“소프트 변경” 시각으로 단동-신의주 초국경 도시 발전에 대한 새로운 접근

예동근(Rui Dong Gen)(芮東根) 대한중국학회 2017 중국학 Vol.61 No.-

단동과 신의주는 쌍둥이 도시이며 해양 전략의 산물이다. 식민지시기 일본은 적극적으로 식민지국가의 연해도시를 발전시켰으며, 동시에 식민지 전통지역의 핵심지역을 와해하고 약화시켰다. 공업화, 근대화를 구축하는 과정에서 “문명”의 명목 하에 식민지화를 합법화시켰다. 동아시아 각국 식민지에서 이렇듯 식민해양도시를 발전시켰지만, 전통 내륙도시를 약화시켰다. “一帶一路”는 중국에게만 속하는 것이 아니라, 전 세계의 것이다. “일대”의 해양전략은 국가 간의 연계일 뿐만 아니라, 전 세계에 영향을 미치는 경계 도시 간의 연계이다. 다만 해양 국경도시의 발전기회가 더 많은 것이다. 따라서 중국 동북지역은 열악한 국제환경과 장기간 주도해왔던 대륙형 변경이념에서 벗어나 해양 발전관을 양성하고, “소프트 변경” 관리능력을 높여야 한다. From the perspective of Soft Border this paper analyzes the China- Korea border cities. This paper firstly discusses how to understand and re-plan city development. Secondly, how to transform the concept of urban management is shed light on, especially under the circumstance of the Belt and Road. In terms of cross-border, Dandong and Xinyi Ju are twin cities, as the products of ocean strategy. During the colonial period, Japan strove to develop the coastal cities of the colonized countries, when the traditional core regions of the colonized countries were disintegrated and weaken. This policy was widely implemented in its East Asian colonies. In the name of civilization, Japan attempted to achieve legal colonization, during the process of reconstruction of industrialization and modernization. The positions of inland cities in Korea dropped out, examples are Jin Ju, Shang Ju and Quan Ju, etc. On the Contrary, coastal cities rose sharply. On the part of the cross-ocean area, the Belt not only belongs to China but also belong to the world. the Belt set up the bridge between countries, at the same time, it connects the cities with the most economic influence in the world together. Finally, this paper puts forward some policy implications for the future development of northeast China, as followings. Firstly, the dominant idea of the development of continental borders should be transformed. Secondly, maritime development concept should be established. Thirdly, the management capacity of Soft Border should be improved.

의료 안전문화, 환자안전사고 및 간병인 처우 - 중국 동북지역과 한국의 비교 연구

예동근(Donggen Rui),최영진(Youngjin Choi) 한국아시아학회 2021 아시아연구 Vol.24 No.3

본 연구는 의료 환경과 환자안전사고 및 간병인 처우에 대하여 중국 동북지역과 한국 간의 비교를 시도하는 소고이다. 이 두 지역은 고령화의 급속한 진전으로 인해 요양환경과 복지비용의 투자가 늘어나는 장기요양문제가 심각해지고 있다. 이에 따라 해외 요양을 가거나, 해외이주의 간병인 수용을 통해 해결하는 경우가 자주 발생하고 있다. 중국 동북지역 출신이 한국에서 간병인으로 일하기도 하고, 중국 동북지역이 한국의 해외 요양산업 전진기지가 될 수 있는 만큼, 두 지역 비교를 통해 초국적 연대가 가능한지 탐색적 연구가 필요하다. 중국 동북지역은 한국의 환자안전사고의 초기 단계처럼 장기요양병원에서 ‘의사와 환자의 갈등’을 통해 발현되는 환자안전사고 문제가 대두하고 있다. 한국의 경우, 2016년 “환자안전법”이 통과하면서 사회적 관심을 커지고 법적보호와 안전장치를 통해 환전안전문제를 해결하려고 한다. 하지만, 간병인의 절대 부족과 처우환경이 열악하여 환자를 보호하는 ‘간병인’의 처우 개선 등 포함하는 간병서비스체계 개혁이 새로운 도전으로 다가오고 있다. 중국 동북지역에서는 환자안전사고를 줄이기 위해서는 의료진, 간병인 및 환자 간 의사소통의 중요성을 강조한다. 다른 한편, 한국의 경우, 코로나 시대에 간병인들에게 근무 여건 개선과 적절한 교육이 이루어지지 않아 간병인들은 더욱 취약한 위치에 있어 환자안전사고의 위험성에 처해 있다. This study attempts to compare the medical environment, patient safety incidents, and care-giver treatment between northeastern China and South Korea. Due to the rapid aging of the populations in both regions, the long-term care problem, which increases investment in the care environment and welfare costs, is critical. In many cases, it is solved by going recuperation overseas or by accommodating care-givers who emigrate abroad. An exploratory study is required to see whether the transnational connection between the two regions with the comparison is possible, as the Korean Chinese from the northeast region of China comes to work as caregivers in Korea and the Korean may go to the care-giving sites in the northeastern China in future. In the northeastern region of China, patient safety issues in the nursing hospital revealed through "conflict between doctors and patients" are emerging, as also occurred in the early stages of Korea"s patient safety incidents. In the case of Korea, the passage of the “Patient Safety Act” in 2016 meant that the patient safety issue came under the legal and institutional framework, growing social interest and trying to solve the patient safety issue through legal protection and safety means. However, the absolute shortage of care-givers and the poor treatment environment present a new challenge of improving the treatment of the care-givers who protect patients, which should lead to reform in the care-giving service system. In northeastern China, improved communication between medical staffs and patients seems to reduce patient safety incidents. On the other hand, in Korea, the poor work conditions and the lack of proper education for the care-givers in the era of Covid-19 seem to contribute to patient safety incidents.

