but during the afternoon there was no significant differences among the three types. The bedtime and the rising time were latest in E-type, but the sleep lengths were not significantly different among the three types in both groups. Conclusion : The psychometric properties of KtCS in nurses were very similar to those of female university students and the previous findings of Jin-Sang Yoon et al(1997). This result supports that KtCS can be generally applied.

항정신병 약물치료하에서 주관적 안녕감을 평가하는 한국형 척도의 개발

윤진상,국승희,이형영,이철,백인호 대한신경정신의학회 2000 신경정신의학 Vol.39 No.6

연구목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 1994년 Naber 등이 개발한 38문항의 '항정신병 약물치료하에서 주관적 안녕감을 평가하는 자가평정척도(a self-rating scale to measure subjective well-being under neuroleptic tre-atment : SWN)'를 문항수를 줄이고 문항내용을 수정하여 한국형으로 개발하고자 하였다 방 법 : 204명의 정신분열병 환자들에게 22문항의 KmSWN과 General Health Questionnaire/Quality of Life-12(GHQ/QL-12)를 실시하였고, 사회인구학적 및 임상적 특징을 조사하였다. 자료분석에는 척도에 대한 반응과 정보가 신뢰로운 176명의 자료를 포함시켰다. 첫째, KmSWN의 신뢰도와 타당도를 평가하였다. 둘째, KmSWN총점과 사회인구학적 및 임상적 특징의 관계를 조사하였다. 끝으로 KmSWN의 총점을 예측하는 변인들을 알아보기 위해 KmSWN총점과 유의한 상관이 있는 변인들을 독립변인으로 하고 KmSWN총점을 종속변인으로 하여 단계적 중다회귀분석을 실시하였다. 결 과 : 22문항의 KmSWN중 세문항은 내적 일치도가 낮아서 추후분석에서 제외되었다. 19문항의 KmSWN(KmSWN-19)은 반분신뢰도(.91), 문항간 상관의 평균(.38), 내적 일치도(Cronbach alpha .92)가 높았다. 요인분석에서는 '불만족', '신체 및 정신기능', '정서조절 및 자기통제'의 3개요인이 추출되었다. KsSWN-19총점과 GHQ/QL-12총점간의 상관은 -.83으로 공존타당도가 높았다. 사회인구학적 및 임상적 특징중 연령, 용돈, 사회경제적 수준, 과거 입원횟수, 투약에 대한 순응 투약에 대한 만족도는 KmSWN-19 총점과 정적 상관이 있었던 반면, 질병의 심도, 파킨슨 증상의 심도, 지연성 운동장애의 심도, 투약횟수 및 투약을 빠뜨린 횟수는 KmSWN-19 총점과 부적 상관이 있었다, 단계적 중다회귀분석결과, KmSWN-19총점을 유의하게 예측하는 변인은 투약의 만족도, 투약을 빠뜨린 횟수 및 용돈이었으며, 변량의 24%를 설명하였다. 결 론 : KmSWN-19는 정신분열병 외래환자의 주관적 안녕감을 측정하는 자기평정척도로서 신뢰롭고, 타당하며 실용적임이 확인되었다. 아울러 KmSWN-19는 항정신병 약물과 관련한 주관적 안녕감에만 특이한 척도가 아니라, 척도에 응답할 수 있는 모든 정신분열병 환자나 기타 정신증 환자들에게 적용할수 있는 일반적 척도임이 시사되었다. 한편, KmSWN-19총점에 대해 독립변인들의 설명변량이 크지 않는 점을 주관적 안녕감 혹은 삶의 질의 평가에서 개인의 가치나 신념, 성격특성 같은 개인내적 특성을 고려해야 할 필요성이 있음을 시사한다. Objective : The purpose of this study was to develop the Korean modification of SWN(KmSWN), based on the original 38-item SWN(a self-rating scale to measure subjective well-being under neuroleptic treatment)by Naber et. al. In 1994, but containing the reduced number of items and the modified content. Methods: The KmSWN with 22 items and General Health Questionnaire/Quality of Life-12(GHQ/QL-12) were administered to 204 out-patients with schizophrenia. Also, their socio-demographic and clinical characteristics were investigated. Data analyses were conducted based on 176 patients whose responses to the scale, as well as whose related informations, were reliable. First, the reliability and validity of KmSWN were assessed comprehensively. Second, the relationships between the total score of KmSWN and the sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were examined. Finally, in order to identify the predictable variables on the total score of KmSWN, the stepwise multiple regression analysis was conducted, where the inde-pendent variables were already shown significant correlations with the total score of KmSWN. Results : Three of 22 items of KmSWN were excluded from the following analysis due to their poor internal consistency. KmSWN comprised with 19 items(KmSWN-19) showed high levels of spilt-half reliability(.91), mean of inter-item correlations(.38) and internal consistency (Cronbach alpha .92). Factor analysis of the KmSWN-19 revealed that a three-factor solution accounted for 100% of total explained variance. The three factors were interpreted as 'diss-atisfaction','physical and mental functioning', 'emotional regulation and self-control', The concurrent validity of KmSWN-19 with GHQ/QL-12 was very high(-.83). Of the socio-demographic and clinical characteristics, age, disposable money, socioeconomic level, number of previous hospitalizations, compliance with medication and satisfaction with medication were positively correlated with the total score of KmSWN-19, while severity of illness, severity of parkinsonism, severity of dyskinesia, administration frequency of medication and omission number of medication were negatively correlated. However, the total score of KmSWN-19 was not correlated with medication, the omission number of medication and the disposable money were significantly contributed to the total score of KmSWN-19, and they explained 24% of the variance. Conclusions : The above findings indicated that KmSWN-19 was a reliable, valid and pra-ctical self-rating scale to measure subjective well-being in out-patients with schizophrenia. Moreover, KmSWN-19 seemed to be a general scale applicable to all the schizophrenic or other psychotic patients if they were able to complete it, rather a specific scale only for the patients undergoing the neuroleptic treatment. Based on the results of the predictable variables on the total score of KmSWN-19, one may argue that intra-individual characteristics such as value, belief and personality traits, although they were not evaluated in this study, should be considered in assessing subjective well-being or the quality of life.

