한라산 아고산대 구상나무림에서 연간 물질생산과 유기탄소량 변화1a

장래하 ( Rae Ha Jang ),조규태 ( Kyu Tae Cho ),유영한 ( Young Han You ) 한국환경생태학회 2014 한국환경생태학회지 Vol.28 No.6

국가장기생태사업(LTER)의 일환으로 한라산 아고산대 구상나무림의 물질생산과 탄소분포의 특성을 밝히고자 2009년부터 2013년까지 현존량, 유기탄소분포, 낙엽생산, 임상낙엽량과 토양 유기탄소 축척량을 조사하였다. 식물현존량은 상대생장법에 의해 보고된 물질생산 식을 이용하여 측정하고 이를 이산화탄소의 고정량으로 환산하였다. 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 와 2013년의 현존량은 각각 98.88, 106.42, 107.67, 108.31 와 91.48 ton ha-1 였다. 이 기간 동안의 유기탄소는 지상부 생물량에 35.95, 38.69, 38.96, 39.46, 33.2 ton C ha-1, 지하부 생물량에 8.54, 9.2, 9.49, 9.28, 7.97 ton C ha-1 이 각각 분포하였다. 5년 동안 낙엽 생산을 통해 1.09, 1.80, 1.32, 2.46 와 1.20 ton C ha-1 의 유기탄소가 생태계로 유입되었다. 2010, 2011, 2012와 2013년의 임상낙엽층의 유기탄소량은 2.74, 2.43, 2.00 와 1.16 ton Cha-1였고, 토양 20cm깊이까지의 유기탄소 축적량은 55.77, 54.90, 50.69, 44.42 와 41.87 ton C ha-120cm-1였다. 이와 같이 현존량과 유기탄소량이 2009~2012년까지 매년 증가하였지만 태풍이 있었던 2013년에는 감소하였다. 이러한 현상은 자연적 교란이 한국의 아고산대 생태계에 크게 영향을 미친다는 것을 의미한다. Annual biomass production and amount of organic carbon in Abies koreana forest at Mt. Halla were conducted as a part of Korea National Long-Term Ecological Research (KNLTER). We measured standing biomass change of litter, soil production and organic carbon amounts of the forest floor and soil layer of A. koreana forest in Mt. Halla from 2009 to 2013 in permanent plots. Standing biomass, which was determined by allometric method, was converted into CO2. The standing biomass in A. koreana forest was 98.88, 106.42, 107.67, 108.31, 91.48 ton ha-1 in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 year, respectively. The amount of annual carbon allocated to above ground was 35.95, 38.69, 38.96, 39.46, 33.2 ton C ha-1 and below ground biomass was 8.54, 9.2, 9.49, 9.28, 7.97 ton C ha-1 in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 year, respectively. Amount of organic carbon returned to the forest via litterfall was 1.09, 1.80, 1.32, 2.46 and 1.20 ton C ha-1 in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. Amount of organic carbon in annual litter layer on forest floor was 2.74, 2.43, 2.00 and 1.16 ton C ha-1 in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 year, respectively. Amount of organic carbon within 20cm soil depth was 55.77, 54.9, 50.69, 44.42 and 41.87 ton C ha-120cm-1 in 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013 year, respectively. Then standing biomass and organic carbon distribution increased steadily until 2012. But there declined in 2013 because of the typhoon Bolaven. Thus, standing biomass and organic carbon distribution of this subalpine forest were largely affected by natural disturbance factor.

Budget and distribution of organic carbon in Taxus cuspidata forest in subalpine zone of Mt. Halla

Jang, Rae-Ha,Jeong, Heon-Mo,Lee, Eung-Pill,Cho, Kyu-Tae,You, Young-Han The Ecological Society of Korea 2017 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.41 No.1

Background: In order to investigate organic carbon distribution, carbon budget, and cycling of the subalpine forest, we studied biomass, organic carbon distribution, litter production, forest floor litter, accumulated soil organic carbon, and soil respiration in Taxus cuspidata forest in Halla National Park from February 2012 to November 2013. Biomass was calculated by using allometric equation and the value was converted to $CO_2$ stocks. Results: The amount of plant organic carbon was $13.60ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ in 2012 and $14.29ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ in 2013. And average organic carbon introduced to forest floor through litter production was $0.71ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$. Organic carbon distributed in forest floor litter layer was $0.73ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ on average and accumulated organic carbon in soil was $51.13ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ on average. In 2012, Amount of released $CO_2$ from soil to atmosphere was 10.93 ton $CO_2ha^{-1}year^{-1}$. Conclusions: The net ecosystem production based on the difference between net primary production of organic carbon and soil respiration was $-1.74ton\;C\;ha^{-1}year^{-1}$ releasing more carbon than it absorbed.

