파킨슨씨병 환자에 있어서 자가부신수질 이식술

정상섭,박상근,오성훈,김선호,윤도흠,박정수,양우익,최인준,안영수,김경환,박창일,김진수,이현철 대한신경외과학회 1988 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.17 No.6

Recent experimental studies and clinical cases have suggested that grafting tissue from the adrenal medulla into the brain may alleviate the symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Autologous adrenal medullary grafts into the striatum was performed stereotactically in two patients with Parkinson's disease. Both patients were bedridden preoperatively, but 4 months after the surgery both became ambulatory and one was even capable of returning to his job. Even though the number of cases was small⑵ and the follow-up period was short, this study shows that adrenal medullary transplantation into the striatum may have some beneficial effects in patient with Parkinson's disease. Further experimental and clinical trials are necessary to see whether this procedure will be a recommendable surgical treatment for patients suffering from Parkinson's disease.

특수학교(급)고등부 졸업생의 진로실태 및 진로 지원체제 구축방안 : Future Directions and Practices for Developing a Comprehensive Career Support System in Special Education School

정희섭,김현진,김형일,정동영,정인숙 국립특수교육원 2005 연구보고서 Vol.- No.11

이 연구는 장애인 삶의 질을 보다 확충하는 차원에서 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생의 진로 실태를 분석하고, 그 결과를 기반으로 현실여건에서 최상의 진로 지원체제 구축방안을 마련 하는데 목적을 두고 수행되었다. 이 연구는 목적의 달성을 위해 문헌고찰을 통해서 진로실태 분석모형을 개발하고 진로 지원체제 구축을 위한 요인을 발굴한 이후, 최근 5년간 전국 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생을 대상으로 전반의 진로실태를 조사?분석하고, 문헌분석 및 실태조사를 통해서 도출된 결과를 중심으로 학교와 지역이 연계된 진로 지원체제 구축 방안을 제시하였다. 먼저, 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생의 진로 실태에 대한 조사 결과를 제시하면 다음과 같다. 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생 진로실태 조사는 전국 120개 특수학교(고등부 과정 설치 특수학교), 161개 고등부 특수학급 총281개 학교의 2001년도부터 2005년도까지 5년간 졸업생 1,334명을 조사대상으로 하였다. 이들 조사대상 1,334명은 행정공문으로 각 학교별 졸업생 명부를 통하여 추출된 것으로, 실제 5년간 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생의 11.1%에 해당된다. 실태조사는 1차로 우편을 통한 설문지 발송과 회수를 통해서 이루어졌고, 2차로 본원의 현장연구위원 교사 176명이 소속 지역교육청의 졸업생을 직접 방문하여 설문 및 면담 조사실시하는 방법을 통해 이루어졌다. 조사결과에 의하면, 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생의 35.2%가 직장을 가진 취업자이고, 64.8%가 직장을 가지지 않은 미취업자(가정거주, 시설거주, 자영업, 대학진학포함)로 조사되었다. 장애영역별 학교 졸업생의 진로 실태를 취업률 중심으로 제시하면, 시각장애학교 졸업생 36.8%, 청각장애학교 졸업생 45.4%, 지체부자유학교 졸업생 35.1%, 정신지체 및 정서장애학교 졸업생 31.7%, 특수학급 졸업생 39.5%로 나타났다. 한편, 졸업생의 연도별 추이를 취업률 중심으로 제시하면, 2001년도 졸업생 45.3%, 2002년도 졸업생 32.8%, 2003년도 졸업생 32.2%, 2004년도 졸업생 31.3%, 2005년도 졸업생 33.8%로 나타났다. 최근 5년간 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생의 진로실태 전반에서, 미취업자는 가족과 함께 생활하지 않은 장애성인이 많고, 학교 졸업이후 무직상태가 지속되고, 직장생활을 원하지만 특별한 지원을 받지 못하고 있으며, 전반적인 생활만족도가 낮은 것으로 나타나고 있다. 한편, 취업자의 경우, 직장생활을 하고 있는 그 자체의 만족도를 제외하고는 고용상황 전반이 열악하고, 직장의 직무수행에 다소의 어려움을 느끼고 있고, 직장의 이직률이 높지만 적절한 지원을 받고 있지 못하며, 직장의 적응 · 유지를 위한 직업훈련을 받지 못한 경우가 많고, 현 수준보다 높은 임금을 지급하는 안정된 직장에 대한 요구가 많은 것으로 나타나고 있다. 또한 직장 생활의 직무수행 효율화를 위하여 장애인식 개선 혹은 장애인편의시설 확충에 대한 요구가 많은 것으로 나타나고 있다. 이와 같은 연구의 결과를 토대로 진로 지원체제 구축을 방안을 제시하면 다음과 같다. 특수학교(급) 고등부 졸업생의 진로 지원체제 구축 방안은 진로교육 대상자의 ‘개별성’과 진로발달 단계의 ‘연속성’을 보장하고, 진로 관련 기관간의 ‘협력성’을 강조하는 진로 지원체제의 구축이 필요하다는 방향성을 설정하고, 다음과 같은 구체적인 방안이 필요하다고 보았다. 첫째, 학령기 특수교육 대상학생의 직업 · 진로교육 실시를 위한 기반을 조성하여야 한다. 특수교육 진로관련 다양한 용어들을 정비하고, 직업 · 진로 관련 법규의 수정 및 보완이 이루어져야 하며, 개별화교육계획(IEP)에 개별화전환계획(ITP)이 포함되도록 하는 법규의 재정이 필요하다. 이를 통해서 단위 특수학교(급)에서 진로교육이 시스템적으로 실천되도록 하는 토대를 마련하여야 한다. 