Momordica charantia Maintains Normal Glucose Levels and Lipid Profiles and Prevents Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Rats Subjected to Chronic Sucrose Load

Padmaja Chaturvedi,Saramma George 한국식품영양과학회 2010 Journal of medicinal food Vol.13 No.3

Momordica charantia L., commonly known as bitter gourd, is used as a vegetable by the Asian community in Africa. It is frequently used as an antidiabetic herb for the management of the disease in the Ayurvedic system of medicine. The present study was aimed at evaluating the effects of M. charantia on glucose level, lipid profiles, and oxidative stress in diabetic rats subjected to a sucrose load. Five normal rats and 20 diabetic rats (diabetes induced by injecting alloxan monohydrate) were used for the experiment. Diabetic rats were divided into four groups: three experimental groups that received sucrose (4g/kg of body weight) plus graded doses of M. charantia extract and a diabetic control group that received only sucrose (4g/kg of body weight). Normal rats were used as the normal control group and received only sucrose (4kg/kg of body weight). The experiment was run for 30 days, after which rats were bled to assay blood glucose, lipid profiles, and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and reduced glutathione. After this, all treatments were terminated. Rats in the normal control group, diabetic control group, and experimental group 3 were subjected to observation for 30 days and were bled on day 31 to assay parameters as stated above. Results indicated that M. charantia maintained the normal glucose levels in all experimental groups, reduced triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein levels, and increased high-density lipoprotein levels. It also improved the antioxidant status, indicated by low levels of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances and normal levels of reduced glutathione. Rats reverted to diabetic conditions and were found to be under oxidative stress after termination of treatment. This study concludes that M. charantia maintains the normal glucose level, lipid profiles, and antioxidant condition in diabetic rats against the sucrose load.

Pharmacognostic and pharmacological perspectives of Leea macrophyla roxb.

Padmaja Kota,Prafulla Kumar Sahu,Mary Sulakshana Palla,Jagadeesh Panda,Prasanth Damarasingu,Santosh Kumar Ranajit 경희대학교 융합한의과학연구소 2023 Oriental Pharmacy and Experimental Medicine Vol.23 No.4

The proposed work on Leea macrophyla Roxb (family: Leeaceae) is mainly focused on two different streams, first towards the pharmacognostic profile and second on pharmacological evaluation. The pharmacognostic profile involves the study of both macroscopy and microscopy of leaf, stem, and tuberous roots. Secondly, extract of adventitious tuberous roots of the plant was used for pharmacological screening of anti-inflammatory (in-vivo), antimicrobial (in-vitro), and antioxidant (in-vitro) potential. Morphologically, it is observed that L. macrophyla is an herb with erect stem, broadly ovate leaf with greenish-white inflorescence. Microscopically, the leaf can be characterized by anisocytic stomata, calcium oxalate crystals, and the absence of trichomes. The typical characteristics of the stem include outer thick ridges, secondary phloem, medullary rays, and pith. The rhizomes contain the outer epidermis is replaced with dark crushed cells, central pith, and disintegrated parenchymatous cells.The extract exhibited excellent anti-inflammatory potency in carrageenan-induced rat paw edema. Antimicrobial activity was involved cup plate technique against gram-positive, gram-negative, and fungal organisms. The study observed good inhibitory activity against S. aureus (15 ± 0.15 mm), B. subtilis (14 ± 0.13 mm), and E. coli (15 ± 0.16 mm). 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and hydroxyl radical scavenging method was used to explore antioxidant potential against ascorbic acid as standard. The IC50 values obtained from the antioxidant potency were observed to be 18 ± 0.33, 12 ± 0.66% for DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay respectively. As L. macrophyla with assumption on the traditional curative assurance, it shows significant anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and antioxidant potency.

