남명(南冥) 조식(曺植)의 치국론(治國論)과 의미 -상소문(上疏文)을 중심으로-

김강식 ( Kim Kang-sik ) 南冥學硏究院 2018 南冥學 Vol.23 No.-

조선중기의 성리학 체계화 과정에서 사상에서는 의리와 실천을 강조하고, 정치에서는 현실의 모순에 대해 타협을 거부하며 적극적인 개혁을 주장한 南冥 曺植은 비판적 지식인이자 전형적인 處士였다. 이에 16세기의 현실 모순을 정확하게 인식하고, 현실정치에 대한 개혁책이 적극적으로 담겨 있는 남명의 4차례의 上疏를 토대로 남명의 정치 현실에 대한 治國論을 살펴보았다. 이를 위해서 남명의 치국론을 정치의 영역을 크게 지방정치와 중앙정치로 나누어서 살펴보았다. 남명의 치국론의 중요성은 지방정치에서 찾을 수 있다. 남명은 현실 정치에 나아가지 않았지만, 16세기의 사회경제적 변화 속에서 자신이 거주하던 지역사회의 안정이 필요하였다. 이에 재지사족이 향촌통제책을 행사할 수 있는 향촌자치론이 남명에게도 필요하였다. 남명의 문인들에 의해서 일어났던 毁家黜鄕은 이런 모습을 보여준다. 아울러 재지 지주였던 양반의 입장에서 농경지의 경작을 위한 농민 계층의 안정이 필요하였는데, 이것은 조세제도의 공정성을 유지하고 부정을 방지하여 향민의 안정을 꾀해야 한다는 향민보호론으로 나타났다. 한편 남명은 조선중기의 절대군주제를 인정하고 君臣共治를 통해서 중앙의 정치가 안정되어야 한다고 보았다. 남명은 먼저 군주의 수신과 덕치를 이상으로 하는 성학군주론을 주장하였다. 아울러 군주의 정치가 원활하게 집행되기 위해서 수령과 향리의 엄정한 선택과 부정·비리를 막을 수 있는 장치가 작동할 수 있는 행정체계론을 지지하였는데, 특히 인재의 등용을 중시하였다. 결론적으로 남명의 치국론은 지방과 중앙 정치의 영역에 맞게 주장되었다. 먼저 중앙정치에서는 위정자의 올바른 처신과 역할, 위정자의 수신과 솔선수범, 위정자와 신료들과의 소통의 중요성, 제도 시행의 엄정성, 국방의 자위성 확보와 주체적인 외교 문제였다. 지방정치에서는 향촌자치, 목민관의 솔선수범, 백성의 민생 안정, 관료의 부정부패와 비리 척결, 상하의 소통문제였다. 남명은 시대정신에 따라 만들어진 정치형태를 부정과 편법을 통해 왜곡시키지 않고 올바른 방향으로 시행해 나가는 것이 현실 개혁의 방향이라고 보았다. Confusion scholar culture emerged in the 16th century during the early Chosun period, which was at ransition period for this new social system. The political and social mainstream considered rule by Neo-Confucianism to be ideal and suggested measures for its practice. Nammyeong Jo Sik(1501~1572) lived in a time of faction politics and purge of scholars during which Neo-Confucian political order was being established. Although Nammyeong Jo Sik did not enter political reality, he did not turn away from realistic politics (realpolitik). He was an active reality reformer, which was evident by his four public appeals for the reform of realistic politics. Nammyeong claimed through his appeals that fundamental adaptations to circumstances, rather than temporary stopgap measures were necessary for the reform of reality. Nammyeong’s principle of governing in central politics emphasized political initiatives, communication and decision making, exactness in implementation of policies, securing autonomy in self-defense, and independent diplomacy. In regional politics, he emphasized regional autonomy, the leading by example of governors, security of the livelihood of commoners, eradication of corruption of bureaucrats, and communication among the ranks. Nammyeong’s principle of governing transcends time as it still carries importance today. Nammyeong’s principle of governing can be divided into the local politics and central politics.