둘째, 현행 특수교육 직업 및 진로 관련 교육과정의 현실화가 이루어져야 한다. 현행 제7차 특수학교 교육과정 기본교육과정의 ‘직업교과’ 교육실시 시기를 앞당기고, 선택중심 교육과정 ‘전문선택’의 이수 범위를 확대할 필요가 있으며, 이를 통해서 현실성 있고 실제적인 단위 학교의 직업 및 진로교육 교육과정 운영이 이루어지도록 해야 한다. 한편, 특수학급 재학생들의 직업 및 진로교육을 효율적으로 실천하기 위한 근거를 국가수준 교육과정 문서에 마련하고, 다양한 교과에 산재된 진로관련 내용을 지도할 수 있도록 교사용 지도서를 제작 · 배부하여 활용토록 해야 한다. 셋째, 특수교육 대상학생을 위한 진로교육 방법의 개선이 이루어져야 하다. 직업 · 진로교육을 위한 일관성 있는 모형을 마련하여 적용하여야 하며, 진로교육의 효율적인 실시를 위하여 평가체제 및 평가주체를 명확히 확립하고, 직업 · 진로교육의 효율적인 실시를 위하여 전문 인력을 양성하여 배치하여야 한다. 또한, 특수교육 대상학생을 위한 직업 및 진로교육은 현장친화적인 교수-학습이 이루어지도록 하는 방법상의 변화를 모색해야 하며, 현장을 중심으로 하는 다양한 진로교육 모델을 개발하여 개별학생들의 요구와 필요가 충족되도록 하여야 한다. 넷째, 특수교육 대상학생의 졸업 시 진로선택의 역량 및 지원의 강화가 이루어져야 한다. 특수교육 대상학생의 자기결정 능력을 지속적으로 향상시키고, 이를 통해서 자신의 진로를 선택하고, 선택한 진로를 유지 · 발전시킬 수 있도록 그 역량을 강화해야 한다. 또한 특수교육 대상학생의 가족이 학교의 진로교육, 지역의 진로지원을 위한 프로그램의 계획 · 실행 · 평가 전반의 과정에 효율적인 참여가 이루어지도록 지원해야 한다. 한편, 학교와 지역의 직업 · 진로관련 기관 및 인사 간을 연계하는 가칭 ‘연계 및 협력 조력자’를 양성하여 활용토록 해야 한다. 다섯째, 장애성인의 지역사회에서의 효율적인 진로 지원을 위하여 다양한 지원 프로그램이 마련되어야 한다. 특수학교(급) 고등부를 졸업한 대학진학자와 미취업자는 항시 취업대기자이기 때문에 이들을 위한 대학 당국과 평생교육기관에서의 진로 지원을 위한 다양한 프로그램을 마련하여야 한다. 또한 특수학교(급) 고등부를 졸업한 취업자를 위해서는 직업 적응 및 유지, 직업 이동을 위한 준비 프로그램, 인턴 프로그램, 사후관리 프로그램을 마련하여 지원이 이루어지도록 해야 한다. 또한 국가는 범정부 차원의 특수교육 대상학생 직업 및 진로 촉진을 위한 추진 기구를 구성하여 운영하고, 장애학생 및 장애성인의 취업활성화를 위한 정책적 지원 기구와 방안을 강구하여야 한다. 이상에서와 같이, 특수교육 대상학생의 진로교육 및 진로지원은 그들의 삶의 질 향상에 목표를 두고, 진로 대상자의 개별성과 진로발달 단계의 연속성, 관련 기관간의 연계성을 기반으로 하는 학령기, 졸업시점, 학령기 이후가 통합된 적절한 지원체제를 마련해야 한다. 이와 같은 진로 지원체제가 현실성을 가지고 효율적으로 작동하게 된다면, 대부분의 일반인이 그렇듯 장애인도 직업을 가지고, 일과 노동의 댓가로 보수를 받으며, 받은 보수로서 세금을 납부 하면서 국가와 사회에 기여하고, 가정을 유지하면서 자신의 만족감을 가지며 살아가는 데 기여하게 될 것이다. The purpose of this study was to suggest the future directions and practices for developing a comprehensive career support system in special education school, based on the analysis of the actual career status of the high school graduates with disabilities in Korea. The research was conducted in several ways. First, by reviewing the related research and the literature, the analytical frame for the actual career status was developed and the considerable factors for the development of a comprehensive career support system were identified. Second, the nation-wide survey was conducted to overview and to analyze the actual career status of the students who graduated special education high schools over the last 5 years. Third, based on the literature review and the results of the survey analysis, the future directions and best practices for the comprehensive career support system were suggested. First, the nation-wide survey was conducted in the following. The subjects were 1,334 high school graduates from both 120 nation-wide special education schools (these schools include the course of high school) and 161 special education classes among 281 general education high schools from 2001 to 2005. The subjects were identified through the school graduate lists. And they were 11.1% of the total graduates both from special education schools and special education classes over the last 5 years. The first preliminary survey was conducted by mailing the questionnaires in returning envelops. The second survey was conducted by the 176 teachers who served as research committee members of the KISE. The teachers conducted in-depth surveys and interviews by calling on the graduates who belonged to their local school districts. The survey results showed that 35.2% of the graduates were employed and 64.8% were unemployed (staying