DP-Matching과 HMM을 이용한 온라인 필기 한자 인식

윤병훈,김형태,하진영 강원대학교 정보통신연구소 2007 정보통신논문지 Vol.11 No.-

On-line handwritten Chinese character recognition systems should be fast and yield accurate results in order to be practical systems. DP-matching method for variable length input requires building several allographs (multiple models) per class, which inevitably reduces the recognition speed. HMM is a good alternative, since one HMM per class is usually sufficient to model large variation of data. We proposed a recognition system in which HMM and DP-matching method are combined to improve the recognition speed and recognition accuracy at the same time. The HMM method using structure code features produces recognition candidates, then DP-matching method using chain code features reorders the candidates to get more accurate results. In doing so, we accomplished fast and accurate recognition results for 2,362 Chinese character classes. We also adopted result verification method to discriminate confusable character classes. We got 97.44% recognition accuracy using the proposed method in 113 ms per character in average.

近代 體育과 體育觀에 대한 硏究

陳潤洙,李大珩 충남대학교 1991 忠南科學硏究誌 Vol.18 No.1

Since the establishment of a nation based on national consciousness in an absolute monarchy, every nation has gradually developed sports on the basis of socio-cultural background and historical tradition. So modern sports spurred the forming of nations and sports nationalism, and cultivated co-operative spirits of a nation and patriotism. Modern sports also formed national unification with co-operation consciousness and fostered modern citizens of a perfect characters. So modern sports intended to increase national power through the development of physical strength. A trait of each nation is as follows : 1. In Germany, they raised up the dynamic and patriotic youth through sports. And they formed political moral nature by means of dialog with people, and inspired order consciousness and national spirits. Germany tried to construct a unified nation through sports. 2. In Sweden, they tried to cultivate courage and physical strength through sport, and to bring up healthy person who worked efficiently. They used to scientic methods by which the aim of physical exercise was to develop harmonious physical body. 3. In Denmark, they emphasized national partriotism through sports, and developed physical education with the airms to promote the growth of youth and to help the life of adults. 4. In England, through sports they aimed at cultivation mind and body, and sportsmanship which emphasized fair play and rigid adherence to urles. That is to say, sports cultivated citizen spirits equipped with sound character and co-operative consciousness. They playes organized games of indoor and outdoor esercises, and developed personality equipped with etiquette and obedience. By doing so, they contributed to forming national traits of democratic people.