가축에 대한 볏짚사료이용 증진에 관한 연구 제4보 볏짚의 소화율을 지배하는 구조 탄수화물의 영향

김강식,아부량,굴정청,구강훤일 ( Kang Sik Kim,Akira Abe,Satoshi Horii,Kenichi Kameoka ) 한국축산학회 1976 한국축산학회지 Vol.18 No.3

In order to investigate the factors suppressing the digestibility of rice straw the study was carried out for searching the effects influencing the digestibility of structural carbohydrates in roughages. Employing Italian ryegrass, oat hay, rice straw and alkali treated rice straw as basic materials for neutral detergent fiber (NDF), in vivo digestion trial by goat, in vitro digestion study by unification of the nitrogen level, and the hydrolysis experiment with 5% sulfate solution were conducted. The experimental results obtained are as follows: 1. The crystalization rates of hexosan in experimental materials by dilute acid hydrolysis were very high, those in rice straw, Italian ryegrass and oat hays were similar each other and that is alkali-treated rice straw showed 6% more than those in the others. 2. The relationship between crystalization rate of hexosan (X) and L-cellulose content in structural carbohydrates (Y) showed the equation of X=1.365Y. 3. The crystalization rate by dilute acid hydrolysis, L-cellulose contents, and the other factors as the polymerization quality of structural carbohydrates did not affect the digestibility of roughages, however it was considered that those influenced the initial reaction rate. 4. The content of L-cellulose in rice straw was higher than those in the other hays. Especially the content of L-cellulose in alkali-treated rice straw was higher by nearly 7% than those in the others. 5. The high correlationship between in vivo NDF digestibility and NDF-lignin content in material and between the former and NDF-lignin+NDF-ash remained were recognized.

임진왜란기 襄武公 金太虛의 활동과 의미

김강식(Kim, Kang-Sik) 부산대학교 한국민족문화연구소 2018 한국민족문화 Vol.67 No.-

임진왜란의 극복은 많은 인물들의 활약이 있었기 때문에 가능하였다. 임진왜란 후에 선정된 宣武原從功臣 9,060여 명의 명단을 통해서도 알 수 있다. 이 가운데 임진왜란 시기에 활동했던 그들의 업적이 제대로 알려져 있는 사례는 아직까지 제한적이다. 임진왜란 때 밀양 출신으로 울산을 중심으로 많은 전공을 세운 襄武公 金太虛의 경우도 마찬가지다. 임진왜란 시기에 양무공 김태허의 활동은 밀양에서의 창의 이후, 울산 지역 관군의 장으로서 전투 참전과 지휘, 적정의 정탐 활동과 정보 수집과 보고, 군수 지원으로 정리할 수 있다. 울산군은 임진왜란 이후 울산부로 승격되는데, 그 중심에는 울산군수 김태허의 활약이 있었다. 임진왜란 중 대부분의 시기에 일본군은 동남해안에 쌓은 倭城에 주둔하여 근거를 마련하고서 인근 지역을 약탈하면서 주둔하고 있었다. 이에 조선군도 일본군에 대한 상시적인 대비를 통해서 방어를 해야만 했다. 때문에 울산 지역은 임진왜란 전 시기에 걸쳐서 최전선이었다. 당시 울산에서는 김태허가 울산 군수로서 실질적인 역할을 수행하였는데, 그는 관군과 의병을 통괄하면서 효율적인 전투를 수행하여 많은 전공을 세웠다. 양무공 김태허가 임진왜란 시기에 세운 전공은 전쟁 전후에 관직의 제수, 포상과 현창의 과정을 통해서 공식적으로 인정받았다. 그것은 전공에 대한 여러 차례의 陞差, 功臣의 선정, 祠宇의 건립, 諡號의 하사로 이어졌다. 이런 조치들을 통해서 양무공 김태허는 전쟁 이후에 지역사회에서도 鄕案에 入錄되었으며, 읍지의 인물조와 충렬조에 기재되면서 공적으로 인정되고 기억되어 나갔다. The activities and exploits of many heroes led the triumph in the Imjin War. There are 9,060 names of people who are selected after the Imjin War and registered in the Certificate of Meritorious Subjects, for having rendered distinguished services during the Imjin War. The cases of which their activities and exploits made during the Imjin War are reported extremely limited. The same happens to Yangmugong(襄武公) General Kim Tae-heo(金太虛), who is from Miryang and performed meritorious deeds during the war, mainly around Ulsan. The activities of Yangmugong Kim Tae-heo during the Imjin War can be summarized as follows: After organizing a militia in Miryang, he participated in the battle and led the battle as the head of the region soldier unit of Ulsan. He was engaged in spying the enemies and reporting, and carried out support for munitions. After the Imjin War, the solider unit of Ulsan was raised to the division of Ulsan. This was the achieved by the exploits of Yangmugong Kim Tae-heo. During the most of the period of the Imjin War, the Japanese forces stationed at the Japanese Fortress built by the southeastern coast and practiced plunder. Before this situation, the Joseon forces had to defend the country, by making permanent preparation against the Japanese forces. In Ulsan, Yangmugong Kim Tae-heo played a practical role as a County governor of Ulsan. In quality of County governor, he controlled the region soldier unit and militia during the Imjin War, facilitating the efficiency of the war. The meritorious services made by Yangmugong Kim Tae-heo during the Imjin War were officially recognized through the process of being appointed in the official position, reward and citation. The recognition was connected to many processes of advancement(promotion), selection as a Meritorious Subject, foundation of his ritual temple, and offer of the posthumous title as a meritorious subject. Through such measures, Yangmugong Kim Tae-heo was officially registered in the Record of Hyangan(鄕案) in the local community after the war, and his name maintains remembered.