at home, living in the facilities for people with disabilities, self-employed, and attending college or universities). The survey results according to the schools classified by the disabilities indicated the following employment rate; 36.8% of the graduates from the school for the visual impairments, 45.4% of the graduates from the school for the hearing impairments, 35.1% of the graduates from the school for the physical disabilities, 31.7% of the graduates from the school for the mental retardation and emotional disorders, and 39.5% of the graduates from the special education classes. On the other hand, the employment rate were different by the year; 45.3% of the graduates in 2001, 32.8% in 2002, 32.2% in 2003, 31.3% in 2004, and 33.8% in 2005. In general, the actual career status of the high school graduates with disabilities over the last 5 years were identified for the unemployed graduates; a) many unemployed graduates did not live with their family; b) the status of unemployment went on after high school graduation; c) most unemployed graduates wanted to have occupations, but there were little support for employment, such as vocational education programs; and d) their overall level of satisfaction in life was low. Meanwhile, the employed graduates also indicated that their employment condition was poor, except the fact that they had some satisfaction for them to have jobs. The actual career status for the employed graduates were identified in the following; a) their overall employment condition was poor; b) they felt some difficulties for carrying out their jobs; c) a change of occupation rates were high without proper support, d) there were little job training for adapting a new workplace and for maintaining their current jobs; d) there were high expectations for stable jobs with better wages than their current jobs; and e) they also requested for improving the convenient facilities for the people with disabilities and for increasing the understanding and the awareness of people with disabilities for their work efficiency. Based on these findings of the high school graduates with disabilities, the future directions and practices for developing a comprehensive career support system in special education school are suggested; a) the individualities of each student with disabilities and the continuity of career development are ensured, and b) the collaboration among schools, the community resources, and the employment agencies are emphasized. Therefore, it is necessary to draw a concrete plan in the following. First, the foundation of vocational education and career services should be established firmly for the students with disabilities in school. It is necessary to compile the glossary for the vocational education, career services, and transition in special education. It is also required to amend and make laws related to vocational education and career services, and to mandate the TP(Individual Transition Plan) to be included in the IEP(Individualized Education Program). Through these laws and policies, a firm basis for the systematic vocational education should be implemented. Second, the present vocational education and career related curriculum should be actualized. The 'vocational course' of the 7th Special Education Curriculum should be taught earlier, the 'specific elective courses' from the choice-based basic curriculum should be