Attenuation of Diabetic Conditions by Sida rhombifolia in Moderately Diabetic Rats and Inability to Produce Similar Effects in Severely Diabetic in Rats

Padmaja Chaturvedi,Tebogo Elvis Kwape 대한약침학회 2015 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.18 No.4

Objectives: This study was done out to evaluate theeffects of Sida rhombifolia methanol extract (SRM) ondiabetes in moderately diabetic (MD) and severely diabetic(SD) Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: SRM was prepared by soaking the powderedplant material in 70% methanol and rota evaporatingthe methanol from the extract. Effective hypoglycemicdoses were established by performing oral glucose tolerancetests (OGTTs) in normal rats. Hourly effects ofSRM on glucose were observed in the MD and the SDrats. Rats were grouped, five rats to a group, into normalcontrol 1 (NC1), MD control 1 (MDC1), MD experimental1 (MDE1), SD control 1 (SDC1), and SD experimental1 (SDE1) groups. All rats in the control groups wereadministered 1 mL of distilled water (DW). The rats inthe MDE1 and the SDE1 groups were administered SRMorally at 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively,dissolved in 1 mL of DW. Blood was collected initiallyand at intervals of 1 hour for 6 hours to measureblood glucose. A similar experimental design was followedfor the 30-day long-term trial. Finally, rats weresacrificed, and blood was collected to measure bloodglucose, lipid profiles, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances(TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Results: OGTTs indicated that two doses (200 and300 mg/kg BW) were effective hypoglycemic doses innormal rats. Both doses reduced glucose levels after 1hour in the MDE1 and the SDE1 groups. A long-termtrial of SRM in the MD group showed a reduced glucoselevel, a normal lipid profile, and normal GSH andTBARS levels. In SD rats, SRM had no statistically significanteffects on these parameters. Normal weightwas achieved in the MD rats, but the SD rats showedreduced BW. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that SRM has potentialto alleviate the conditions of moderate diabetic,but not severe diabetes.

Antidiabetic Potentials of Momordica charantia: Multiple Mechanisms Behind the Effects

Padmaja Chaturvedi 한국식품영양과학회 2012 Journal of medicinal food Vol.15 No.2

Momordica charantia fruits are used as a vegetable in many countries. From time immemorial, it has also been used for management of diabetes in the Ayurvedic and Chinese systems of medicine. Information regarding the standardization of this vegetable for its usage as an antidiabetic drug is scanty. There are many reports on its effects on glucose and lipid levels in diabetic animals and some in clinical trials. Reports regarding its mechanism of action are limited. So in the present review all the information is considered to produce some concrete findings on the mechanism behind its hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects. Studies have shown that M. charantia repairs damaged b-cells, increases insulin levels, and also enhance the sensitivity of insulin. It inhibits the absorption of glucose by inhibiting glucosidase and also suppresses the activity of disaccharidases in the intestine. It stimulates the synthesis and release of thyroid hormones and adiponectin and enhances the activity of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK). Effects of M. charantia like transport of glucose in the cells,transport of fatty acids in the mitochondria, modulation of insulin secretion, and elevation of levels of uncoupling proteins in adipose and skeletal muscles are similar to those of AMPK and thyroxine. Therefore it is proposed that effects of M. charantia on carbohydrate and fat metabolism are through thyroxine and AMPK.

Opportunistic Screening for Cervical Cancer in a Tertiary Hospital in Karnataka, India

Kulkarni, Padmaja Ramesh,Rani, Hephzibah,Vimalambike, Manjunath Gubbanna,Ravishankar, Sunila Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 2013 Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention Vol.14 No.9

The incidence and mortality of cervical cancer remains high in India even after sixty years of introduction of the Pap smear (cervical cytology) which is an effective means of identifying preinvasive lesions of carcinoma cervix. The morbidity and mortality due to cervical cancer has come down drastically in countries with well established screening programmes at national level. This study aims at screening women for cervical cancer opportunistically during their visit to hospital and to study various types of neoplastic and non-neoplastic lesions of the cervix by cervical smear study (Pap smear study). In the present study, a total of 350 cervical smears were studied. The age of patients ranged from 19 years to 80 years with mean age being 37.5 years. Out of 350 cases, the diagnosis of neoplasia was given in 43 cases and 258 cases were diagnosed as inflammatory smears. Forty-cases were normal and 9 cases were inadequate to evaluate. Forty-three patients who were found to have neoplastic lesions on cytology were referred for further investigations like colposcopy and biopsy to confirm the diagnosis and avail proper treatment. Limitation of the present study was small sample size as all female patients aged between 20 and 60 years visiting hospital were not included in the screening, other screening tests like VIA (visual inspection with acetic acid test) and HPV DNA (human papilloma virus) tests were not done. Until the time centrally organised screening programmes for cervical cancer are established in India, arrangements should be made for hospital based opportunistic screening for all women attending hospital. The cost effectiveness of different screening tests for cervical cancer should be evaluated.

