‘안용복’ 역사적 사실과 ‘안용복’ 소설

김호동 영남대학교 민족문화연구소 2017 민족문화논총 Vol.66 No.-

안용복 소설은 다음과 같다. 리성덕, 『울릉도』 문예출판사, 1990 김래주, 『대조선인 안용복』 1·2, 늘푸른소나무, 2005 권오단, 『안용복』(울릉도와 독도의 영유권을 되찾아온 조선의 어부), 산수야, 2010 권오단, 『우리땅 독도를 지킨 안용복』 산수야, 2010 차상찬, 『해상의 쾌인 안용복』 이프리북스, 2013 황인경, 『소설 독도』 북스타, 2015 김하기, 『해제 어둔』 경상일보, 2013~2014 『독도전쟁』 1·2, 쌤앤파커스, 2015 고정옥, 『고정옥 선생님이 들려주는 안용복』 산하, 2015 장을 나누어 첫째, ‘안용복’의 역사적 사실, 둘째, 역사적 사실과 안용복 소설이다. 역사소설의 경우 역사기록에서 근거한다. 리성덕의 『울릉도』의 경우, 역사적 사실에 근거한다. 리성덕의 『울릉도』에서 왜선을 쫓아 하루 낮, 하루 밤을 달리고 나니 오키섬이었다. 안용복은 배에서 관복을 입고, ‘울릉우산양도 감세관’을 잘못되었다. 『숙종실록』 숙종 22년 9월 25일에서 ‘鬱陵子山兩島監稅’라고 하였다. 황인경의 『소설 독도』의 경우, 역사적 사실에 근거해서 안 맞다. 김하기의 『해제 어둔』(『독도전쟁』)의 경우, ‘박어둔은 울릉도와 독도에서 왜적을 소탕한 뒤 아시아 해상항로를 개척해 일본, 대만, 베트남, 아프리카를 거쳐 유럽에 처음 들어가 교황을 알현했다. 이후 그는 사람들로부터 바다의 제왕인 海帝라고 불렸다.’고 한 것은 한일 양국에 문헌이 안 드러나고, 잘못되었다. 황인경의 『소설 독도』는 오키도주가 ‘空島政策’을 말을 한다. 또, 김하기 소설의 『해제 어둔』(『독도전쟁』)의 ‘공도정책’을 말한다. 기타자와 미사나리(北澤正誠)가 『竹島考證』(1882)에서 “鬱島가 조선의 섬이라는 것에 대해서는 두말할 필요가 없다. 그러나 文祿以來(1592~1614) 버려두고 거두지 않았다. 우리나라 사람들이 그 빈 땅[空地]에 가서 살았다. 즉 우리 땅인 것이다. 그 옛날에 두 나라의 경계가 항상 그대로였겠는가. 그 땅을 내가 취하면 내 땅이 되고, 버리면 다른 사람의 땅이 된다.”는 논리를 드러내기 위해 ‘空島制’란 용어를 부각시킨 것에서 비롯된다고 본다. 쓰다 소키치(津田左右吉)이 그것을 고려와 조선정부가 왜구 때문에 도서지역과 연해지역의 거주민들을 내륙으로 소개시키는 정책, 즉 ‘無人化政策’ 또는 ‘空島政策’을 시행했다고 하여 학문적으로 가다듬었다고 볼 수 있다. 김호동, 「독도 영유권 공고화와 관련된 용어 사용에 대한 검토」 『대구사학』 98, 대구사학회, 2010, 9~10쪽. 기타자와 미사나리는 1882년에 ‘공도제’란 처음 제기하였으나 오키도주가 ‘공도정책’을 말하는 것은 잘못되었다. 리성덕의 『울릉도』·황인경의 『소설 독도』(독도 영웅, 의인 안용복의 삶과 애환)·김하기의 『해제 어둔』(『독도전쟁』1·2)을 구독하였다. 김래주의 『대조선인 안용복』(1·2), 차상찬의 『해상의 쾌인 안용복』, 권오단의 『안용복』(울릉도와 독도의 영유권을 되찾아온 조선의 어부), 권오단의 『우리땅 독도를 지킨 안용복』, 고정옥의 『고정옥 선생님이 들려주는 안용복』 책은 품절되어 구독하지 못하였다. Ahn Yong-bok novel was published as below. Lee Seong-deok, 『Ulleungdo』 Munyae Publishing co., 1990 Kim Rae-ju, 『Great Choseon People Ahn Yong-bok』 1·2, Neulpureun-sonamu, 2005 Kwon O-dan, 『Ahn Yong-bok』(The Fisherman Who Recovered Territory Right of Ulleungdo and Dokdo to Korea), Sansuya, 2010 Kwon O-dan, 『Ahn Yong-bok Who Protected Korean Territory Dokdo』, 2010 Cha Sang-chan, 『Ahn Yong-bok the Cool Man of the Sea』 Ipribooks, 2013 Hwang In-gyeong, 『Novel Dokdo』 Bookstar, 2015 Kim Ha-gi, 『Haejae Eodun』 Gyeongsang-ilbo, 2013~2014 『Dokdo War』 1·2, Ssan-n-pakers, 2015 Koh Jeong-ok, 『Ahn Yong-bok Story by Koh Jeong-ok』 Sanha, 2015 In Chapter I describe ‘Ahn Yong-bok’ Historical Fact, and II, Historical Fact and Ahn Yong-bok Novel. Historic novel is based on historic record. In case of Lee Seong-deok's 『Ulleungdo』, it based on historical