Budget and distribution of organic carbon in Quercus serrata Thunb. ex Murray forest in Mt. Worak

Lee, Seung-Hyuk,Jang, Rae-Ha,Cho, Kyu-Tae,You, Young-Han The Ecological Society of Korea 2015 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.38 No.4

The carbon cycle came into the spotlight due to the climate change and forests are well-known for their capacity to store carbon amongst other terrestrial ecosystems. The annual organic carbon of litter production, forest floor litter layer, soil, aboveground and belowground part of plant, standing biomass, net primary production, uptake of organic carbon, soil respiration, etc. were measured in Mt. Worak in order to understand the production and carbon budget of Quercus serrata forest that are widely spread in the central and southern part of the Korean Peninsula. The total amount of organic carbon of Q. serrata forest during the study period (2010-2013) was 130.745 ton C ha^-1. The aboveground part of plant, belowground part of plant, forest floor litter layer, and organic carbon in soil was 50.041, 12.510, 4.075, and 64.119 ton C ha^-1, respectively. The total average of carbon fixation in plants from photosynthesis was 4.935 ton C ha^-1 yr^-1 and organic carbon released from soil respiration to microbial respiration was 3.972 ton C ha^-1 yr^-1. As a result, the net ecosystem production of Q. serrata forest estimated from carbon fixation and soil respiration was 0.963 ton C ha^-1 yr^-1. Therefore, it seems that Q. serrata forest can act as a sink that absorbs carbon from the atmosphere. The carbon uptake of Q. serrata forest was highest in stem of the plant and the research site had young forest which had many trees with small diameter at breast height (DBH). Consequentially, it seems that active matter production and vigorous carbon dioxide assimilation occurred in Q. serrata forest and these results have proven to be effective for Q. serrata forest to play a role as carbon storage and NEP.

Audiologic Results of Ossiculoplasty Using Malleus Footplate Assembly: The Comparison between Autologous Incus and Hydroxyapatite

Sun O Chang,Sue Jean Mun,Joo Hyun Park,Chang Myeon Song,Kyu-Hee Han,이준호,Seung Ha Oh 대한청각학회 2011 Journal of Audiology & Otology Vol.15 No.3