Drain Current Characteristics of 6 H-SiC MESFET with Un-Doped and Recessed Area under the Gate: A Simulation Study

Pydimarri Padmaja,Radhamma Erigela,D. Venkatarami Reddy,SK Umar Faruq,A. Krishnamurthy,B. Balaji,M. Lakshmana Kumar,Sreevardhan Cheerla,Vipul Agarwal,Y. Gowthami 한국전기전자재료학회 2024 Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Material Vol.25 No.2

In this paper, we have investigated the impact of the un-doped and recessed gate structure on the performance of the 6 H-SiC Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor. The performance of the 6 H-SiC MESFET analyzed using TCAD simulations. The proposed un-doped gate structure made of high-k dielectric materials and low-k dielectric materials being hafnium oxide (HfO2) and silicon dioxide (SiO2) and it has minimized ionized impurity scattering, leading to increased electron mobility and improved carrier concentration. One of substrate layer of this device grown on Silicon (Si) and β-gallium oxide (β-Ga2O3). Performance metrics such as drain current, transconductance, subthreshold slope, and cutoff frequency are evaluated and compared with conventional SiC MESFET structures. The proposed device exhibits superior current driving capabilities, enhanced transconductance, and reduced leakage currents, leading to improved power efficiency. Moreover, the recessed gate structure contributes to a significant reduction in short channel effects, making the device more suitable for low power applications. The simulation parameters are calculated and compared with conventional MESFET structure with the length of source and drain in submicron technology. Therefore the drain current of this proposed device is improved 68%.

Attenuation of Diabetic Conditions by Sida rhombifolia in Moderately Diabetic Rats and Inability to Produce Similar Effects in Severely Diabetic in Rats

Chaturvedi, Padmaja,Kwape, Tebogo Elvis KOREAN PHARMACOPUNCTURE INSTITUTE 2015 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.18 No.4

Objectives: This study was done out to evaluate the effects of Sida rhombifolia methanol extract (SRM) on diabetes in moderately diabetic (MD) and severely diabetic (SD) Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: SRM was prepared by soaking the powdered plant material in 70% methanol and rota evaporating the methanol from the extract. Effective hypoglycemic doses were established by performing oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) in normal rats. Hourly effects of SRM on glucose were observed in the MD and the SD rats. Rats were grouped, five rats to a group, into normal control 1 (NC1), MD control 1 (MDC1), MD experimental 1 (MDE1), SD control 1 (SDC1), and SD experimental 1 (SDE1) groups. All rats in the control groups were administered 1 mL of distilled water (DW). The rats in the MDE1 and the SDE1 groups were administered SRM orally at 200 and 300 mg/kg body weight (BW), respectively, dissolved in 1 mL of DW. Blood was collected initially and at intervals of 1 hour for 6 hours to measure blood glucose. A similar experimental design was followed for the 30-day long-term trial. Finally, rats were sacrificed, and blood was collected to measure blood glucose, lipid profiles, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH). Results: OGTTs indicated that two doses (200 and 300 mg/kg BW) were effective hypoglycemic doses in normal rats. Both doses reduced glucose levels after 1 hour in the MDE1 and the SDE1 groups. A long-term trial of SRM in the MD group showed a reduced glucose level, a normal lipid profile, and normal GSH and TBARS levels. In SD rats, SRM had no statistically significant effects on these parameters. Normal weight was achieved in the MD rats, but the SD rats showed reduced BW. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that SRM has potential to alleviate the conditions of moderate diabetic, but not severe diabetes.

Synthesis, Molecular and Microstructural Study of Poly-N-Vinylpyrrolidone Oximo-L-Valyl-Siliconate with IR, ¹H-NMR and SEM

Singh, Man,Padmaja, G. Vani Korean Chemical Society 2010 Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society Vol.31 No.7

