진성이씨 이동표가의 언간 현황과 서체적 특징

정복동(Jeong, Bok-dong) 한국서예학회 2012 서예학연구 Vol.21 No.1

본고는 17세기 후반 숙종 시기의 문신인 나은 李東標(1644(인조22)-1700(숙종 26))가의 언간 서체를 통해 그의 언간 서체와 언간의 문장 구성 형식을 고찰하였다. 이동표가의 언간은 총 37건으로 그의 어머니에게 보낸 언간이 주를 이루며, 삼촌 이명익의 언간이 1건 있다. 필사된 시기는 1644-1700년이다. 언간에는 당시의 생활상과 과거제도에 관한 자료, 친모와 서모에 대한 상대경어법 사용의 차이점, 수신자에 따라 각각 다른 감성으로 표현한 서풍 등이 담겨있어서 언간의 형식뿐만 아니라 국어사·문화사 및 서예사 자료로도 그 가치가 높다. 언간의 형식은 언간을 받는 대상에 대한 경의를 나타내기 위하여 대두법을 적용하였다. 친모에게 쓴 언간은 이항식과 極行式으로 경의와 존경을 나타냈으며, 서모에게 쓴 언간은 隔間法의 차별화된 대두법이 적용되었다. 그러므로 친모와 서모에게 쓴 언간 두 편을 주 대상으로 삼아 언간의 문장 구성형식과 문자의 구조를 분석하는데 목적을 두었다. 아울러 동일한 연결문자를 비교하여 시대적으로 서체가 변화된 특징을 파악하였다. 두 언간을 중심으로 문자의 구조를 비교 분석한 결과 단일문자의 자모는 두 언간 모두 대부분 가획으로 연속성을 드러낸 흘림체로 규정하였다. 특히 2-5음절 어절의 연결문자를 분석한 결과 친모에게 보낸 언간보다 서모에게 보낸 언간의 연결 정도가 30%가량 많으며, 서모에게 보낸 언간의 연결정도는 거의 80%나 된다. 이는 친모에 대한 존경하는 마음이 心手相應된 것으로 보인다. 초중성 합자와 초중종성 합자의 구조에서 서체의 특징은 서모에게 보낸 언간이 친모에게 보낸 언간보다 원필세가 많은 斜形 결구이며, 친모의 언간이 平形 결구로서 古雅한 意取를 보인다. 또한 ｢훈민정음해례본｣의 점획이 모음 ‘ㅜ’에 나타나고, 종성 ‘ㄹ’을 일필서로 직선화하였으며, 횡모음을 짧게 절제하여 결자 한 것 등은 한자 행초서의 영향을 받은 것으로, 한글 서체의 형성이 한자의 필의와 무관하지 않음을 확인할 수 있었다. 그리고 동일한 어절의 연결된 문자를 비교 분석한 결과 1670년대보다 1680년대 이후의 서풍이 더욱 맑고 견강하게 정제되었다. 이동표의 독창적인 한글 흘림체는 17세기 후반 사대부가에 유행한 행초서의 연면체 서풍에서 어느 정도 영향을 받았고, 선조들로부터 계승되어온 가풍과 학풍을 연마하여 자신만의 淸勁高逸한 한글서체를 완성한 것으로 보인다. 이는 한글서예사에서 18세기 이후 완성될 궁체와 추사체 형성을 예견할 수 있는 서체라고 할 수 있다. In this paper are treated the type of Korean letters and how to build their sentence from the family of Naeun Lee Dong-pyo (李東標; 1644 (the 22nd year of King Injo government)-1700 (the 26th year of King Sukjong government)) who served as a civil minister in the late 17th century of Chosun Dynasty. The total number of Lee Dong-pyo family's letters is 37, most of which were written by Lee Dong-pyo to his mother and one by his uncle Lee Myeong-ik. These letters are assumed to be written during 1644-1700. From the Korean letters, we could find the living conditions at that time, the documents for civil service examination, and the use of different honorific expressions for his mother and his father's concubine, and various styles of calligraphy, which are all highly valued as references for studying the history of Korean language, culture and calligraphy. In the form of the Korean letters, Daedu (leaving a blank before the name of a receiver in order to show the sender's respect for the receiver) is applied, and this method is differently used between the letters for his mother (placing a first letter on the top line of the next sentence to show respect) and the letters for his father's concubine (leaving one or two blank before letter to show respect). Two Korean letters received by his mother and his father's concubine are mainly selected for analysis of the formality of making sentences and the structure of characters. Along with it, connected characters are compared to understand the change of the style of handwriting over time. The result of the comparison of the two Korean letters for the structure of characters shows that the Korean alphabet of a single letter uses Heullim style, which has the continuity of creating a new letter by adding stroke in both of them. In particular, from the analysis of connected letters of 2-5 syllables, it could be found that the degree of connectivity of Korean letters sent to his father's concubine is about 30% higher than for his mother, and in total the degree is up to 80% for his father's concubine, which seems that more respect for his mother is naturally expressed through mind drawing. In the calligraphic features of a letter combined by initial consonant and vowel and one of initial consonant, vowel and final consonant, the Korean letters to his father's concubine show more tilt type, compared with those for his mother, while the Korean letters for his mother revealing some elegance. In addition, all the dots and strokes in HunMinJeongEumHaeRyeBon are expressed at the vowel ‘ㅜ’, and the final consonant ‘ㄹ’ is expressed as the form of straight line and horizontal vowels are intentionally shortened, which all indicates the formality of the Korean letters is influenced by the Chinese Haengseo and Choseo calligraphic styles. And the analysis of connected letters of the same Eojeol (generally a word) shows that his calligraphic style of the late 1680 has something clearer, stronger and more refined than that in 1670. Lee Dong-pyo's peculiar Hangul Heullim style is a little affected by Yeonmyeon style which was popular among Confucian scholars in the late 17th century and he learned hard his family tradition and academic one and made his own Hangul style. This may be a precursor of Gung style and Chusa style which both will be completed in the late 18th century.