한국의 지역 다문화공간에 대한 비판적 접근

예동근(Rui Dong-Gen) 동북아시아문화학회 2011 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.27

Multicultural discourses and multicultural spaces have recently attracted increasing attention in Korea. This article analyzes the urban redevelopment projects in WonKokdong in Ansan and Karibongdong in Seoul, the two neighborhoods where Korean Chinese are concentrated. Although multicultural discourses prevailed in these redevelopment processes, Korean Chinese who did bring multicultural characteristics to these urban spaces did not play the leading role. By examining the exclusion and selective incorporation of Korean Chinese into these urban redevelopment projects, this article analyzes how the putative opposition between nationalist and multicultural discourses engendered the exclusion of Korean Chinese from the contemporary multicultural discourses in Korea.

부산 감천문화마을의리질리언스(resilience) 사례연구

예동근(Rui, Dongg-en),리단(Li, Dan),조세현(Cho, Se-hyun) 지역사회학회 2020 지역사회학 Vol.21 No.2

10년전만 하여도 감천문화마을은 지리적으로 부산시의 중심에서 소외되었고, 교통인프라가 부족하였으며, 소득이 낮은 빈곤촌으로 도시안의 섬이며 낙후되었다. 다른 지역이 경제발전을 이룩하고 부동산 가격이 상승하지만, 이 지역은 오래동안 경제발전이 정체된 지역이며, 부동산이 장기간 정체되고 젊은 노동력이 탈출함으로써 고령화가 심한 지역이다. 이런 마을이 리질리언스를 갖게 되는 것은 원래 회복력이 없는 마을이 외부와 내부의 물리적, 화합적 작용을 거쳐 리질리언스가 형성되는 것, 마을이 하나의 생태적, 공동체적 기능이 작동하며 내생적으로 복구력(recovery)와 지속성(continuity)을 갖게 되었다는 것이다. 이런 면에서 감천문화마을은 지역의 리질리언스성공사례로써 대표적 연구란의미를 갖고 있다. 본 논문은 생태복구, 사회방어, 제도혁신, 공동체회복이란 측면에서 감천문화마을의 복원력을 분석하였으며, 구체적으로 리질리언스가 형성되는 과정에서 가장 중요한 요소로써 혁신, 포용, 지속성, 복구성이 어떻게 작용하였기를 구체적으로 밝힌 글이다. Ten years ago, Gamcheon Cultural Village was geographically distant from downtown Busan and lacked transportation infrastructure. It was a poor village with a low income level. As an island in the city, it was becoming increasingly impoverished. Other regions have achieved economic development and real estate prices have risen, but this region is still in a state of stagnant economic development and due to the long-term stagnation of the real estate industry and the serious outflow of young laborers, the aging is also getting worse. The reason for the resilience of this kind of village is that the original village without resilience has formed the resilience through internal and external physical and synergistic effects, enabling the village to activate the ecological and community functions and possess the inherent recovery and continuity. From this perspective, Gamcheon Cultural Village is a representative research project of successful regional resilience cases. This thesis analyzes the resilience of Gamcheon Cultural Village from the perspectives of ecological restoration, social defense, institutional innovation, and community restoration, and specifically expounds how important factors such as innovation, tolerance, continuity, and recovery play in the process of forming resilience.