fact. Lee Seong-deok's 『Ulleungdo』 described one day night and day voyage to trait Japan ship reached Oki island. Ahn Yong-bok weared governmental official costume and flag ‘Ulleung-Usan both Tax Inspector’ but it was wrong, 『King Sukjong-silrok』 King Sukjong 22, September 25 described ‘鬱陵子山兩島監稅(Ulleung-jasan oth Tax Inspector’)’. Hwang In-gyeong case of 『Novel Dokdo』 do not meet with historical fact. Kim Ha-gi's 『Haejae eodun』(『Dokdo War』) described ‘Park Eo-dun defeated Japan and explored Asian sea route to Japan, Taiwan, Vietnam, Africa and Europe to solute to the Pope. Aftermath called him as Emperor of Sea by people.’ but was not revealed in Japan or Korean novel and revealed the false. Hwang In-gyeong's 『Novel Dokdo』 mentioned about Governor of Oki island ‘Vacant Island Policy(空島政策)’ And Kim Ha-gi's novel 『Haejae Eodun』(『Dokdo War』) described ‘Vacant island Policy’. Kitajawa Misanari(北澤正誠) mentioned about 『Takeshima Review(竹島考證)』(1882) “There is no question about Ukkeungdo(鬱島) belongs to Korea. But They did not managed the island after Bunroku age(文祿以來1592~1614). Our Japanese have lived there as vacant land. So the island is our land. How the border could be same as old days? If I take the wasted land, it deserve my land but it is other's land if I waste the land.”, which emphasized the logic of the term ‘vacant island system(空島制)’ Tsuda Sokichi(津田左右吉) tried to arranged the definition of ‘Evacuation Policy’ or ‘Vacant Island Policy’ on scholar point of view which evacuate people living in the island because of Japan pirate around seashore and islands during Goryo Dynasty and Yi Dynasty Kim Ho-dong, 「Dokdo 영유권 공고화와 관련된 용어 사용에 대한 검토」 『대구사학』 98, 대구사학회, 2010, 9~10쪽. Kitazawa Misanari first suggested mentioned about ‘vacant island system’ in 1882 but the mention about the policy by governor of OKI Province is wrong. Lee Seong-deok's 『Ulleungdo』, Hwang In-gyeong's 『novel Dokdo』(Dokdo Hero, The Life and Introspection of Righteous Man Ahn Yong-bok), Kim Ha-gi's 『Interpretation on Eodun』(『Dokdo War』1·2) were possibile to get in my hand. KIm Rae-ju's 『Great Choseon people Ahn Yong-bok』(1·2), Cha Sang-chan's 『Ahn Yong-bok the Cool Man of the Sea』, Kwon O-dan's 『Ahn Yong-bok』(The Fisherman Who Recovered Territory Right of Ulleungdo and Dokdo to Korea), Kwon O-dan's 『Ahn Yong-bok who preserved our territory Dokdo』, Goh Jeong-ok's 『Story of Ahn Yong-bok heard from teacher Goh Jeong-ok』 were unable to buy.