정신분열증에서의 청력장애

윤진상,이수형 大韓神經精神醫學會 1987 신경정신의학 Vol.26 No.1

To evaluate the possible relationship between hearing impairment and schizophrenic disorder, pure tone audiometry was administered to 195 hospitalized schizophrenics meeting the criteria of DSM-Ⅲ and a control group of 307 normal people. Some aspects concerning the assessment of hearing impairment (age of onset, duration, type, class and severity of hearing impairment) were investigated. Neither the congenitally or prelingually deaf patients nor the eldery adults over 45 years old were included in both groups. Schizophrenics were subdivided into two subgroups of those with hearing impairment (N=17) and those with normal hearing (N=178) and then the onset, subtype (paranoid or non-paraniod) and duration of schizophrenia plus the experience and persistence of auditory hallucination were compared between the subgroups. The results were as follows : 1) Hearing impairment (hearing loss of greater than 25 ㏈ as pure tone average in one or both ears) was identified in 17 cases (8.7%) of the schizophrenic group and 8 cases (2.6%) of the control group (p<0.01). 2) Mean loss of hearing in both ears was more severe in hearing impaired patients of the schizophrenic group than in hearing impaired patients of the control group (p<0.05). 3) Onset of schizophrenia was later in schizophrenics with hearing impairment than in schizophrenics with normal hearing (p<0.05). 4) The long standing or persistant auditory hallucination occured more often in schizophrenics with hearing impairment than in schizophrenics with normal hearing (p<0.01).

아침형-저녁형의 측정을 위한 한국어판 조합척도의 예비연구

윤진상,신상문,국승희,이형영 大韓神經精神醫學會 1997 신경정신의학 Vol.36 No.1

Object : The Composite Scale by Smith et al.(1989) has been proposed as an improved measure of morningness-eveningness. This study attempted to endorse that a Korean translation of Composite Scale(KtCs) can be useful to differentiate people according to circadian-rhythm types. Method : KtCS and Life Habit Questionnaire(LHQ) were administered to 561 university students. LHQ consisted of items questioning sleep habits on weekdays(bedtime, rising time and sleep length), the time of perceived peak alertness(mental and physical), time of perceived peak performance(mental, physical and academic), and quality of academic performance during the morning, afternoon and evening. Subjects were categorized on basis of their KtCS scores into evening(E) types, intermediate(I) types, and morning(M) types. The cut-off points for these categories were set at the 10th and 90th percentiles. In addition 7 E-type and 7 M-type subjects were selected from the student population who had participated in the previous survey and then, oral temperature of each subject was taken every hour from 08:00 to 22:00. To assess both the internal and the external measurement properties of KtCS, descriptive statistics, reliability and validity were examined. Results : The distribution of KtCS scores was significantly, negatively skewed. The KtCS scores closest to the 10th and 90th percentiles were 26 and 41 respectively. The split-half reliability(.85), test-retest reliability(.91), and internal consistency(Cronbach alpha, .82) were obtained above the expected. Inter-item correlations were all positive and ranged from .10-.59 with a mean of .25. Item-total correlations varied from .33 to .63 with a mean of .45. Common factor analyses confirmed three factors : preferred times of performance and going to bed, arising time, and morning alertness. The validity of KtCS was further demonstrated through strong relationships between the scale and external criteria. A discernable difference in oral temperature between the M-type and the E-type across morning to evening provided additional evidence for validity of the scale. Conclusions : The results would suggest the possibility that KtCS can be employed as a tool for selection of E-type people or M-type people. It is as yet, however, uncertain that KtCS might be suitable to select people for night shiftwork because the subjects of this study are limited to university students. Therefore, future research among varying types of people are required to endorse this study.