expanded in order to implement the school-based vocational career education curriculum practically and realistically. At the same time, these suggestions should be mandated by the national curriculum. And the teacher's manual should be prepared and distributed for teachers to effectively guide students for their vocation and career preparation. Third, the vocational education teaching strategies for students with disabilities should be improved. The consistent model for the vocational and career education as well as the effective assessment system should be developed and implemented. And for the effective implementation of the vocational and career education, the professionals should be trained and be placed in school. Moreover, the model for the vocational and career education for students with disabilities should utilize the field-based teaching and learning strategies. Especially, the field-based model needs to be diverse in order to meet the individual students' needs. Fourth, it is essential to strengthen the ability and to support the career choices of students at the time of graduation. It is necessary to continually make better for their self-decision ability. Through their self-decision ability, they can make their career choices and strengthen the ability to keep and develop their chosen careers. In addition, the families of students with disability should be supported in order to participate effectively in vocational and career education in schools and the whole process of planning, implementation, and the assessment for the career support within the community. Therefore, the 'transition coordinator', who can make connections and cooperations among schools, community resources, and the employment agencies, should be trained and utilized. Fifth, a variety of supportive programs for adults with disabilities must be provided in order to ensure the effective career supports in the communities. Since the students who went to college or universities after graduating special education high schools(classes) and the unemployed high school graduates are potential employees, the university authorities and the continuing education agencies must have a variety of supportive programs for them. Besides, it is essential to have specific programs for a job adaptation and sustainment, job preparation program for a career change, various internship programs, and the follow-up programs. In addition, the government should have the special organization for promoting the employment of the students with disabilities and adults with disabilities as well. In conclusion, the purpose of the vocational and career education for the students with disabilities should be the improvement of their quality of life. Therefore, based on the individuality of each student with disabilities, the continuity of career development stages, and the inter-agency collaboration, the comprehensive career support system should be integrated throughout the schools years, at the time of graduation, and after the graduation. If the suggested comprehensive career support system are to be implemented effectively within each school and each classroom, the people with disabilities will have occupations, get paid for the work they do, pay the taxes, have families, and contribute to the community and the nation with a feeling of great satisfaction, just as the most people without disabilities do.