임진왜란 시기 경상우도의 의병 조직의 변화와 의미

김강식 ( Kim Kang Sik ) 부경역사연구소 2001 지역과 역사 Vol.- No.9

The change of the system of the Volunteer Corps in Kyoungsang-uhdo during Japanese Invasion was related to the characteristic change of the Volunteer Corps movement. The Volunteer Corps organization went through the processes : 1) the formation stage as a homeland reserve corps, its force was very weak, 2) the early stage of Volunteer Corps movement, formally build up the organization, 3) a dual system stage, organized with government army. Fist, The troops of Cheon, Chi-Weon(全致遠) and Lee, Dae-Ki (李大期) represented the early form of the Volunteer Corps organization. The participants who were in Chokye helped by Kasu(假帥) Kwag, Youl(郭). In the early, those principally acted in homeland, and then were partially enlisted in the troops of Kim, Myoun(金沔) who was the Volunteer Corps’general of Kyoungsang-uhdo and Chung, In-Hong. So those didn’t appeared independently in letter period. Second, Chung, In-Hong(鄭仁弘)’s troop organized early Volunteer Corps by May, and from this time developed the independent Volunteer Corps movement on the base of the powerful control of the village society. Since then, he denied government post and became the general of the homeland reserve corps uniquely in Kyoungsang-uhdo when the Japanese Invasion of 1597. Third, The troop of Kim, Myoun was organized by may in 1592. And in latter period it controlled volunteers totally in Kyoungsang-uhdo and became government army. The prominent Volunteer Corps’ generals enlisted in it. They in the early led independently homeland reserve corps or volunteers. Kim, Myoun’s troop was led by persons in Koryoung and Geochnag, and later volunteers and government army everywhere in Kyoungsang-uhdo participated in it. And the troop of Kwag, Jae-Woo(郭再祐) acted as independent Volunteer Corps by April in 1592. Kwag, Jae-Woo totally controlled volunteers in Kyoungsang-uhdo after Kim, Myoun’s dead. The personal formation of the troop of Kwag, Jae-Wook also was expanded districts from Uiryeong to Changyeong. Because he became Kyoungsang-geoabyoungsa(慶尙左兵使), and acted as the general of government army. Kwag, Jae-Woo commanded government army at the battle of Whawangsansung in the Japanese Invasion of 1597(丁酉再亂). So, in the latter of the organization, many persons from various districts participated in it. Finally, The meaning of the changes of each Volunteer Corps organizations is the fact that Volunteer Corps was constituted individually, but after the government army was equiped, to the dynasty the control of became a crucial task. Therefore the government dispersed and grasped the Volunteer Corps through Kim, Myoun and Kwag, Jae-Woo. Consequently, in 1592, the number of volunteers in Kyoungsang-uhdo was decreased. Meanwhile, the Volunteer Corps received government aids, and became quasi-government army. Because the number was increased, and so the provisions was short. That just weakened the individuality of the Volunteer Corps. According to the disposal of the Volunteer Corps, people in Kyoungsang-uhdo became brigand or surrendered to the Japanese army. And the lower class of the Volunteer Corps lost one’s character as a warrior who fought for the nation, and were enlisted in government army, or went back to soil.