By reducing PVP with $H_2NOH$.HCl and NaOH 2:2:1 mass ratios in aqueous ethanol, poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone oxime [PVPO] was prepared with 92% yield. Applying the sol-gel concept, orthosilicic acid [OSA] was made by hydrolyzing TEOS with ethanol in 1:0.5 molar ratios using 1 N KOH aqueous solution as a catalyst. The OSA + PVPO + $_L$-Valine ($\alpha$-amino acid) were mixed with pure ethanolic medium in 1:2:2 mass ratios and refluxed at $78^{\circ}C$ and 6 pH for 6.5 h. A white residue of poly-N-vinyl pyrrolidone oximo-L-valyl-siliconate [POVS] appeared after 5 h. The heating of reaction mixture was stopped and the contents were brought to NTP. The residue formation of POVS was intensified with lowering a temperature and completely solidified within 5 h, was filtered using a vacuum pump with Whatmann filter paper no. 42. The residue of POVS was washed several times with 20% aqueous cold ethanolic solution and dried in vacuum chamber at $25^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. The MP was noted above $350^{\circ}C$. Structural and internal morphology were analyzed with IR and $^1H$-NMR, and SEM respectively. A drug loading and transporting ability of the POVS in water and at pH = 5 and 8 was determined chromatographically.

A Protocol for High Frequency Plant Conversion from Somatic Embryos of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. DRG-12)

Rani A. Raja,Padmaja G. The Korean Society of Plant Biotechnology 2005 Plant molecular biology and biotechnology research Vol.7 No.3

A protocol was developed for somatic embryogenesis with 100% induction rate from immature zygotic embryo axes of peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. cv. DRG-12) cultured on MS medium containing $18.09\;{\mu}M$ 2,4-D. The frequency of somatic embryogenesis (31.7%) as well as the number of somatic embryos induced per explant (6.6) decreased when the concentration of 2,4-D was increased to $72.4\;{\mu}M$. Morphologically abnormal somatic embryos were observed at a frequency of 43.3% on MS medium containing $72.4\;{\mu}M$ 2,4-D. Somatic embryos isolated from 30-day-old cultures of immature zygotic embryo axes exhibited precocious germination with varied responses when placed on MS basal medium with 3% sucrose. Maximum shoot induction (80.0%) was observed from somatic embryos isolated from 60-day-old cultures of immature zygotic embryo axes when placed as a clump rather than individually on MS medium supplemented with $26.63\;{\mu}M$ BA and $0.54\;{\mu}M$ NAA. Shoots developed from somatic embryos rooted with higher frequency (93.3%) on Blaydes' medium containing $5.4\;{\mu}M$ NAA.

Anti-Oxidant and Hepatoprotective Activities of Ziziphus mucronata Fruit Extract Against Dimethoate-Induced Toxicity

Tebogo Elvis Kwape,Padmaja Chaturvedi,Macharia Kamau,Runner Majinda 대한약침학회 2013 Journal of pharmacopuncture Vol.16 No.1

Objective: The study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant potential of Ziziphus mucronata (ZM) fruit extract. Methods: The different types of fruit extract were prepared by soaking the dry powdered fruit in different solvents followed by rotary evaporation. Each extract was tested for its phenol content and antioxidant activities. An in vivo study was performed in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Thirty adult male SD rats (aged 21weeks) were divided into six groups of five rats each and treated as follows: The normal control (NC) received distilled water while the dimethoate control (DC)received 6 mg/kg.bw.day-1 dimethoate dissolved in distilled water. The experimental groups E1, E2, E3, and E0 received dimethoate (6 mg/kg.bw) + ZMFM (100mg/kg.bw-1), dimethoate (6 mg/kg.bw) + ZMFM (200mg/kg.bw-1), dimethoate (6 mg/kg.bw) + ZMFM (300mg/kg.bw-1), and ZMFM (300 mg/kg.bw-1) only. Both the normal control and the dimethoate control groups were used to compare the results. After 90 days, rats were sacrificed, blood was collected for biochemical assays, and livers were harvested for histological study. Results: High phenol content was estimated, and 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryl hydrazyl radical (DPPH)spectrophotometric, thin layer chromatography (TLC)and 2, 2-Azobis-3-ethyl benzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS) assays showed a high antioxidant activity among the extracts. The preventive effects observed in the E1, E2 and E3 groups proved that the extract could prevent dimethoate toxicity by maintaining normal reduced glutathione (GSH), vitamin C and E,superoxide dismutase, catalase, cholineasterase and lipid profiles. The preventive effect was observed to be dose dependent. The EO group showed no extractinduced toxicity. Histological observations agreed with the results obtained in the biochemical studies. Conclusion: The study demonstrated that ZM methanol fruit extract is capable of attenuating dimethoate-induced toxicity because of its high antioxidant activity.