머리염색이 인체에 미치는 영향

윤형식,황성호,이현륭,김수호,박연석,권낙현,정호진,김동훈,노현주,홍성호,박병찬,이관,정해관 東國大學校醫學硏究所 2002 東國醫學 Vol.9 No.1

일상생활에서 모발염색은 흔히 접할 수 있는 미용의 한 종류로 특히 젊은층을 중심으로 폭발적으로 유행하고 있다. 염색을 위항 사용하는 약제는 표백제와 발색제 등 각종 화학약품이 사용되고 있으나 이로 인한 건강장해에 대한 연구는 그리 많지 않다. 저자들은 염색이 인체의 모발건강에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 염색과 관련된 주관적 증상과 모발의 변화에 대한 실험적 연구를 시행하였다. 동국대학교 경주 캠퍼스 재학생 80명을 대상으로 설문조사를 시행하여 염색 유 ·무 및 염색 후에 경험한 증상에 대해 설문 조사하였고, 의과대학 재학생 46명을 대상으로 피부 반응 테스트를 실시하였다. 또한 염색 전후의 모발 탄성도를 측정하였고 모발의 상태를 파악하기 위해 전자 현미경검사를 실시하였다. 설문조사 결과 염색 전에 비하여 염색 후 안구혼탁, 안구건조, 시력저하, 발진 및 접촉성 피부염, 모발손상, 모근손상 등의 증상을 더 많이 경험한다고 호소하였다(p<0.05). 모발손상과 모근손상은 헤어드라이어 사용 빈도에 따라 증가하는 것으로 조사되었다(p<0.05). 피부반응검사에서 가려움증이 가장 많은 증상이었으며 이는 여성보다는 남성에서 높은 것으로 조사되었다. 염색 전후의 모발장력은 염색 전 134.5±10.37g, 염색 128.0±30.69g, 염색 이틀 후 112.5±19.69g으로 나타났다. 염색 전후의 모발의 전자현미경 케라틴 층이 현저히 감소하고 모발이 가늘어지는 차이를 보였다. 염색은 모발손상, 모발 케라틴 손상 및 모근 손상, 발진 및 접촉성 피부반응, 안구혼탁, 안구건조, 시력 저하를 유발한다. 따라서 염색약으로 인한 손상에 대한 주의와 예방이 필요하다고 생각한다. 예방대책으로 염색 전 피부테스트를 통한 적합성 여부를 판단하는 것이 필요하며 가급적 염색을 피하는 것이 좋을 것이다. 염색약에 발암물질이 포함되어있다는 보고도 있어 염색 제조사의 철저한 실험과 염색 물질의 선별이 염색으로 인한 부작용을 최소화하는데 중요한 역할을 할 것이다. Hair coloring has became one of the most popular cosmetic activities to younger generations during last decade. However, there are few studies on the health effect of widespread use of chemical dyes. This study was conducted to study the effects of hair coloring dye on hair and other systems. We conducted a questionnaire survey of 80 persons in Kyongju campus, Dongguk University. We have done open patch skin test on 46 medical students. We also conducted scanning electron microscopy to examine the hair strength and structure before and after hair coloring process. Injury of hair and hair bulb, contact dermatitis, turbid eyes, xerophthalmia, and poor visual acuity were the main symptoms complained after hair coloring (p<0.05). Injury of hair and hair bulb were increased by frequency of hair-dryer use(p<0.05). In open patch test, pruritus was complanined by more than half of the subjects. Mean strength of hairs before and after hair coloring was as follows; 134.5 (SD 10.37)g before hair coloring, 128.0 (SD 30.69)g immediately after hair coloring, and 112.5 (SD 19.69)g after two days. The scanning electron microscopic findings of hair surface before and after hair coloring showed decreased keratin layer and thinning of the hair. Hair coloring induces injury to hair, its keratin layer, and hair bulb as well as contact dermatitis, turbid eyes, xerophthalmia, and poor visual acuity. Therefore, we think that precaution is needed in use of hair coloring dye. To prevent complications induced by hair coloring dye, it is necessary, especially to those with allergy or skin disorders, to perform skin test before action and avoid hair coloring whenever possible. Longterm health effects of hairdye should be studied and manufacturing companies should try to minimize complications induced by hair coloring dye.

