전후 서독에서의 여성임금 논의에 대한 개념사적 접근

문수현 한국독일사학회 2006 독일연구 Vol.- No.11

In begriffsgeschichtlicher Hinsicht bietet die Frauenlohnfrage ein sehr interesantes Terrain. Als in der Nachkriegszeit begonnen wurde, öffentlich über die Lohngleichheit zu debattieren, gab es für diese Thematik bemerkenswerte Variationen, nämlich "Gleicher Lohn für gleiche Leistung", "Gleicher Lohn für gleiche Arbeit", "Gleicher Lohn für gleichwertige Arbeit" und "Gleicher Lohn für gleichartige Arbeit", und dazu war die typische Frauenarbeit auch ein Schlüsselbegriff. In dieser Arbeit versuchte ich, aus welchen Gründen ein bestimmter Begriff verwendet wurde, worauf die Unterscheidung zwischen den verschiedenen Formulierungen fußte, wie die Unterscheidung zwischen den verschiedenen Formulierungen wann und von wemm mit welchen Interessen wahrgenommen, angewendet und eventuell durchgesetzt oder fallen gelassen wurde.

The German Social Democratic Party(SPD) and the Debate on the Fertility Decline in the German Empire (1870~1918)

문수현 대한의사학회 2011 醫史學 Vol.20 No.2

This paper aimed to examine the debate over the fertility decline in the German Empire, focusing on the role of the SPD. During the German Empire, the fertility rate dramatically declined and the growing awareness of a continuous decline in the birth rate prompted a massive debate among politicians, doctors, sociologists, and feminist activists. The fertility decline was negatively evaluated and generated consciousness of crisis. However, it was not the only way to face this new phenomenon. Indeed,the use of birth control among the upper class was interpreted as a part of a modernizing process. As the same phenomenon reached the working class, it suddenly became a social problem and was attributed to the SPD. The debate over the fertility decline in imperial German society ridden with a fierce class conflict was developed into a weapon against the SPD. Contrary to the assumption of conservative politicians, the SPD had no clear-cut position on this issue. Except for a few politicians like Kautsky and the doctors who came into frequent contact with the workers, the “birth strike” was not listed as the main interest of the SPD. Even Clara Zetkin, the leader of the Social Democratic women's organization viewed it as a concern of the individual person which could not be incorporated in the party program. The women's organization of the SPD put priority on class conflict rather than issues specific to women. As a result, the debate over the birth rate decline within the SPD was not led by the women themselves. There could have been various means to stimulate the birth rate. Improvement in the welfare system, such as tax relief for large families,better housing conditions, and substantial maternity protection, could have been feasible solutions to the demographic crisis. However, Germany chose to respond to this crisis by imposing legal sanctions against birth control. In addition to paragraphs 218-220 of the German criminal law enacted in 1872 which prescribed penal servitude for anyone who had an abortion or people who helped to practice it, Paragraph 184.3 of the civil code was enacted in order to outlaw the advertising, display, and publicizing of contraceptives with an 'indecent' intention, although selling or manufacturing contraceptives was not forbidden. Such a punitive approach was especially preferred by the government and conservative parties because it was easy to implement and “cheap” in comparison with the comprehensive social welfare program. What made the SPD different from other conservative parties was the fact that the SPD opposed the government's attempt to prohibit contraception by means of strengthening a penal code. According to the SPD, it was not only morally unacceptable, but also technically impossible for the government to intervene in family limitation. Moreover, politicians from the SPD criticized that such a punitive policy targeted the working class because the upper echelon of the society could easily evade the ban on contraceptives. However, the SPD did not proceed to draft comprehensive social welfare measures in order to fight the fertility decline. The miserable condition of working class women remained as an invisible social phenomenon even within the SPD. The German women who could not find the proper means to practice contraception were driven to have abortions. Annually, hundreds of the women were accused of practicing abortion and imprisoned. In sum, German society ran about in confusion and did not know how to properly respond to the unprecedented decline in fertility. By defining the fertility decline just as a social disease due to moral decay and influence of socialism, German society lost a chance to rationalize itself. Given that women, the main actors, had no way to take part in the debate over this issue, it is not surprising that German society fought against the symptom of the disease, not against its root.

제44차 독일 역사학대회(Deutscher Historikertag)보고서

문수현 한국독일사학회 2002 독일연구 Vol.- No.4

라인 강 활용 정책의 변화 : ‘생산’ 요소에서 ‘생명체’로

문수현 전북사학회 2010 전북사학 Vol.0 No.37

This paper surveys the long-term change in the Rhine river management from the 19th century on. Since the Rhine is not only a German but also European river, this paper covers German policy on the Rhine as well as cooperation between European countries. This inquiry comes with two suggestions. First, the current river management is to remove all human intervention in nature as much as possible. The most representative one is the Rhine Action Plan which was introduced after the Sandoz catastrophe in 1986. RAP aimed not only at limiting the pollution of the Rhine, but also restoring the habitat surrounding it. This attitude toward the Rhine began to be applied to other European rivers as well. Second, the history of the Rhine river management can be characterized by the continuing tension between the Rhine as a production factor and the Rhine as part of nature, the living organism, contrary to the usual perception that the radical change in the environmental policy took place since the 1970s. This essay tries to show how the small reformative steps, such as the German Water management law, took place and led to change in environmental policy. In German society, the environmental issue had a far broader foundation beyond the left parties, which enabled environmentalism to take root deeply in German society.