기획논문 : 역사 속의 고령과 고령 사람들 ; 임진왜란 시기 고령 지역의 의병운동과 의미

김강식 ( Kang Sik Kim ) 경북대학교 퇴계연구소 2008 퇴계학과 유교문화 Vol.42 No.-

일반적으로 임진왜란으로 불리고 있는 임진왜란은 크게 세 시기로 구분된다. 그것은 임진왜란 개전기, 강화회담 시기, 정유재란 시기로 나눌 수 있다. 본고에서는 이러한 시기구분에 따라서 임진왜란 시기에 경상우도의 전략적 요충이었던 고령 지역에서 의병운동을 통해서 전란을 극복하는 모습을 살펴보았다. 첫째, 임진왜란 시기에 고령 지역은 일본군의 침입 중로에 위치하여 초기부터 침입을 당한 지역이었다. 이에 고령 지역의 민들은 임진왜란 개전기에는 낙동강을 건너 전라도로 진격하려는 일본군을 차단하였으며, 전쟁 소강기에는 후퇴하는 일본군과 추격하는 명나라 및 조선군의 주둔지와 전쟁터였으며, 정유재란기에도 주요 전쟁터였다. 둘째, 고령 지역에서는 임진왜란을 방어하기 위해서 재지사족과 민들에 의해서 일찍부터 의병운동이 활발하게 전개되었다. 임진왜란 전 수령의 부정과 조세제도의 모순으로 관주도의 항쟁은 불가능하였다. 이에 고령 지역의 의병운동은 재지사족들의 기반에 터전하여 전개되었다. 임진왜란 전후에 고령향안에 등장하는 인물들이 의병운동을 주도하였으며, 그들은 향촌사회의 경제적 기반을 의병운동의 군사와 군량으로 내어 놓았다. 그리고 사상적으로는 敬과 義를 강조한 남명 조식의 학풍을 수용한 고령 지역의 제자들이 적극적으로 활동하였다. 셋째, 고령 지역에서 전개된 의병운동은 초기와 후기로 구분하여 살펴볼 수 있다. 초기 의병은 박정완 등의 의병장들이 각기 생활 근거지 주위에서 독자적으로 활동하다 1592년 5월부터 김면 군으로 조직화되었다. 후기 의병은 김면이 義兵都大將이 된 이후로 전투는 소강상태였으나, 고령 지역은 경상우도의 의병을 총괄하는 김면과 고령 지역을 관할하는 정인홍이 활동하면서 경상도 전체의 의병을 주도하였다. 한편 고령 지역의 의병운동은 활동 영역이 초기에는 고령 중심의 지역방위군을 형성하여 낙동강과 인근 지역을 방어하였으나, 후기에는 김면의 휘하에서 경상우도 전 지역을 대상으로 하면서 광범위한 활동을 하였다. 임진왜란 시기에 고령 지역에서 지속된 의병운동은 재지사족들과 민들의 생활 터전을 지켜냈으며, 일본군을 격퇴할 수 있는 거점으로서의 역할을 하였다. 의병 해체 후에도 고령 지역의 민들은 귀농하여 농사를 지음으로써 명군과 관군에 군량을 조달하는 국가 회복의 중추로서 역할을 하였다. The war, generally called the Japanese Invasion, could been divided into three periods, the Japanese Invasion of 1592, peace negotiations, the Japanese Invasion of 1598. This article aimed to examine the volunteer army during the Japanese Invasion of 1592~1598 and its meaning in Goryoung. First, the strategic position of Goryoung was very important during the Japanese Invasion of 1592~1598. The Volunteer Corps stirred up fighting spirit of our forces by cutting off the marching into Honam(湖南) of the Japanese army, so that the fighting power of Japan was scattered because of the transport-rout securing tactics from behind by her army. Second, I examined the ground and organization of the Volunteer Corps in Goryoung. We have to understand the ground in terms of the historical contexts. Especially, in the contexts of thought history we need to come close to Neo-Confucian schoars which is leading group of the Volunteer Corps movement. Among the elements of Neo-Confucianism, there is a respect for Piety(敬) and righteousness(義), a critique of reality, an emphasis of practice, and so on which are the characters of the Nammyoughag(南冥學) and something to be connected with Volunteer Corps movement at the same time. But the true meaning of these systems was that the local magnates conceded to people somehow. There were the Local Agency(留鄕所), Village code(鄕約), Neighborhodkye(洞契) which were the local systems before the Japanese Invasion of 1592~1598. Thank to them, the Volunteer Corps was organized and formed with ease. In the economic side, as the local magnates held slaves and property, it was possible to recruit and maintain the Volunteer Corps during war. The magnate families possessed slaves about 200 and land about 1,000 patch of field. I can confirmed that with a slave-documents and cadsters. Third, the troop of Kim, Myoun(金沔) was organized by may in 1592. And in latter period it controlled volunteers totally in Gyoungsang-uhdo(慶尙右道) and became government army. The prominent Volunteer Corps generals enlisted in it. They in the early led independently homeland reserve corps or volunteers. Kim, Myoun’s troop was led by persons in Goryoung and Geochnag, and later volunteers and government army everywhere in Gyoungsang-uhdo participated in it. And the troop of Kwag, Jae-Woo(郭再祐) acted as independent Volunteer Corps by April in 1592. Kwag, Jae-Woo totally controlled volunteers in Gyoungsang-uhdo after Kim, Myoun’s dead. The personal formation of the troop of Kwag, Jae-Wook also was expanded districts from Uiryeong(宜寧) to Changyeong(昌寧). As mentioned above I researched the historical meaning of the Volunteer Corps movement in Goryoung. The movement succeeded in the side of anti-foreign power movement. And the Volunteer Corps movement contributed to the developing of history as the action of demanding the transformation of feudal society.