농촌에서 도시로

예동근(Rui, Dong-Gen) 동북아시아문화학회 2012 동북아 문화연구 Vol.1 No.33

This paper gives historical and social consideration on the pregnancy, growth, differentiation and restructuring process of Korean-Chinese enterprises since China’s reform and open-door policy in the late 1970s. The paper sheds light on the rural reform and the formation of Township and Village Enterprises (TVEs) in the initial stage, the extension of ethnicity-base private business in the early 1990s, the formation of large enterprises and Korean-Chinese entrepreneurs towards China market, and analyzes the features of the Korean-Chinese enterprises from the historical context. This paper has two main implications. First, it arranges the history of Korean-Chinese enterprises in China’s 30 years of reform and opening up. Second, at this point of time of North Korea’s economic system reform, the formation process of Korean-Chinese enterprises suggest an alternative to the analysis of the formation of a free-market system and corporate model in North Korea. China and North Korea are geographically close, and their economic cooperation is also close. Thus, the development of Korean-Chinese enterprises has significant implications on the formation of a market economy in North Korea.

글로벌시대 중국의 체제전환과 도시종족공동체 재형성 -북경 왕징 코리아타운의 조선족 공동체 사례 연구-

예동근 ( Dong Gen Rui ) 한국민족연구원 2010 민족연구 Vol.0 No.43

초국적 이동과 중국동포청년이미지 변화연구

예동근(Rui DongGen) 부경대학교 인문사회과학연구소 2018 인문사회과학연구 Vol.19 No.3

본 논문은 중국동포청년 이미지는 어떻게 만들어졌으며, 연변을 넘어 한국 서울로 이동하여 가면서 중국동포청년이미지는 어떻게 변화되었는가를 추적한 글이다. 본 연구는 90년대부터 현재까지 4단계로 시계열로 연변의 쇠락과 청년들의 지역이탈을 담아 “청년디아스포라”에 초점을 맞추었다. 그리고 2000년대 대도시 정착을 대표한 사례로 <북경아가씨>노래로 유명한 가수가 된 중국동포청년의 사례를 소개하였고, 중국 연변을 넘어 한국 서울에서 창업에 성공한 청년기업가들의 사례를 소개하였다. 마지막으로 2010년부터 한국과 중국에서 모두 유명세를 탄 백청강의 성공사례를 집중적으로 밝히면서 동포청년들의 이미지변화가 “성공”으로 변화되어 가는 과정을 추적하였다. 전반적으로 본 논문은 국경을 넘어 서울로 이동하면서 형성되는 중국동포청년이미지, 그리고 현재의 중국동포청년이미지로 재구성하였다. 청년은 꿈이 있고, 문화적 추구가 강한 집단으로서 그들이 어떻게 미래를 생각하고 이동하는 대표적 사례를 통하여, 초국경이동을 청년의 이미지가 어떻게 변신하는가를 밝혀 보고자 한다. 결론적으로 중국동포청년들은 한국적시각에 고정화된 이미지에 맞추어 공간적 적응을 하는 것이 아니라, 친족, 사회연결망을 통하여 종족성, 다문화성, 사회성을 포함한 다양한 관계를 생성시키면서 내적 의미를 변화시키고 있다. 그리고 그들의 관계에 의해 만들어지는 비즈니스, 사회관계는 독특한 문화를 만들어내면서 “동포”, “중국”, “다문화”, “초국가적” 차원에서 관계를 생성시킨다는 점에 주목할 필요가 있다. 그리고 중국동포청년들에 있어서 서울은 장소적 서울이기보다 “가족”의 확장의 서울이며, “연변”의 연속으로 서울이다. 그들에게 있어서 “가족”, “가족”의 확장으로서 “조선족”공동체는 여전히 유효하며 새로운 공간에서 탈바꿈하면서 변화를 하지만, 내적인 문화적 요인들은 여전히 존재한다는 점을 발견할 수 있다. This paper traces how the image of young Korean Chinese was made and how it changed as they traveled across the border from their hometown Yanbian China to Seoul Korea. The study focused on the Youth Diaspora in four stages from the 1990s to the present, including the decline of hometown Yanbian China and the exodus of young people. In addition, as a representative example of the establishment of a large city in the 2000s, it introduced the case of a young Korean Chinese man who became famous for her song, Beijing lady and the young entrepreneurs who succeeded in starting a business in Seoul Korea from Yanbian China. Lastly, it traced the process of the image changing of young Korean Chinese to ‘success’ by focusing on the success stories of Baek Cheong-gang, who has gained fame in both Korea and China since 2010. Overall, this paper was reconstructed with the image of young Korean Chinese, when they across board from China to Seoul Korea and the current image of young Korean Chinese. It wants to discover how moving across boarder can change image of youth by focusing on typical examples of youth who think and move. Because youth has dreams, and youth is a group with strong cultural pursuit. In conclusion, Korean Chinese youths do not adapt themselves to the fixed image from the Korean perspective, but rather change inside meaning by making various relationship including racial, multicultural, and social relations through relatives and social networks. Additionally, it focuses on the point that their business, social relations are created by their relationship and the aspects of terms including “brotherhood , China , multicultural and transnational . Furthermore, for the young Korean Chinese, Seoul is the extension of “family” and the succession of “Yanbian China” rather than the “place”. We can find that for young Korean Chinese, the community of Korean Chinese still valid as “family” and the extension of “family”. Although the community changes in new place, the inner cultural factors still exist.