문자 단위 매칭과 유닛 단위 매칭을 이용한 온라인 필기 한자 인식

윤병훈,김형태,박미나,하진영 강원대학교 정보통신연구소 2006 정보통신논문지 Vol.10 No.-

This paper presents on-line Chinese character recognition methods based on DP-Matching. The recognition system consists of character matching and unit matching methods. The character matching method adopts DP-matching between the input data and models as a major matching method, while unit matching method uses relation matching between consecutive units (part of character) in addition to DP-matching between units. A couple of methods combining character matching and unit matching methods were examined also. We found that we got best recognition result applying unit matching methods to the recognition candidates from character matching method.

재래종 콩 유전자원의 주요 형태적 특성과 변이

윤문섭,백형진,이정란,김행훈,조양희,안종웅,김창영 한국국제농업개발학회 2003 韓國國際農業開發學會誌 Vol.15 No.4

본 실험은 한국, 중국 및 일본 재래종 콩 유전자 자원의 주요형질 변이를 조사하고 이들 자원간의 지리적 유연관계를 비교하고자 수행하였으며, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 경장은 한국(66㎝)이나 일본자원(54.9㎝)보다 중국자원(71㎝)에서 더 컸으며, 또한 변이도 중국자원에서 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 2. 개화일수 및 생육일수는 한국자원(65.5일, 151.4일)이 가장 길었으며 중국(57일, 120일)과 일본자원(59.9일, 122.4일)은 같은 경향을 나타냈다. 또한 한국과 중국자원은 지역에 따른 차이를 나타냈으나 일본자원에서는 확인할 수 없었다. 3. 백립중은 한국(18.8g), 일본(17.2g) 및 중국(14.7g) 순으로 무거웠다. 특히 한국자원은 9~11g과 23~25g에서 정점을 나타냈고, 변이폭도 가장 컸다. 반면 일본과 중국자원은 13~17g사이에서 정점을 나타냈다. 4. 협수는 중국(46.9개)이나 일본자원(36.5개)보다 한국자원(75.5개)에서 가장 많았으며, 변이폭도 한국자원에서 가장 컸다. 내도복성은 일본자원에서 가장 강하였다. 5. 정준판별분석결과 can 1을 경계로 하여 오른쪽 상하에 한국재래종이 주로 분포하였고 왼쪽에는 중국과 일본 재래종이 주로 분포하여 각 나라별로 고유한 영역을 가지고 분리되었다. 전체적 경향이 중국과 일본자원이 한국자원보다 가까운 경향을 나타냈다. This experiment was carried out to compare the characters of 944 Korean soybean landraces, 716 Chinese, and 170 Japanese soybean landraces introduced from USDA soybean germplasm collection. Cannonical discriminant and cluster analyses were conducted by their origins. The population from China was taller in plant height than those from Korea and Japan, also its variation was largest in Chinese population. The population from Korea was langer than those from China and Japan in terms of days to flowering and maturity. Also, Korean and Chinese accessions appeared the difference of those traits according to latitude. One hundred seeds weight was in the order of Korean(18.8g), Japanese(17.2g) and Chinese populations(14.7g), especially Korean population was distinguished into two groups; the group including accessions between 10 and 15g, and the other group including accessions between 20 and 25g. However, others showed the peak in range of 13~17g. The number of pod per plant was more in Korean accession(75.5) with the largest variation than Chinese(46.9) and Japanese accession(36.5). The distribution of Korean, Chinese and Japanese accessions reflected the origin of accessions analyzed by cannonical discriminant analysis. The relationship between their geographical origins showed the population of China and Japan are losely related.

通話量 管理시스템의 電算化에 관한 硏究

윤형로,박규태,김진호 연세대학교 산업기술연구소 1981 논문집 Vol.13 No.2

In the telecommunication network traffic information is used for improving present utilization by means of efficient operation of switching facilities and for designing economical telephone network by means of forecasting the future trends. Various kinds of software developed and added to the AUTRAX System, which is designed for automatic measurement, to accomplish a complete traffic information systems. For the use of traffic information to design the future telephone network, some mathematical models, which are derived for calculation of point to point traffic estimation and forecasting of future traffic distribution, were studied. Some computer programs for several models were developed and implemented.