Introduction A disruption of the ossicular chain of the middle ear causes conductive hearing loss. Ossicular reconstruction is performed to restore hearings in those patients with congenital ossicular chain anomaly or ossicular chain disruption caused by chronic otitis media or cholesteatoma. A study from Japan with 52 auditory ossicular malformation revealed that 44% of the patients had a fixation of the stapes, 40% had incudostapedial joint defects followed by fixation of the malleus and/or incus and defects in the incudostapedial joint with a fixation of the stapes.1) One of the most common ossicular chain anomalies in Korea was a stapes footplate fixation (54.5%) followed by a mobile stapes footplate with other anomalies (19.7%) including a stapes without suprastructure and an incus long process, stapes without anterior crus and an incus long process.2) One of the most common ossicular chain anomalies is the absence of an incus with or without an intact stapes suprastructure. In incudostapedial deformed ears, ossiculoplasty is mandatory to restore the hearing process. Ossiculoplasty is also needed in cases with incus long process erosion with inflammation. As the most vulnerable ossicles, one report said that incus erosion is found in 80% of the chronic otitis media.3) Austin-Kartush classified ossicular chain disruptions into four categories after 1,151 operation on chronic otitis media. Group A ears with an intact malleus handle and a stapes suprastructure was found in 59.2% followed by group B ears with an intact malleus handle but an eroded stapes suprastructure group.4) In the group of a tympanic membrane and malleus preserved but a stapes suprastructure eroded, ossicular continuity can be restored between the stapes footplate and manubrium of the malleus with the method of malleus footplate assembly (MFA) using either the incus body or if the incus is unavailable, a biocompatible material such as hydroxyapatite (HA).5,6,7) Until now, MFA has proven to be the safe and effective way to restore hearings in such patients.8,9,10,11,12)Though successful results using MFA with either incus body or biocompatible material are reported world widely, there were a few reports on audiologic results after MFA ossiculoplasty in Korea. Authors reviewed our procedure and report hearing results of ossiculoplasty with MFA using either incus or HA. In this paper, a single-surgeon series of 32 MFA operations was analyzed. The cases were limited to autologous interposition grafts performed on Austin-Kartush group B ears in order to provide consistency within the analysis. Subjects and Methods Data collection A retrospective evaluation has been carried out on patients who underwent MFA ossiculoplasty between September 2001 and March 2010 in Seoul National University Hospital. A total of 55 patients with Austin-Kartush type B defect repaired with incus body or HA were identified. Of those, 20 were excluded due to a failure to recover operation records or a lack of no more than 1 year postoperative audiograms. Three patients who had undergone MFA with a homologous incus were excluded in order to provide consistency within the analysis. Finally, 32 cases were enrolled into the study. All procedures were conducted by a single surgeon. All data including previous operations, follow-up duration, age, sex, etiology, materials which were used in the operation, combined mastoidectomy, complications, and revision operations were analyzed. Eustachian tube function was analyzed according to the results of the Eustachian tube test. The status of the middle ear mucosa was described as either 'healthy' or 'inflamed' according to the operation records. Demographic data are presented in Table 1. Analysis of audiologic data Preoperative and postoperative hearing results were evaluated according to the guidelines of the Committee on Hearing and Equilibrium of the American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head Neck Surgery Foundation13) an... Background and Objectives: Absence of incus is one of the most common ossicular anomalies and also frequently found in chronic otitis media or chornic otitis media with cholesteatoma. Ossiculoplasty with malleus footplate assembly (MFA) can be an excellent option in the above situations. We reviewed our procedures and evaluated the hearing results of ossiculoplasty using the MFA. Subjects and Methods: This study retrospectively reviews a series of 32 patients who underwent MFA ossiculoplasty between September 2001 and March 2010 in an academic tertiary referral center. The autologous incus or hydroxyapatite (HA) was used as materials for reconstruction. Results: Thirteen of 32 patients (40.6%) had ossicular chain anomaly, 9 patients (28.1%) had congenital cholesteatoma and 8 patients (25.0%) had chronic otitis media with cholesteatoma and 2 patients (6.3%) had chronic otitis media. The patients with ossicular chain anomaly showed the greatest air-bone gap (ABG) closure. Overall, postoperative ABG was 17.7±11.7 dB at postoperative 6 months and 19.7±14.3 dB at postoperative 1 year, compared with preoperative ABG of 37.9±9.3 dB. There was no statistical difference of ABG at postoperative 12 months, 24 months between MFA using incus (n=17) and HA (n=15)(p=0.300, and p=0.563). There was no meaningful difference of postoperative ABG between the patients with combined mastoidectomy (n=10) and those without mastoidecmoy (n=22)(p=0.555). No extrusions occurred.

남산의 소나무림, 신갈나무림, 아까시나무림의 낙엽생산과 토양유기탄소 동태

정헌모 ( Heon Mo Jeong ),김해란 ( Hae Ran Kim ),신동훈 ( Dong Hoon Shin ),이경미 ( Kyoung Mi Lee ),이승혁 ( Seung Hyuk Lee ),한영섭 ( Young Sub Han ),장래하 ( Rae Ha Jang ),이상경 ( Sang Kyeong Lee ),김태규 ( Tae Kyu Kim ),유영한 한국환경생물학회 2013 환경생물 : 환경생물학회지 Vol.31 No.2