토당귀 종자의 형태적 특성과 발아와 입모율에 대한 저장방법,생장조절제 및 프라이밍 처리 효과

안희정,안복주,·김도현,·안영섭,·김영국,박춘근,이상원,·박충범·차선우,·송범헌, 忠北大學校 農業科學硏究所 2015 農業科學硏究 Vol.31 No.1

This study was conducted to have basic and applied informations to establish the cultivation method and to improve the cultivation techniques of Angelica gigas Nakai through investigating the rates of germination and seedling establishment with treatment of plant growth regulator and seed priming. The germination rates of round shape seed were about 0.3~12% higher than those of parallel shape. The germination rates with different storage durations were increased at the level of 25oC and 4oC with the storage days, while they were clearly higher at -20oC compared to those at 4oC and 25oC without the storage durations. With the results of germination rates with treating of plant growth regulator and seed priming, their rates with the round shape seeds were comparatively higher about 6% than those with parallel shape seed and they were increased with increasing of the storage durations. The germination rates were generally appeared higher with GA3 than did those with seed priming. The highest germination rate was appeared at 50 ppm GA3 of plant growth regulator and at -0.5 MPa PEG6000 of seed priming. The germination rates?ㅤ ?ㅤ of Angelica gigas were different with different temperature, storage durations and the treatments of plant growth regulator and seed priming. These results could be used according to different cultivating conditions.

말초 조혈모세포 채집을 위한 대룡량 백혈구분반술 -두 혈액성분 채집기의 비교-

남정현,임환섭,조성란,김현옥,권오헌,민유홍 大韓血液學會 1997 大韓血液學會誌 Vol.32 No.1

광양만 해역에서의 고효율 질소-인 제거 해양박테리아 탐색 및 분리

이건섭(Lee, Gun-Sup),모상현(Moh, Sang-Hyun),정영재(Chung, Young-Jae),김소정(Kim, So-Jung),김영준(Kim, Young-Jun),이상섭(Lee, Sang-Seob),이택견(Lee, Taek-Kyun) 한국산학기술학회 2012 한국산학기술학회논문지 Vol.13 No.7

371 균주의 해양박테리아를 광양만에서 분리하였다. 우점종은 Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, P. fluorescens, P. paucimobilis, Chryseomonas luteola, P. vescularis 등이었다. 영양염과 유기물을 제거할 수 있는 해양박테 리아를 탐색하기 위하여 암모니아성 질소(100 mg/L), 질산성 질소(100 mg/L) 및 인(10 mg/L)이 각각 포함된 10 mL의 marine broth 2216 (DIFCO)에 해양박테리아를 접종(1.0%, v/v)하고 12시간 배양하였다. 스크리닝 테스트 결과 25% 이상 COD을 제거하는 해양박테리아는 16종, 15% 이상의 암모니아 질소를 제거하는 해양박테리아는 9종, 60% 이상의 질산 질소를 제거하는 해양박테리아는 11종 그리고 90% 이상의 인을 제거하는 해양박테리아는 13종이 분리되었다. Aeromonas hydrophila, Chryseomonas indologenes, Pseudomonas diminuta, Vibrio parahaemolyticus 균주가 유기물 및 영양염류 제거 실험을 위해 선정되었다. 회분식 시험을 위해 4종의 해양박테리아를 COD_Cr 250 mg/L, NH₃-N 40 mg/L, NO₃-N 40 mg/L, PO₄^3--P 10 mg/L이 각각 첨가되어 있는 변형 marine broth에 접종하고, 10시간 배양하면서 제거효율을 측정하였다. 371 strains of marine bacteria were isolated from Gwangyang bay in Korea. The dominant species were identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Aeromonas hydrophila, P. fluorescens, P. paucimobilis, Chryseomonas luteola and P. vescularis. To screen marine bacteria capable of removing nutrients and organics, marine bacteria was inoculated in 10 mL of marine broth 2216 (DIFCO) with NH₃^-N (100 mg/L), NO₃^-N (100 mg/L), and PO₄^-P (10 mg/L) with 1.0% (v/v), and incubated for 12 h. Results from the screening test, showed that the removal efficiencies for COD_Cr, ammonia niterogen, nitrate nitrogen, and phosphate were over 25% for 16 strains, 15% for 9 strains, 50% for 63 strains, and 15% for 80 strains, respectively. Aeromonas hydrophila, Chryseomonas indologenes, Pseudomonas diminuta, Vibrio parahaemolyticus were selected for nutrients removal experiments. For the batch test, 4 species of marine bacteria were inoculated in modified marine broth containing with nutrients(COD_Cr 250 mg/L, NH₃^-N 40 mg/L, NO₃^-N 40 mg/L, PO₄^-P 10 mg/L, respectively), incubated for 10 hr and the removal efficiencies were measured.