족과관절염좌 환자에 대한 동씨침법과 일반침법의 효과에 대한 비교 연구

안호진,정동화,황규선,윤기붕,김태우,문장혁,백종엽,이상무,Ahn, Ho-jin,Jeong, Dong-hwa,Hwang, Kyu-seon,Yoon, Ki-bung,Kim, Tae-woo,Moon, Jang-huyk,Baek, Jong-yeob,Lee, Sang-moo 대한침구의학회 2003 대한침구의학회지 Vol.20 No.1

Objective: The purpose of this study is to compare the effects of Dong-si acupuncture therapy and General acupuncture therapy for the patients with acute ankle sprain. Methods : This study has been carried out for 60 cases of ankle sprain patients who have visited Dong-Seo Oriental medical Hospital from May 1, 2002 to September 30, 2002. We have treated 30 cases of them by Dong-si acupuncture therapy and the other 30 cases by General acupuncture therapy. And we have compared those two group. Results : 1. There was no significant difference at the treatment period and the number of treatment times in comparing two groups. 2. The number of treatment times for good effect is that : Dong-si took $1.57{\pm}0.85$ times and General acupuncture therapy took $2.15{\pm}0.96$ times. And we have found that the effect of Dong-si acupuncture therapy is faster than the other.

인천 구도심 상업지역의 토지이용에 관한 연구

정동석(Jeong Dong-Sug),동정근(Dong Jeong-Keun) 대한건축학회 2009 대한건축학회 학술발표대회 논문집 - 계획계/구조계 Vol.29 No.1(계획계)

This study proposes the desirable direction of urban planning strategy for revitalization of the existing commercial area. the direction is drawn through the analysis of present land use of the commercial area in Jung-gu, Dong-gu, Juan, and Guwol Center of City, the one of Three Cores presented in ‘The Comprehensive Urban Planning of Incheon, 2020’. Land categories, height of building, and floor area ratio(FAR) are used as data of the analysis. The first result of analysis shows that the Comprehensive urban planning of Incheon from 2001 to 2020 has modified by the short-term change of circumstances in step with urban development momentarily without long-term goal. Second, the use of FAR is too inefficient as the average FAR of the business area is more less than legal one. The last one, the average FAR and the frequency of high-rise building tends to increase in the order of location, Jung-gu, Dong-gu, Juan, and Guwol. The fact shows not only that the extensive expansion causes decentralization, but also that each district has such different regional and social peculiarities that it cannot be a group of center of city. Based on these results, we propose the direction of urban management planning like followings: the necessity of breaking away from stiffness of Euclidena Zoning, applying flexible urban planning for revitalization, and high-density mixed use development of the commercial area.