『竹島考』 분석

김호동 영남대학교 인문과학연구소 2011 人文硏究 Vol.- No.63

Okajima recognized Jukdo(Ulleungdo) island as close to Korea and fertile but wasted for long time as described in his book 『Jukdo-go』. And he explained the reason because Korea have feared Japanese pirate invasion and 7 year's war between Korea and Japan. He understood the wasted island of Jukdo as Hoki Kuni territory in mid Edo era. Okajima recognized Jukdo as completely different island to Ulleungdo. In this respect, he could not recognized literal materials on Ulleungdo as not Ulleungdo fact but imagined Japanese island as ‘竹島’. So many of researchers in Korea and Japan cite his book though there are many incorrect description about the Jukdo. Why Okajima had incorrect view on Jukdo to return to Japan stems from the fact that Oya Murakwa family normally didn't informed central Japan government about fishery around Ulleungdo of Choseon, but the family explained they didn't explored Ulleungdo but the non resident island to keep fishery activity dishonestly saying and reported to Edo Bafuku that the island belong to Hoki territory and dispatched officials. By this recognition of Okajima, we can understand why Edo Bafuku and Tzushima raised a wrong dispute concerning ‘Ulleungdo Dispute(Takeshima incident)’. In this respect, we need to highlight the problem of Japanese inherent territory theory which means territory right confirmation in mid-17th century based on 『Jukdo-go』etc. 돗토리번(鳥取藩)의 藩士 오카지마 마사요시(岡嶋正義, 1784~1858) 가 편찬한 『竹島考』는 竹島가 조선에 가깝고 풍요한 땅이지만 오랫동안 폐도였다고 인식하고 있다. 오카지마는 폐도가 된 이유를 왜구와 임진왜란 등으로 인해 유약한 조선인들이 일본을 두려워하여 폐도가 되었다고 하였다. 그런 폐도인 竹島를 에도 중기에 호키국(伯耆國)에서 열어 호키국의 영지처럼 여겼다고 판단하였다. 오카지마는 竹島를 울릉도와 전혀 다른 섬으로 인식하고 있었 다. 그런 점에서 당시 그가 인용한 울릉도에 관한 사료를 울릉도에 관한 사료로서 인식하지 못하고, 일본에 속한 또 다른 하나의 가상의 섬으로서의 ‘竹島’를 상정하고 있었기 때문에 『竹島考』는 사료로서 많은 문제점을 갖고 있다. 오카지마가 竹島를 울릉도로 인식하지 못하고, 또 되찾아 와야 한다는 편향된 시각을 갖게 된 것은 오야, 무라카와 가문이 평상시 조선의 울릉도에 어채활동을 한 것을 본국에 알리지 않았고, 조선의 울릉도가 아닌 무인도인 竹島를 개척하였다고 하면서 그들만이 어로활동을 독점한 것처럼 말했기 때문이다. 이를 위해 에도막부에 호키국의 영지라고 하면서 토관이 파견되었다는 거짓말 보고를 한 자료들을 믿었기 때문이다. 이러한 오카지마의 인식을 통해 일본 에도막부와 대마도가 ‘竹島一件’이라는 잘못된 영토분쟁을 일으키는 정책을 채택하였는가를 이해할 수 있다. 그런 점에서 『竹島考』등에 바탕한 일본의 고유영토설, 즉 17세기 중엽 영유권 확립설은 문제가 있음을 부각시킬 필요가 있다.