Immunological Factors Relating to the Antitumor Effect of Temozolomide Chemoimmunotherapy in a Murine Glioma Model

Kim, Tai-Gyu,Kim, Chang-Hyun,Park, Jung-Sun,Park, Sung-Dong,Kim, Chung Kwon,Chung, Dong-Sup,Hong, Yong-Kil American Society for Microbiology 2010 CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY Vol.17 No.1

<B>ABSTRACT</B><P>In this study, we investigated the potential of combined treatment with temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy and tumor antigen-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) and the underlying immunological factors of TMZ chemoimmunotherapy with an intracranial GL26 glioma animal model. The combined treatment enhanced the tumor-specific immune responses and prolonged the survival more effectively than either single therapy in GL26 tumor-bearing animals. Apoptosis was induced in the tumors of the animals by the treatment with TMZ. Calreticulin (CRT) surface exposure was detected by immunofluorescence staining of TMZ-treated GL26 cells. TMZ chemotherapy increased tumor antigen cross-priming from tumor cells, leading to cross-priming of tumor antigen-specific CD4<SUP>+</SUP> T cells and CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T cells. This chemotherapy appeared to suppress the frequency of CD4<SUP>+</SUP> CD25<SUP>+</SUP> regulatory T cells (Treg). Moreover, this combined therapy resulted in an increase in the tumor infiltration of CD4<SUP>+</SUP> and CD8<SUP>+</SUP> T cells. Collectively, the findings of this study provide evidence that the combination of TMZ chemotherapy and treatment with DC-based vaccines leads to the enhancement of antitumor immunity through increased tumor-specific immune responses via the cross-priming of apoptotic tumor cell death mediated by CRT exposure and, in part, the suppression of Treg. Therefore, CRT exposure, regulatory T cells, and cross-priming by TMZ chemotherapy may be immunological factors related to the enhancement of the antitumor effects of chemoimmunotherapy in an experimental brain tumor model.</P>

Protective effects of ginsenoside Rg2 and astaxanthin mixture against UVB-induced DNA damage

Chung, Yu Heon,Jeong, Seul A.,Choi, Hyun Seok,Ro, Seungil,Lee, Jung Sup,Park, Jong Kun ZOOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF KOREA 2018 ANIMAL CELLS AND SYSTEMS Vol.22 No.6

<P><B>ABSTRACT</B></P><P>Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation induces skin damage, skin matrix degradation, and wrinkle formation through photochemical reaction and oxidative stress. Therefore, protecting the skin from UVB can prevent skin aging. In this study, we investigated the effects of a mixture (RA) of Rg2, a ginsenoside, and astaxanthin, an antioxidant, on the responses of HaCaT cells exposed to UVB (700 J/m<SUP>2</SUP>). The cells were incubated for 24 h after UVB exposure and cell viability was determined by MTT assay. UVB decreased cell viability by 60% compared to that of untreated control cells, whereas RA increased cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner, and this increase was significantly higher than that in the single treatment groups. Further, UVB increased the levels of DNA lesions such as cyclobutane pyrimidine dimer (CPD) and 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHdG). Conversely, RA decreased both CPD and 8-OHdG levels in a concentration-dependent manner. UVB exposure also increased phosphorylation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase and p53 and subsequently increased the levels of GADD45α, p21, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs)-3, -9, and -13. Additionally, UVB exposure decreased the level of COL1A1. However, RA treatment decreased the levels of p-ATM, p-p53, GADD45α, p21, MMP-3, -9, and -13 and increased the level of COL1A1 in a concentration-dependent manner. These results suggest that RA reduces UVB-induced cytotoxicity and genotoxicity through up-regulation of DNA repair via the combined effects of Rg2 and astaxanthin.</P>