변혁적 리더십과 부하의 혁신행동의 관계

김강식 ( Kang-sik Kim ) 한국질서경제학회 2011 질서경제저널 Vol.14 No.3

본 연구는 변혁적 리더십이 부하의 변화의지와 혁신행동에 영향을 미치는 지를 조사하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 선행연구를 중심으로 한 이론 연구를 통하여 다음의 가설들을 수립하였다. 가설 1: 리더의 변혁적 리더십은 부하의 혁신행동과 정(+)의 관계에 있다. 가설 2: 부하의 변화의지는 변혁적 리더십과 부하의 혁신행동 사이에서 매개작용을 할 것이다. 가설 3: 부하의 주도성 풍토 지각은 변혁적 리더십과 부하의 혁신행동간 관계를 조절할 것이다. 이상의 가설을 검증하기 위하여 자동차업체에 종사하는 270명의 직원을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 변혁적 리더십은 부하의 혁신행동과 정(+)의 관계에 있는 것으로 나타났다(가설 1). 그리고 혁신의지는 변혁적 리더십과 부하의 혁신행동 사이에 매개작용을 하는 것으로 확인되었다(가설 2). 마지막으로 부하의 주도성 풍토 지각은 변혁적 리더십과 부하의 혁신행동 사이의 긍정적 관계를 조절하는 것으로 나타났다(가설 3). 본 연구는 다음의 시사점을 제공한다. 첫째, 기존에 연구가 거의 이루어지지 않았던 변혁적 리더십과 부하의 혁신행동을 조사한 것 자체에 어느 정도의 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다. 둘째, 변혁적 리더십이 부하의 혁신행동에 관계가 있다는 연결 메커니즘을 이해하는데 일정 부분 기여한다. 셋째, 기업 실무에 있어서 부하의 혁신행동을 촉진하는 방법에 대한 시사점을 제공한다. 넷째, 기업에게 있어서 구성원에 대한 변혁적 리더십의 훈련에 투자해야 할 것을 제시하며 또한 혁신을 실행하기 전에 이에 맞는 리더십을 가진 상사를 선발하는 것이 중요하다는 점을 제시한다. This study addresses the research question of whether transformational leadership influences followers’ commitment to change and thereby facilitates followers’ innovation implementation behavior, depending on the level of their perceived climate for initiative. Data were collected from a multinational automotive corporation. All employees in this sample held R&D jobs and were in lower and middle management positions. The questionnaire administration took place by e-mail contact. Employees received a link that allowed them to access the online questionnaire. It was found that transformational leadership is positively associated with followers’ innovation implementation behavior. It was also found that commitment to change plays a mediating role between transformational leadership and followers’ innovation implementation behavior. Finally, It was found that followers’ perceived climate for initiative moderates the positive relationship between transformational leadership and followers’ innovation implementation behavior. This study implies that there are two ways to increase followers’ innovation implementation behavior. First, given the consistent interactions between transformational leadership and perceived climate for initiative, it can be argued that systematic efforts to enhance individual perceptions of a climate for initiative is particularly important to companies that want to promote followers’ innovation implementation behavior. Second, the results also suggest that companies should invest in transformational leadership training and in the selection of supervisors with this leadership style before initiating the implementation of innovations.