체육교사의 표현영역 수업 실천에 관한 내러티브 탐구

문수현,최대혁,이의재 중앙대학교 학교체육연구소 2020 Asian Journal of Physical Education of Sport Scien Vol.8 No.4

The purpose of this study is to interpret the story of each subject of the study on the practice of expression in the field of expression of physical education teachers in the school field, analyze the meaning contained therein, and unravel the case of their class practice as a story. To this end, 2 male physical education teachers majoring in physical education and 2 female physical education teachers majoring in dance were selected as participants and presented the results of the study in a narrative manner. According to the narratives of each of the four research participants, the discussion point on the practice of the physical education teacher's expression area was on the subject of looking at the expression area for physical education classes, practicing the expression area in the school field, and growing the expression area within the physical education subject. As a follow-up study, an in-depth study of the physical education teachers' perception of the expression domain and the teachers who took the expression domain class for a long time was presented. 본 연구는 학교현장에서 체육교사의 표현영역 수업 실천에 관한 연구 대상자 각각의 이야기를 해석하며 대상으로 삼아 이에 담긴 의미를 분석하여 그들의 수업실천 사례를 이야기로 풀어내고자 함에 그 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 체육전공 남자 체육교사 2명, 무용전공 여자 체육교사 2명을 연구참여자로 선정하여 내러티브 방식으로 연구결과를 제시하였다. 4명의 연구 참여자의 각각 내러티브에 따라 체육교사의 표현영역 수업실천에 대한 논의점으로 체육수업을 위한 표현영역 바라보기, 학교현장에서 표현영역 실천하기, 체육교과 내 표현영역 성장하기라는 주제로 이야기하였다. 향후 후속연구로는 표현영역에 대한 체육교사들의 인식조사와 표현영역 수업을 장기간 실시한 교사들의 심층적인 연구를 제시하였다.

디지털 방법론의 실제: 1099년 예루살렘 정복에 대한 핏빛 해석에 텍스트 재-사용 분석(Text Re-Use Analysis)을 적용하는데 따르는 인식론적 함의들

문수현 한국독일사학회 2022 독일연구 Vol.- No.51

.

급성 경막하 혈종에서 응급 두개골 천공의 위치

문수현,김근회,권택현,박윤관,정흥섭,서중근,Moon, Soo-Hyeon,Kim, Geun-Hoe,Kwon, Taek-Hyun,Park, Youn-Kwan,Chung, Hung-Seob,Suh, Jung-Keun 대한신경외과학회 2000 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.29 No.5

The motality rate of acute subdural hematoma(ASDH) associated with closed head injury is high in spite of recent advances in neurosurgery. Many variables in regard to outcome of ASDH have been assessed. But among them, intracranial pressure(ICP) control and the time interval between injury and operative evacuation are the only things that can be affected by doctor. We introduced a simple method to the management of ASDH for reducing the time interval between injury and operation. When the immediate decompressive operation of ASDH was impossible by any causes, we made a burr hole at the center of hematoma, usually on 2-3cm above temporal squama and 1-2cm behind coronal suture under local anesthesia before main operation. Partial hematoma evacuation was achieved through the burr hole and it was effective in preventing further worsening of patients neurological status before main operation. Prompt hematoma evacuation through the burr hole seemed to be effective in delaying secondary ischemic brain damage and made easy to closing the dura opening and replacement of the bone flap at the end of main decompressive operation. This easy method may reduce the time interval between injury and operation. We represent surgical technique with two cases of ASDH managed with this simple method.

배양조건에 의한 일과성 저산소상태 후 신경세포회복의 차이

문수현,오재인,박윤관,정흥섭,이훈갑,이기찬,Moon, Soo-Hyeon,Oh, Jae-Inn,Park, Youn-Kwan,Chung, Heung-Sub,Lee, Hoon-Kap,Lee, Ki-Chan 대한신경외과학회 2000 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.29 No.9