남산의 소나무림, 신갈나무림 그리고 아까시나무림에서 2008년 1월부터 2009년 12월까지의 월별 낙엽생산량과 토양의 유기탄소량을 조사하였다. 소나무림은 2008년과 2009년 모두 10월에 낙엽생산량이 가장 많았으며, 2008년 1월과 2009년 12월에 낙엽생산량이 가장 적었다. 신갈나무림은 2008년과 2009년 모두 11월에 낙엽생산량이 가장 많았으며, 2월에 낙엽생산량이 가장 적었다. 아까시나무림은 2008년 11월과 2009년 10월에 낙엽생산량이 가장 많았으며, 2008년 1월과 2009년 12월에 낙엽생산량이 가장 적었다. 이것은 한반도 중부에서 상록성의 소나무림이 낙엽성의 참나무숲 보다 더 일찍 낙엽이 진다는 것을 의미한다. 소나무림과 신갈나무림, 아까시나무림의 2년 평균의 낙엽생산량은 7.07, 6.36, 5.02 ton ha-1로 소나무가 가장 많았다. 소나무림과 신갈나무림, 아까시나무림의 2년 평균의 토양유기탄소량은 76.2, 68.6, 72.5 ton C ha-1로 소나무림에서 가장 많았다. 이처럼 소나무숲에서 높게 나타난 것은 남산에서 신갈나무나 아까시나무를 벌목하여 임목밀도가 줄었기 때문이다. The objective of this study was to estimate dynamics of litter production and soil organic carbon of Pinus densiflora forest, Quercus mongolica forest, and Rhobina pseudo-acasia forest at Mt. Nam as a part of Korea National Long-Term Ecological Research (KNLTER) from 2008 to 2009. Litter production of P. densiflora forest was the highest in October 2008, 2009 and the lowest in January 2008 and December 2009. Litter production of Q. mongolica forest was the highest in November and the lowest in February in 2008 and 2009. Litter production of R. pseudo-acacia forest was the highest in November in 2008 and October in 2009 and the lowest in January in 2008 and December in 2009. It means that leaves of P. densiflora forest shed earlier than deciduous oak forests in Korean central region. An average of litter production for 2 years was 7.07, 6.36, 4.66 ton ha-1 in P. densiflora forest, Q. mongolica forest, R. psuedo-acacia forest, respectively. An average of soil organic carbon matter for 2 years was 88.3, 76.5, 84.2 ton ha-1 in P. densiflora forest, Q. mongolica forest, R. psuedo-acacia forest, respectively.

응집과 응결에 대한 이론적 고찰

박광하,김한수,정강연,송인규,권영두 7개 국립대학교 환경연구 논문집 공동발행 위원회 2002 환경연구논문집 Vol.2 No.1

일반적으로 수중에 존재하는 콜로이드 입자와 용존성 오염물질은 수중에서 안정한 분산상태를 유지하여 침전이나 여과와 같은 물리적 처리로는 제거할 수 없다. 이와 같은 크기의 입자를 효율적으로 제거하기 위한 고·액분리 공정으로 응집은 수처리에서 널리 사용되는 단위공정이다. 특히 응집은 산업폐수처리에서 입자성과 용존성 물질을 제거하여 유용한 금속성분을 회수하기도 하기에 중요한 공정이라고 할 수 있다. 콜로이드 입자의 응집은 두 입자 사이의 전기적 반발력과 van der Waals힘에 의한 인력사이의 에너지 장벽을 극복할 수 있는 충분한 운동에너지를 가해 주거나, 입자표면의 반대전하를 가진 응집제를 가하여 표면전하를 중화시키거나, 전해질을 첨가하여 입자간의 반발력을 감소시켜 에너지 장벽을 낮춤으로서 이루어진다. 수처리에서 응집공정을 효과적으로 운영하기 위해 적절한 응집제를 선택하고 최적 응집제 주입량을 적용하여 요구되는 수질기준을 향상시켜야 한다. 또한 응집공정은 수처리 시스템의 전체 공정을 경제적으로 설계하는데 중요한 역할을 하리라 생각된다.