C형 간염바이러스항체 검출을 위한3세대 효소면역측정 시약의 비교

이장혁,서순팔,기승정,송정원,신명근,신종희,양동욱,김세종 대한임상병리학회 1997 대한임상병리학회지 Vol.17 No.4

Efficacy of Seo Dong-Il's Technique as a Method of Improving Voice Quality in Patients with Phonasthenia and Vocal Nodules

Seo, Dong Il,Yoo, Jae Yeon,Choi, Hong Shik,Jeong, Ok Ran 한국음성과학회 2002 음성과학 Vol.9 No.3

The purpose of this study was to invesigate the effects of Seo Dong-Il's technique on voice quality in patients with vocal nodules and phonasthenia (vlcal fatigue). The patients (4 nodules and 6 vocal fatigue) participated in teh study. Each subject was assessed acoustically (Fo, Jitter, Shimmer, NNE) in the first and last session. Dr. Speech (version 3.4, Tiger-DRS) was used to compae acoustic parameters of pre- and post-treatment. Seo Dong-Il's technique consisted of breating exercise, relaxation exercise, and phona-tion exercise The results were as follows: First, Seo Dong-Il's technique tended to be effective on improving voice quality in patients with phonasthenia and vocal nodules. Secon, the nature of improvements wee as follows: there was a significant difference between pre- and post-treatment in shimmer (p < .01) and NNE (p < .001), while there was no significant difference between pre- and post-treatment in Fo and Jitter. Finally, given the fact that the number of subjects was only 10, the jitter might have shown a significant difference if more subjects partcipated in teh experiment.