Objective : The transverse hippocampal slice is one of the most commonly studied in vitro models of mammalian brain physiology. However, despite its broad usage, there has been no standardization of slice preparation techniques or recording condition. It is well known that variations in recording conditions can result in profound different effects to neuronal responses. Evoked field potentials, recorded extracellularly, were used to investigate the effects of variations in hippocampal slice preparation protocol on hypoxia responses of CA1 neurones. Material & Methods : Before hypoxic injury, hippocampal slices were incubated for 4 hours. During incubation period, the slices were placed in a incubation chamber($21^{\circ}C$) for recovery from preparation injury and then transferred to recording chamber($34^{\circ}C$) for more recovery and baseline electric recording with current stimulation(0.1Hz). Various time periods in incubation chamber and recording chamber were applied to each experimental group(group 1=60min : 180min, group 2=90min : 150min, group 3=180min : 60min, time in incubation chamber : time in recording chamber) before 10 min hypoxia produced by replacing 95% $O_2$+5% $CO_2$ mixed gas to 95% $N_2$+5% $CO_2$ gas. Calcium, Magnesium ions and several drugs effecting on glutamate receptor also were studied. Recoveries from hypoxic injury of hippocampal slices were estimated by percent recovery of population spike(PS). Statistic analysis of study were performed using paired t-test. Results : The percent recovery of PS after 10min hypoxia was considerably enhanced by increasing the period of current stimulation during incubation period before hypoxic injury. Temperature effect on the result of this experiment was also studied(group 4) but the result from this showed no statistic significance. Low magnesium ion concentration of artificial CSF(Mg-free aCSF) during incubation period enhanced the recovery of PS but low calcium (calcium-free) and high magnesium ion concentration(2mM) reduced it after hypoxic injury. L-glutamate($100{\mu}M$) and AP-5($50{\mu}M$) had no effect on the recovery of PS but CNQX($10{\mu}M$) in artificial CSF during incubation period markedly enhanced the recovery of PS. Co-treatment of AP-5($50{\mu}M$), CNQX($10{\mu}M$) and high magnesium concentration(2mM) enhanced recovery of PS in immediate following period of hypoxic injury but the effect of cotreatment after then decayed rapidly and lost statistic significance. Conclusions : Judging from above results, the condition of baseline recording is important in observing the recovery of population spike after hypoxia, and the time and the condition should be controled more strictly to obtain reliable results.

해마 조직 절편 배양을 이용한 무산소 손상에 대한 MK-801, CNQX, Cycloheximide 및 BAPTA-AM의 효과

문수현,권택현,박윤관,정흥섭,서중근,Moon, Soo-Hyeon,Kwon, Taek-Hyon,Park, Youn-Kwan,Chung, Heung-Seob,Suh, Jung Keun 대한신경외과학회 2000 Journal of Korean neurosurgical society Vol.29 No.8

Objective : Glutamate induced excitotoxicity is one of the leading causes of cell death under pathologic condition. However, there is controversy whether excitotoxicity may also participate in the neuronal death under low intensity insult such as simple hypoxia or hypoglycemia. To investigate the role of NMDA receptor in low intensity insult, we chose anoxia as the method of injury and used organotypically cultured hippocampal slice as the material of experiment. Materials & Methods : The hippocampal slices cultured for 2-3 weeks were exposed to 60 minutes of complete oxygen deprivation(anoxia). Neuronal death was assessed with Sytox stain. Corrected optical density of fluorescence in gray scale, used as cellular death indicator, was obtained from pictures taken at 24 and 48 hours following the insult. The well-known in vivo phenomenon of regional difference in susceptibility of hippocampal sub-fields to ischemic insult was reproduced in HOSC(hippocampal organotypic slice culture) by complete oxygen deprivation injury. Results : $CA_1$ was the most vulnerable to complete oxygen deprivation in hippocampus while $CA_3$ was resistant. Oxygen deprivation for 10 and 20 minutes with glucose(6.5g/l) present was insufficient to induce neuronal death in the cultured hippocampal slice. However, after 30 minutes exposure under anoxic condition, neuronal death was able to be detected in the center of $CA_1$ area. The intensity and area of fluorescence indicating cell death correlated with the duration of oxygen deprivation. NMDA receptor and non-NMDA receptor blocking with MK-801(30 & $60{\mu}M$) and CNQX($100{\mu}M$) did not provide cellular protection to HOSC against damage induced by oxygen deprivation, but increased intracellular calcium buffering capacity with BAPTA-AM($10{\mu}M$) was effective in preventing neuronal death (p=0.01, Student's t-test). Cycloheximide($1{\mu}g/ml$, $10{\mu}g/ml$) provided no protection to HOSC against insult of complete oxygen deprivation for 60 minutes and combined therapy of MK-801(30 & $60{\mu}M$) and cycloheximide(1 & $10{\mu}g/ml$) was also ineffective in preventing neuronal death. Conclusion : The results of this study show that the another mechanism not associated with glutamate receptor(NMDA & non NMDA) may play major role in cell death mechanisms induced by complete oxygen deprivation and increased intracellular calcium during anoxia may participate in the neuronal death mechanism of oxygen deprivation. Further investigation of the calcium entry channel activated during oxygen deprivation is necessary to understand the neuronal death of anoxia.

학술 발표 논문 초록 / 지구과학내용분야 3 : 마이크로파 위성관측 ( MSU 채널 1 ) 에서 유도된 하부 대류권 온도의 시공간 변동

문수현,유정문 한국지구과학회 2000 정기총회 및 추계학술발표 논문요약집 Vol.2000 No.-