혈소판감소증 환자에서 혈소판 항체 검출을 위한 Modified Antigen Capture ELISA 방법의 적용 - Thrombomatch EIA, Flow cytometry 검사 방 법과의 비교 -

김인옥,이환섭,김문정,조성란,이정운,남정현,김휘준 大韓血液學會 1996 大韓血液學會誌 Vol.31 No.3

Effects of Epoxidised Soya Bean Oil on Humoral Immune Response in Mice

Chung, Seung-Tae,Kim, Young-Ok,Chung, Hye-Joo,Kim, Jin-Ho,Park, Jae-Hyun,Kang, Sun-Kyung,Kim, Hyung-Soo,Cho, Dae-Hyun,Kim, Dong-Sup The Korean Society of Toxicology Korea Environment 2000 Toxicological Research Vol.16 No.4

Epoxidised soya bean oil (ESBO, 1000, 2000 or 4000 mg/kg) was orally administered to BALB/c mice daily for 28 consecutive days, and the control mice were exposed to vehicle (corn oil). Mice were immunized and challenged with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) or bovine serum albumin (BSA). In groups exposed to ESBO, the body weight gains and the relative lymphoid organ weights were not significantly changed as compared with control group. Secondary IgG antibody response to BSA was not significantly changed by ESBO, but plaque-forming cell (PFC) response to SRBC was significantly suppressed in mice treated with 4000 mg ESBO/kg/day. The mitogenic response of splenic B cells induced by LPS was not effected by ESBO in any of the groups. These results indicate that ESBO did not induce significant humoral immune response at a dose less than 2000 mg/kg/day in mice.

The flavonoid morin from Moraceae induces apoptosis by modulation of Bcl-2 family members and Fas receptor in HCT 116 cells

HYUN, HWANG-BO,LEE, WON SUP,GO, SE-IL,NAGAPPAN, ARULKUMAR,PARK, CHEOL,HAN, MIN HO,HONG, SU HYUN,KIM, GONSUP,KIM, GI YOUNG,CHEONG, JAEHUN,RYU, CHUNG HO,SHIN, SUNG CHUL,CHOI, YUNG HYUN Spandidos Publications 2015 International journal of oncology Vol.46 No.6

<P>It is evident based on literature that flavonoids from fruit can safely modulate cancer cell biology and induce apoptosis. Therefore, we investigated the anticancer activity of morin, a flavonoid which is plentiful in twigs of mulberry focusing on apoptosis, and its mechanisms. Morin upregulated the Fas receptor, and activates caspase-8, -9 and -3 in HCT-116 cells. Morin also activates Bid, and induced the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, ?ψm) with Bax protein activation and cytochrome c release. In addition, morin induced ROS generation which was not blocked by N-acetylcysteine. Morin also suppressed Bcl-2 and cIAP-1, anti-apoptotic proteins, which may contribute to augmentation of morin-triggered apoptosis. As an upstream signaling pathway, suppressed Akt activity by morin was associated to apoptosis. This study suggests that morin induces caspase-dependent apoptosis through extrinsic pathway by upregulating Fas receptor as well as through the intrinsic pathway by modulating Bcl-2 and IAP family members, and ROS generation, and that Akt is the critical upstream signaling that regulates the apoptotic effect of morin in human colon cancer HCT-116 cells.</P>