居住方式对农民工群体性事件影响

예동근(Rui, Donggen),이춘수(Lee, Chunsu) 동북아시아문화학회 2020 동북아시아문화학회 국제학술대회 발표자료집 Vol.2020 No.10

Based on the data regarding the survival and development of the floating population in China"s capital Beijing in 2013, this paper aims to explore the impact of different living patterns on migrant workers" mass accidents and its mechanism. According to the findings, the rental housing mode would increase the migrant workers" participation degree of mass accidents and the willingness to participate in mass accidents regarding interest loss, but reduce the willingness to participate in mass accidents without direct conflict of interest; dormitory living style would reduce the migrant workers" participation degree of mass accidents and the willingness to participate in mass accidents regarding interest loss, but increases the willingness to participate in mass accidents without direct conflict of interest. Self-housing has no impact on migrant workers" mass accidents . Regarding the impact of dormitory living mode on the willingness to participate mass accidents with interest loss, the migrant workers" social network is the important mediating . Hence, while further improving the rights and interests protection system of migrant workers in interest loss, the government could provide preferential housing policies for migrant workers, timely dredge the negative emotions in the social network of migrant workers, and reduce the risk of mass accidents.

조선족의 도시 이주적응과 다민족관계

예동근(Rui, Dong Gen) 전남대학교 글로벌디아스포라연구소 2012 디아스포라 연구 Vol.6 No.1

본 연구는 조선족집단이 전통적 집거지에서 초국가적 환경의 도시지역으로 이주, 정착하는 과정을 살펴보았다. 그리고 초국가적 환경에서 조선족이 현지의 한족, 도시에 집거한 한국인, 그리고 조선족 내부의 관계를 살펴보았다. 본 연구는 조선족집단이 초국가적 환경에서 나타는 민족관계가 전통적 집거 지역에서 나타나는 관계가 어떻게 다른가를 구체적으로 비교하였고 차후 중국 사회가 도시화를 거치면서 전반 민족관계가 도시중심의 민족관계로 이동되는 시점에 조선족의 다민족관계가 갖는 시사점을 찾고자 하였다. This paper investigates the process of migration and settlement of Chaoxianzu community from traditional assembly areas to trans-national urban areas, and examines the relationships between Chaoxianzu community, Hanzu community and Korean community, as well as intra-Chaoxianzu community relationships. After comparing the ethnic relationships of Chaoxianzu community in the environment in traditional assembly areas and supernational urban areas, this research aims to find out the implications of the ethnic relationships of Chaoxianzu community in China’s urbanization process.

다국적 기업의 중국 진출에 대한 사례 분석

예동근(Dong Gen Rui),이춘수(Chun Su Lee) 한국무역연구원 2015 무역연구 Vol.11 No.4

In China, with a high context culture, Guanxi has long history and tradition and acts as an ‘invisible hand’. Guanxi is evolving in various forms in accordance with changing times. Guanxi is composed of diverse elements and thus substantial time, money and network are need for foreign firms to grasp its meaning and to utilize it. In this study, how Guanzi acts as an entry barrier for foreign firms in real Chinese business world are explored by conducting interviews on executives and employees in multinational home appliances, shipping logistics company and vessel engine manufacturer to develop case studies on influence of Guanxi and associated problems, predicaments and irregularities faced, and failures experienced. By doing so, implications for Korean firms and research Implications for future studies were drawn. Research Implication 1: Due to western influence, Chinese Guanxi are increasingly becoming business-minded and instrumental Guanxi and does not exerts continual influence but only temporary and isolated influence that are guided by self-interest. Research Implication 2: As Chinese economy becomes advanced, Guanxi will become more transparent and thus quality and price competitiveness will become more important factor than Guanxi influence. Research Implication 3: Since Chinese Guanxi is reciprocal and cultural sentiment of face-saving and recognition, a compensation in return must be provided in order for Guanxi to continue.