동남해연안 지역사회 연구현황과 과제

김호동 동아대학교 석당학술원 2010 石堂論叢 Vol.0 No.46

Discussion about the foundation of ‘Northeast Economic Zone’ is vivid in the situation of active trade and exchange over the national border in the 21st century. That aims to bind the economic trade zone among Korean East Sea, west Sea of Japan, northeast of China, and Russia. However, we need essentially to study more about southeast coast region which constitute the ‘East Sea Rim Culture Area’ to bind them. Japan has exerted to establish ‘Great East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere’ taking the policy of maritime sovereignty to expand to Asian continent naming East Sea to Japan Sea from Meiji era. Korea have discussed and raised the topic about ‘East Sea Cultural Sphere’, or ‘Northeast Economic Zone’ but there have been few practical discussion for the topic of human and nature or regional relationship among peoples of the area in time series of past, present and future locating the Korean peninsular at the center of the discussion. Until, ancient Silla dynasty has been the center of the question about the exploration of east sea coast. And the view point never viewed from the regional history but from the view point of central power of government. So, this view point naturally influenced to the point of activity stage in Korean history as the capital city moved from Gyeongsang-do province centered at Gyeongju to Gaeseong the central region of the peninsular by the ruin of Silla dynasty and reunification by Goryeo dynasty, which induced recognition of peripheral location for the southeast coast and late development lacking academic research activity about the regional study in Goryeo and Choseon dynasty. But this trend only produced many research results about the damages by the attack of native Japanese pirates during late Goryeo and early Choseon dynasty and about the problems of East Sea or sovereignty of Dokdo. After the year of 2000, many research institution showed active research result about the southeast coast regional society but they lack collection in literal materials, oral statement, and classification of the materials about the southeast coast region. Now, we need to pay attention about this region again. I suggest a cooperative research activity among the institutions linking related many universities to get more effective research result and collecting important literal and oral materials which might disappear in near future without any attention. 21세기 국가간의 경계를 넘어 교류와 교역이 활발하게 이루어지는 상황 속에서 ‘동북아경제권’의 구상 논의가 활발하게 거론되고 있다. 한국의 동해안과 일본의 서해안 및 중국의 동북지역 및 러시아와의 경제교역권을 묶자는 논의이다. 그러나 그것을 묶기 위해서는 ‘환동해문화권’을 이루는 동남해연안지역에 관한 연구가 필수적으로 이루어져야만 한다. ‘환동해문화권’, ‘동북아경제권’의 구상을 논하지만 한국을 중심에 두고 동남해연안지역에 관한 체계적인 연구는 거의 없다. 지금까지 주로 고대 신라의 동해안지역 진출에 관한 연구가 그 중심에 있었다. 그리고 그 관점은 지방사의 관점에서 바라본 것이 아니라 중앙집권화의 관점에 서서 바라다보았을 뿐이다. 그런 관점에 서다보니 동남해안지역은 변방에 위치하면서 낙후된 지역이 되었다는 인식이 팽배하였고, 그러한 인식으로 인해 고려와 조선시대의 동남해연안 지역에 대한 연구는 거의 없었다. 최근의 경우 동해 지명과 독도에 관한 연구만이 양산되었을 뿐이다. 2000년 이후 영남권의 대학연구소와 지방사학회를 중심으로 하여 지방사의 관점에 선 동남해안지역사회의 연구가 활성화된 측면이 있지만 동남해안지역의 문헌자료와 구술자료의 수집, 정리가 부족한 편이다. 각 대학 연구소가 연대해 공동으로 이러한 사업에 참여할 필요가 있다.