조선 역관 편지의 한글서체 조형미 고찰 - 대마도 `종가문고사료`를 중심으로 -

정복동 ( Jeong Bok Dong ) 한국동양예술학회 2016 동양예술 Vol.32 No.-

본 연구는 18·9세기 조선과 일본의 역관들이 작성한 대마도 종가문고 소장 한글 서간류 114건을 대상으로, 국한혼용체로 쓰인 한글 서체의 조형미를 분석한 것이다. 나아가 여기에서 밝힌 우수한 서체로써 교육용·예술용·상업용으로 활용하는 방안을 제시하고, 아울러 발신자가 2명인 자료를 집중적으로 분석하여 필사자의 신상을 밝히고자 하였다. 따라서 기존에 조사 검토한 서지사항을 정리하고, 발신자 2인의 16건 자료를 통해 개인별 이미지 자료를 면밀히 검토하였다. 이에 몇몇 자료에 대한 필체의 특징을 구분하고 약간의 필사자를 밝혀 서지학적으로 보완함으로써 연구의 의의를 추구하였다. 종가문고 한글 서간류의 서지학적 특징은 일본의 대통사인 소전기오랑이 국한혼용체로 작성한 것으로 추정되는 口上書와 조선 역관이 작성한 서간의 양식을 비교한 결과 비록 개인이 작성한 서간이기는 하나 발신자와 수신자가 복수이며, 관직의 지위순으로 서명 날인을 한 것이어서 외교문서이면서도 실용문서의 기능을 하고 있다. 조선 역관이 작성한 서간 서체의 조형미는 문장의 장법미, 어절별 조형미, 단일문자의 결구미, 자모의 용필미를 사대부 김노경의 한글편지와 비교 분석하였다. 첫째, 장법미를 살펴보면 7인 모두 국한 혼서 흘림체로 작성한 것을 분석한 결과, 1행에 10~19자를 세로로 배자하였고 가로줄은 맞추지 않았다. 한 글자의 형체에 대체로 변화가 많으며, 시작과 끝 그리고 행별 호응이 있어 각각 규범이 있다. 행간 공간은 종이의 크기에 따라 모두 다르나 간격이 일정한 공통점이 있다. 중심축선은 중앙에 두고 있어 한자와 조화를 이루었다. 수신자에게 예를 갖추기 위해 ‘擡頭法’ 등을 사용하였다. 자간의 분간포백은 어절별로 ‘密’하게 구성하였으나 띄어쓰기 부분은 ‘疏’하게 안배하여 유창하되 안정된 장법미를 보이고 있다. 박준한, 박치검, 최경, 최국정 서간은 자간과 행간의 안배와 유창한 장법이 김노경과 비교해도 손색이 없다. 둘째, 어절별 조형미를 살펴보면 조선 후기 가장 명필로 알려진 추사 김정희와 서사상궁 서희순의 편지를 비교한 결과, 공간 안배에서 소밀의 변화는 김정희보다 적으나 궁체와 같이 자간을 일정하게 분배하는 공통점을 보이고 있다. 셋째, 단일문자의 결구미를 살펴보면 김노경과 문자의 외형을 비교한 결과, 세로로 긴 방형을 이루고 중심축선의 방향이 좌향인 공통점이 있으며, 공간 분배에 따른 여백에서 김노경보다 변화를 적게 보이고 있다. 단일문자의 시기별 특징을 ‘ㅅ’계 합용 병서자를 제시하여 파악한 결과, 좌측을 상하로 길게 하는 결구를 이루고 있는데, 이는 16~19세기에 이르기까지 사대부 서간체의 큰 특징과 유사한 면을 보이는 것이다. This study is to analyze 114 Hangeul (Korean alphabet) letters which were written by Joseon and Japanese interpreters in the 18th and 19th centuries and possessed by Sokebungo of Tsushima and formative beauty of Korean Chirography in which Hangeul and Chinese letters are both used. Further, it is to present ways to utilize superb chirography in educational, artistic and commercial purposes and to identify transcribers by intensively analyzing data which has two senders. Therefore, this study organizes bibliographic data which have been previously researched and reviewed and thoroughly examines individual images through sixteen materials of two senders. The study’s significance is upon complementation in a bibliographic manner through identifying features of different handwriting in several materials and determining some transcribers. As a result of comparing forms on note verbale which is assumed to have been written by Oda Ikugoro, Tsushima’s Korean Interpreter, in combination of Hangeul and Chinese letters and on letters written by Joseon interpreters to see bibliographic features of Hangeul letters possessed by Sokebungo of Tsushima, it is clarified that both documents were prepared by individuals but they have multiple senders and recipients and they were signed and sealed in order of offices, which means those documents were not only diplomatic but also practical. Formative beauty of chirography in letters written by Joseon interpreters is with the art of writing, formative beauty of syntactic word, aesthetic of the conclusion in unitary word and aesthetic in use of brush within consonant and vowel and they are compared with elements in Hangeul letters by literatus Kim No-Kyeong. First in terms of aesthetic in art of writing, all of seven writers used cursive character for mixed use of Hangeul and Chinese letters and they arranged 10-19 letters on a vertical line but they didn’t particularly adjust the number of letters on a horizontal one. Even a single letter usually has various changes and there also are norms that sequence lies on start, end and lines. Space between the lines varies depending on the size of paper but what is in common is that the space is regular. The central axis is on the center so it is in harmony with Chinese letters. Daedubeob (擡頭法. a manner to write upwards the letters for royalty) was adopted to exercise due courtesy to a recipient. Space between letters and blank space were densely composed to each syntactic word but spacing was sparse, which shows flowing but stable aesthetic in art of writing. Letters by Park Jun-han, Park Chi-Geom, Choi Kyeong and Choi Guk-Jeong are by no means inferior to those of Kim No-Kyeong as to arrangement in space between letters and lines and flowing art of writing. Second in terms of formative beauty of syntactic word, letters by Chusa Kim Jeong-Hee, the best known Joseon calligrapher, and the female scribe Seo Hee-Sun are compared and changes of sparseness and denseness in space arrangement are less than Kim Jeong-Hee but what is in common is that regular space between letters like in the court style of writing. Third for conclusion in unitary word, appearance of characters by Kim No-Kyeong is compared and it is the same that the characters are in a square which is longer lengthways and the direction of central axis is toward left and blank space depending on space arrangement shows less change that in Kim No-Kyeong. Time-Periodic features of unitary word examined through presenting parallel ‘siot (ㅅ)’ consonant system show that conclusion is long lengthwise, which is similar to a distinguished feature in literati’s letters from 16th to 19th century. Fourth for aesthetic in use of brush within consonant and vowel, 373 consonants and 74 vowels are selected from 76 scripts written by the seven and arranged for analysis and vowels are largely written backward while consonants are written with easy flow. Starting of consonants is largely of brush stroke in division and heading and facing is mostly of exclusion; Migabeob (微加法, a manner to make fine addition) used upon creation of Hunminjeongeum partially remained on ‘bieup (ㅂ)’ and; straight lines mostly changed to curves for simplicity. Location of points and thickness of stroke are of much similarity but a difference lies in that Kim No-Kyeong shows straight strokes a lot while interpreters use cursive ones or combination of the two. Hangeul letters written by Joseon and Japanese interpreters are mostly of similarities in brush strokes and conclusion by Kim No-Kyeong. This shows that it was a universal trend among master literati calligraphers in 19th century and some consonants show less changing and stable art of writing than those of literati, which represents practical chirography that is similar to handwriting of court ladies for professional use. In particular, art of writing in mixed use of Hangeul and Chinese letters in harmony can serve as an example for today’s free chirography work creation. Significance of the study lies in that it can be utilized for interdisciplinary convergence research between studies of bibliography and calligraphy and as educational resources for calligraphic history with aesthetics of calligraphy and history of calligraphic development and its diversity for using chirography in textbooks, cultural history and also for commercial purposes.