프레탈^(R)정(실로스타졸 50mg)에 대한 실로졸^(R)정의 생물학적 동등성

최한곤,권기철,이승호,김학미,박병주,유봉규,이종달,이경희,하정희,우종수,박인숙,최진석,용철순 한국병원약사회 2003 병원약사회지 Vol.20 No.1

Bioequivalence of two cilostazol tablets, the Pletaal^(R)(Korea Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.) and the Cilozol^(R)(Hanmi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd.), was evaluated according to the guideline of KFDA, Sixteen normal male volunteers(age 20~29 years old) were divided into two groups and a randomized 22 cross-over study was employed. After two tablets containing 50㎎ of cilostazol were orally administered. blood was taken at predetermined time intervals and the concentration of cilostazol in plasma was determined with an HPLC method using UV detector. The pharmacokinetic parameters(C_(max), T_(max) and AUC_(t)) were calculated and ANOVA was utilized for the statistical analysis of parameters. The results showed that the differences in C_(max), T_(max) and AUC_(t) between two tablets were 4.99%, 1.74% and 7.68%, respectively. The powers(1-β) for C_(max), T_(max) and AUC_(t) were83.92%, 80.12% and 85.03%, respectively. Detectable differences(Δ) and confidence intervals were all less than 20%, and confidence interval of all the parameters were also less than 20% at the significance level(α) of 0.05. All of these parameters met the criteria of KFDA for bioequivalence, indicating that Cilozol^(R) tablet is bioequivalent to Pletaal^(R) tablet.

내린천 유역의 HEC-HMS 모형 적용에 관한 연구

최한규,백효선,정병하 江原大學校 産業技術硏究所 2002 産業技術硏究 Vol.22 No.A

HEC-HMS model should be calibrated to be applied to these basins in Gangwon-do unlike the general basins. In the study, it is investigated whether the HEC-HMS model may be applied or not to Naerinchon basin where is the typical basin of Gangwon-do Additionally, the straightforword module of HEC-HMS for simulating the hydrologic characteristic of Gangwon-do basins well will be suggested by comparison of the numerical results with the observed data. The hydrologic results estimated by several modules such as Clark, SCS and Snyder methods in HEC-HMS model have been compared with the observed data for 1999~2000 storm events. It is concluded that Clark method are relatively applicable to the basins in Gangwon-do rather than the others methods. The parametric studies for HEC-HMS model should be studied further in order to apply to Gangwon-do basins more accurately.

Sodium Valproate(Depakine^(�)) 정맥주사의 임상적 효능에 관한 연구 : 신경외과 수술후 1주일간의 간질억제효과와 안전성 Antiepileptic Effect and Safety Assessment During the Postoperative Seven Days in Neurosurgical Patients

백선하,왕규창,오창완,정천기,김동규,정희원,김현집,조병규,최길수,한대희 대한신경외과학회 1996 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.25 No.7

Diphenylhydantoin(DPH) has been used intravenously as a drug of choice in conditions which seizure patients are incapable of oral Teeding or in a state of status epilepticus However, its clinical use has limitations because of its serious side effects o# cardiac depression or systemic hypotension In Western countries. the recently do- veloped intravenous sodium valproate has been reported as safe and e#Tective for seizure control in such patients To assess the safety and effectiveness in seizure control we investigated the serum levels of the drug at f4 hours 48 hours and 7 days after intravenous administration of sodium valproate(Depakine른. occurrence of seizures in the perioperative period and the side eT#ects of the drugs in 30 neurosurgical patients older than 3 years of age The mean serum concentrations of valproic acid after bolus injection To IS mg/kg followed by continuous infusion with the rate To OSmg/kg/hour, were over 450 rg/ml . 좌S 0± IS 3 ff/ml at 운4 hours, 504±fl 0 f(g/ml at 좌』 hours and 58 9±tO 7 賠,/1 at 7 days aTter the sta「t of the adinistration All the Patients whose se「u vaIProic acid levelwas witHin the therapeutic range(40-100 rr/ml). had never experienced an episode of seizure attack during the perioperative days There was no evidence of elevated liver enzyme activity, but there were evidence of some tendencyof decreased platelet count in the peripheral blood at f days a#ter the administration of intravenous Yalproic acid Four patients experienced episodes of mild nausea and/or vomiting in conclusion per'ioperat'ive intravenous administration of valproic acids in neurosurgical patients was safe and effective in seizure control However it must be used precauciously in the patients with compromized coagulation system

두개인두종의 임상양상 및 수술적 치료성적 : 102례의 분석 Analysis of 102 Cases

백선하,오창완,정영섭,양희진,한대희,조병규,왕규창,정희원,김현집,최길수 대한신경외과학회 1997 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.26 No.7