고려 무신정권시대 재지세력과 농민항쟁

김호동 한국중세사학회 1994 한국중세사연구 Vol.- No.1

N/A

일제의 한국침략에 따른‘일본해’명칭의 의미 변화 - 일본 고지도를 중심으로

김호동 한국고지도연구학회 2010 한국고지도연구 Vol.2 No.2

Koreans insist the term ‘East Sea’ was used for more than 2000 years in the region and support parallel term using ‘East Sea/Sea of Japan’ because “The term Sea of Japan was advertised as a result of Japanese expansionism or colonial rule”. In contrast, Japanese persist their own view on ‘Sea of Japan’ as unique term instead of Korean opinion on “East Sea was used for 2000 years’ because Korean insistence was only limited to the region and “Sea of Japan was unique term generalized throughout the world, which have used after 19th century in the region.” and dispute against Korean title “The term Sea of Japan was advertised as a result of Japanese expansionism or colonial rule” on the basis of majority of many 19th century old maps entitled Sea of Japan. This paper aims enlighten the purpose and how the meaning of ‘Sea of Japan’ started to call from the beginning of 19th century out of statistical dispute about the sea region by western maps to criticize Japan MOFA’s insist. This paper concluded that ‘Sea of Japan’ was used as territorial meaning of ‘inner Japan sea’ or ‘Japanese territorial waters’ instead of ‘international waters’ along with purposing the meaning as Japanese expansionism and colonial rule on Korea and more Asian continent. The result of the summary goes,First, The Sea of Japan during Edo era meant east side of Japan, which started to call by Western people. Second, rising recognition on the sea area by modern Imperialism have changed meaning of the sea from the place of exchange and trade to the sea of emperor or colony as territorial meaning in Japan. So, Japan as a late Imperialist started to use the name ‘Japanese Western Sea’ or ‘Sea of Japan’ on the western sea area of Japan. Third, modern International Law of the Sea made Japan to support positive fishery activity around the sea because the International Law of the Sea admits the territorial judgments on the basis of customary fishery activity and performance around the sea. That was the reason why Japan wanted to call ‘Sea of Japan’ for the purpose of territorial sea sovereignty around the East Sea as international waters considering Japanese fisher’s activity range in the region to aim ‘Japanese sea territory’. Furthermore, Japan tried to recognize the mid sea area between Korea mainland and Japan to call ‘Sea of Japan’ along with the annexation of Formosa, Pescdores, and Choseon as colony. In this point, the name of ‘Sea of Japan’ was well announced as the result of the Japanese expansionism and colonial rule. Fourth, I insist the decision of 1929 International Hydrographic Organization(IHO) call ‘Sea of Japan’ which might imagine ‘Japanese territory’ or ‘inner Japan sea’ between Korea and Japan without considering historical situation was wrong and should use parallel term East Sea/Sea of Japan at least.

Detection of Helicobacter pylori in Gastric Aspirates Using a Monoclonal Antibody-Based Test

김호동,김도현,박혁,김우종,안용수,이영직,박선미,서은선,박철,김양호,김형락,주영은,정영도 거트앤리버 소화기연관학회협의회 2013 Gut and Liver Vol.7 No.1

Background/Aims: The objective of this study was to evaluate a monoclonal antibody-based test to detect Helicobacter pylori-specific antigen in gastric aspirates from humans. Methods: Sixty-one volunteers were enrolled in the study. All of the subjects underwent a 13C-urea breath test (UBT) before esophagogastroduodenoscopy. Gastric aspirates were analyzed for pH and ammonia and used for polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and monoclonal antibody-based detection of H. pylori. Multiple biopsies of the gastric antrum and body were obtained for a rapid urease test (RUT) and histological evaluation. Results: Thirty-six subjects were H. pylori-positive and 25 were H. pylori-negative according to the UBT results. Compared with the H. pylori-negative subjects, H. pylori-positive subjects had a higher pH (4.77±1.77 vs 3.49±1.30, p<0.05) and ammonia level (1,130.9±767.4 vs 184.2±126.3, p<0.0001). The sensitivities and specificities of the PCR test, RUT, culture test, and monoclonal antibody-based test were 100% and 72%, 89% and 100%, 47% and 100%, and 78% and 100%, respectively. Conclusions: The monoclonal antibody-based test for diagnosing H. pylori infection in gastric aspirates has increased sensitivity compared with the culture test and specificity as high as that of the RUT. The test may be useful as an additive test for examining gastric aspirates.