최저임금 구분적용의 필요성 검토

김강식 ( Kang-sik Kim ) 한국질서경제학회 2019 질서경제저널 Vol.22 No.2

본 연구에서 최저임금 구분적용의 필요성과 타당성을 사업체 업종별, 규모별, 지역별, 근로자 연령별로 최저임금미만율을 중심으로 검토하였다. 그 결과 사업체 업종, 규모, 소재지역에 따라 경영사정과 수익성에 큰 차이가 있고, 특정 업종, 특정 규모, 특정 지역의 경우 현재의 최저임금 수준을 감당하는 것이 어려운 실정에 처해 있는 것이 확인되었다. 근로자 최저생활 보호라는 최저임금 본연의 목적과 현 최저임금의 높은 수준이 야기하는 문제점을 고려할 때, 이제 사업체와 근로자 사정에 맞게 최저임금을 규모별, 업종별, 지역별, 연령별로 구분 적용하는 것에 대한 진지한 검토가 필요하다. 다수 국가에서는 최저임금이 이미 업종, 지역, 근로자 연령별로 구분 적용되고 있다. 한국의 경우에도 과거에 사업체 업종, 규모, 근로자 연령별로 최저임금을 구분해서 결정한 적이 있다. 현 최저임금법에서도 업종별 구분적용은 허용되고 있다. 이러한 사정에 따라 최저임금 구분적용의 필요성과 타당성이 인정된다고 할 수 있다. 따라서 일단 현재의 법 테두리 안에서 가능한 업종별 구분적용을 실시해서 음식숙박업, 도소매업, 농림수산업 등 사정이 어려운 업종들을 고려하여 이들에 대해서 별도의 최저임금을 설정하고, 나아가 최저임금법을 개정하여 규모, 지역, 근로자 연령별 구분이 가능하도록 제도적 정비를 하는 것을 전향적으로 검토할 필요가 있다. In this study, the necessity and feasibility of the minimum wage differentiation were examined by focusing on the minimum wage underpayment by business sector, size, region, and age of workers. As a result, it has been confirmed that there is a great difference between the business situation and the profitability according to the business type, size, and region of the business, and it is found that it is very difficult to meet the current minimum wage level in a certain business type, Given the nature of the minimum wage of workers minimum protection and the problems caused by the current minimum wage level, it is now necessary to consider applying the minimum wage according to size, industry, region and age according to the business and workers' circumstances. In relation to this, the minimum wage is applied in many overseas countries by sector, region, and age group. In the case of Korea, too, it was determined by differentiating the minimum wage by industry type, size, and age of workers in the past. The current minimum wage law also permits the application of minimum wage by business sectors. The necessity and validity of the application of the minimum wage differentiation is recognized in accordance with this reason. It is recommended to apply the sectoral classification within the current legal framework. Accordingly, a differentiated minimum wage can be set, e.g. for the food industry, the wholesale and retail industry, and the agriculture, forestry and fishery industry, which are difficult to manage. Furthermore, it is necessary to revise the Minimum Wage Act to review institutional arrangements for business size, region, and age group of workers.