입자상 오염물질의 대기환경기준에 관한 연구

허정숙,남보현,황인조,김동술 경희대학교 환경연구소 1999 環境硏究 論文集 Vol.9 No.-

We provide various fundamental statistics for PM-10 based on air quality monitoring data('96-'98) operated by the Ministry of Environment. The purposes of this paper are to examine the distribution of PM-10 level computed on the basis of a reference method adapted by USEPA and to review national ambient air quality standards for particulate matter in Korea. When we calcualted the 3-year('96-'98) average of the annual mean PM-10 concentrations at 24 monitoring sites. 21 sites were not met 50㎍/m(annual PM-10 standard in USA). Especially. Duckchon-dong and Shinpyung-dong sites at Pusan were recorded the highest concentration. Also, when we considered the 3-year average of the 99^(th) percentile values, 14 sites including Ssangmun-dong at Seoul and Duckchon-dong at Pusan among 23 were classified non-attainment area exceeding 150㎍/m(24-hour PM-10 standard in USA). We suggest that the air quality standards for PM-10 and PM2.5 in Korea must be actually regulated based on scientific review and the public health.

Lightweight Printed Dipole Antenna Array With 3×2 Beamforming Network for Wide UAV Communication Coverage

Dong‑Geun Seo,Jeong‑Soo Park,Gun ‑Ki Lee,Wang‑Sang Lee 대한전기학회 2020 Journal of Electrical Engineering & Technology Vol.15 No.4

In this paper, a lightweight printed dipole antenna array with 3×2 beamforming network for wide unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) communication coverage is presented. The proposed antenna consists of an upper substrate, a lower substrate, and two supports with a microstrip feeding. The upper substrate has a two-element printed dipole antenna array, and the lower substrate includes a beamforming feeding circuit and a ground plane as a refector of the proposed antenna array for gain improvement. For wide beam coverage, the proposed feeding network consists of three RF switches, one Wilkinson power divider, and one 90° hybrid coupler, and generates the wide beam using one broadside beam and two end-fre beams. Measured impedance bandwidth, peak gain, and half-power beamwidth (HPBW) of the proposed array operated from 5.03 to 5.15 GHz are approximately 2 GHz, 4.3 dBi, and 155°, respectively.

A Study on Recent Credit Loan from Households in South Korea

Jeong,Dong-Bin 한국유통과학회 2019 KODISA ICBE (International Conference on Business Vol.2019 No.-

In this paper, we examine a causal relationship between a response variable credit loan from households and several explanatory variables such as interest of certificate of deposit (CD) and loan collateralized with housing and so on. Based on 31 observations sampled from the 4th quarter in 2008 to the 4th quarter in 2016, the optimal forecasts can be obtained and expected to apply to the distribution area comprehensively. In order to accomplish the objectives, both the multiple regression model with correlated errors and several exponential smoothing methods are, in main, analyzed by using IBM SPSS 23.0. A number of goodness-of-fit statistics, at the same time, are also exploited as a tool of optimal model-building.

A Review on Sales on Large-scale Retailing Types in South Korea

Jeong,Dong-Bin 한국유통과학회 2019 KODISA ICBE (International Conference on Business Vol.2019 No.-

In this work, we investigate several time series models to forecast of sales at department stores and at discount stores in South Korea. Considering two large-scale retailing types are homogeneous and comparable in size based on 86 realizations taken from January in 2010 to February in 2017. The dataset of this work is got from Korean Statistical Information Service (KOSIS) and Survey of Service Trend of Korea Statistical Administration, and we exploit the procedures of IBM SPSS 23.0 such as TSPLOT, TSMODEL, EXSMOOTH, ARIMA and MODELFIT. Several model-fit measures, simultaneously, are also used as criteria of the optimal model construction. Time series models can not only predict future sales but can account for economic or business mechanism and increase our understanding of relationships among phenomena or variables under consideration.