CMSMPR 결정화기의 결정화속도에 대한 연구

김호동,박효식,신영준,이철수 한국화학공학회 1985 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.23 No.3

CMSMPR 結晶化器에서 NaCl-에탄올-물 염석계의 結晶化速度를 연구하였다. 定常狀態에서의 結晶粒度分布를 population 收支式으로부터 계산하여 成長速度와 核生成速度를 구하였으며 臨界攪拌速度와 RPM의 영향을 알 수 있도록 攪拌速度를 변화시켰다. 成長速度는 過飽和度에 비례하였으며 臨界攪拌速度이상에서 核生成速度는 RPM의 3.2승에 비례하는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 二次核生成의 영향이 지배적이었다. The Kinetic equations were experimentally studied for a salting out system of NaCl brine and ethanol using CMSMPR (Continuous Mixed Suspension Mixed Product Removal) crystallizer. Experiment was carried out in the steady state with varying agitator speed to establish the critical agitator speed and RPM dependence on the nucleation late. While growth rate was found to be proportional to the supersaturation, beyond the critical agitator speed the nucleation rate was found to be proportional to 0.8 power of supersaturation and to suspension density and to 3.2 power of RPM.

Bisphenol-A계 Polybenzoxazine의 내산성에 관한 연구

김호동,Kim, Ho-Dong 한국섬유공학회 2005 한국섬유공학회지 Vol.42 No.3

The chemical stability of typical polybenzoxazines based on bisphenol-A and epoxy/novolac resins has been studied. Using proton nuclear magnetic resonance ('H-NMR) spectroscopic analysis of the polybenzoxazine model dimers, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and fourier transformed infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy of the residue degraded from 2,2-bis(3,4-dihydro-3-methyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazine)propane (B A-m) polybenzoxazine, it is proposed that the basicity of the primary amines play an important role in the interactions which take place between the acid and polybenzoxazine. The stability of 2,2-bis(3,4-dihydro-3-phenyl-2H-1,3-benzoxazine)propane (BA-a) polybenzoxazine in various acids is superior to the stability of other resins including Novolac.

동해안지역 구비문학의 역사성

김호동 영남대학교 민족문화연구소 2003 민족문화연구총서 Vol.28 No.-

NaCl - KCl - Methanol - Water 계의 NaCl 활동도 계수에 관한 실험적 연구

김호동,이철수,심연식 한국화학공학회 1991 Korean Chemical Engineering Research(HWAHAK KONGHA Vol.29 No.5

25℃의 NaCl-KCl-Methanol-Water계에서 NaCl의 활동도 계수를 이온 선택 전극을 이용하여 혼합전해질의 농도 1 ㏖/㎏까지 실험적으로 구하고 그 결과를 제시하였다. 예상 최대 실험오차는 5%이고 문헌의 저농도 데이터와 공통 농도 범위에서 비교적 잘 일치하였다. 또한 김과 이[1]의 혼합 강전해질-혼합 용매계에 대한 열역학 모델의 계산 결과는 실험치와 2% 내에서 일치하였다. Activity coefficient of NaCl in NaCl-KCl-Methanol-Water System was measured at 25℃ up to the total electrolyte concentration of 1 ㏖/㎏ using ion selective electrodes. The maximum error expected was 5% and the experimental results showed close agreements with published data at low concentrations. Also calculated results by Kim and Lee's thermodynamic model[1] agreed with the experimental data within 2% error.