산업과 경영 : 근로자 경영참여: 이론과 실태

김강식 ( Kang Sik Kim ) 한국항공대학교 경영연구소 2004 경영연구 Vol.11 No.1

한국 산재보험제도의 개선방안

김강식(Kang Sik Kim) 한국항공대학교 경영연구소 2001 산업과 경영 Vol.8 No.1

麗·宋 시기의 海上航路의 형성과 활용

김강식(Kim, Kang-Sik) 한국해양대학교 국제해양문제연구소 2014 해항도시문화교섭학 Vol.0 No.11

The period when the maritime route was opened between Korea and China in the Yellow Sea was since the arising of the ancient nation. The necessity of a maritime route in the Yellow Sea is related to the mass transportation of freight. To properly understand the maritime route in the era of Koryo and Song Dynasty, it should be reviewed from the perspectives of the continuity of a maritime route and the use of the route. Firstly, the traverse maritime route of Koryo and Song Dynasty in Yellow Sea was a successor of a maritime route that had been developed and used since the ancient times. Therefore, rather than uniformly classifying the maritime route of Koryo and Song Dynasty into the times of North Song and South Song, it is appropriate to view that the route had a main route and a sub route depending on the specific period. Typically in the case of the traverse maritime route of Yellow Sea, in the time of Koryo and Song Dynasty, the route travelled across Dengzhou of Song, which was used since the era of Silla until that time, or through Mizhou, or even went to South Song of Ningbo across the Yellow Sea. Next, due to the growth of the Kitan in the time of Koryo and Song Dynasty, the southern route of Yellow Sea had been used as the main route since the year of 1088. Such fact is also described in detail in the like books of Koryo Dogyeong by Xu Jing. The reasons behind the development of the southern route of Yellow Sea include the economic development in the south region of the river in South Song and the need to sell various products in Koryo due to the aggressive trade policy of Song Dynasty. However, other than the traverse maritime route and the southern maritime route of Yellow Sea, the southern maritime route that travelled via Jeju Island also had an important function in the time of Koryo and Song Dynasty. The island that belonged to Korea since the ancient times had an important location not only in the exchange between Koryo and Song Dynasty, but also in the exchange between Japan and Song Dynasty. Jeju Island was not only a travel stop in the route or the supplier of drinking water, but also functioned as part of the southern maritime route that travelled to South Song via Jeju. In special, this route was a route that received attentions as a maritime route for emergency or private trade. Generally, the traverse route and the southern maritime route of Yellow Sea in the time of Koryo and Song Dynasty are understood in the way that the traverse maritime route of Yellow Sea was used but then the route was changed to the southern maritime route depending on the political and the diplomatic situations of the times of North Song and South Song. However, while the national envoys and public trades used fixed routes by changing them to reflect political situations, it should be seen that the merchants and the private trades still kept using the routes that had been used previously depending on their needs.