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수송용 연료간 경쟁심화 LPG자동차의 미래는 - LPG택시가 관건 $\cdots$ 에너지간 역할분담 유지돼야
김재형,Kim, Jae-Hyeong 한국LP가스공업협회 2011 LP가스 Vol.23 No.5
나름대로 탄탄대로를 걷던 LPG자동차시장에 심상치 않은 기운이 감지되고 있다. 그동안 꾸준히 증가하던 부탄소비량이 감소세로 들어섰으며 LPG자동차의 점유율도 뒷걸음질치고 있기 때문이다. 중 소형 자동차시장은 그동안 휘발유와 경유, LPG로 대변됐지만 고유가와 새로운 기술의 등장으로 CNG차, 전기차 등의 진입이 더욱 빠르게 진행되고 있다. LPG충전업계의 한 관계자는 "LPG업계가 방심하다가는 LPG자동차시장이 붕괴될 수 있는 중요한 시점"이라며 "나는 괜찮겠지 하는 안일한 생각을 하면 급변하는 수송용 시장에서 LPG가 설자리가 없어질 수 있다"고 말했다. 이처럼 부탄자동차시장에 대해 우려 섞인 목소리를 하고 있는 실정에서 왜 이 같은 분위기가 형성되고 있는지 알아보기 위해 부탄소비량 현황, LPG자동차 등록대수, 위협요소, 향후 전망 등을 보다 면밀히 알아본다.
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김재형,김병국,최홍란 전남대학교 치과대학 2000 전남치대논문집 Vol.12 No.1
The purpose of this study was to identify the difference of vertical movement of mandible according to Angle's molar relationship and by skeletal factors affect to vertical movement of mandible. 172(age ranged from 20 to 30) subjects who go to college within territory of Kwangju city without any experience of temporomandibular disorder, extraction and orthodontic treatment. were selected for this study. The subjects were classified into class Ⅰ(male :30, female:49), class Ⅱ(male:18, female:24) and class Ⅲ(male:18, female:33) according to Angle's molar relationship. The distance was measured between incisal edge of maxillary and mandibular central incisor and between bottom of central fossa of maxillary and mandibular 1st molar with ruler. The arch length and width were measured on diagnostic cast. Cephalometrics were taken and then traced. Landmarks were identified and analyzed. The following results were obtained: 1. Maximal interincisal opening of male is larger than that of female in class Ⅰ, class Ⅱ and class Ⅲ. Among each group maximal interincisal distance is the largest in class Ⅲ. Maximal intermolar distance of male is superior to that of female in class Ⅰ, class Ⅱ, and class Ⅲ, but there is no siginficant difference among them. 2. On maximal opening movement of Angle's classification class Ⅰ and class Ⅱ, total mandibular length, mandibular ramal length, madibular inferior border length and upper arch width were important variables and facial length, upper arch length and lower arch length had negative relationship to that. On maximal opening movement of Angle's class Ⅲ, the upper arch length, the lower arch length and anterior facial length were important variables especially when compared with class Ⅰ and Ⅱ, and upper arch width had negative relationship. These results suggest that maximal opening movement is affected by facial morphology in all of Angle's class Ⅰ, class Ⅱ and class Ⅲ, but each group is affected by different facial skeletal variables. Accordingly, facioskeletal variables are considered for diagnosis and treatment to improve the amount of mouth opening.
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소유역량의 홍수유출계산을 위한 단일선형 저수지 모형의 적용
김재형,윤용남 한국수자원학회 1986 물과 미래(한국수자원학회지) Vol.19 No.1
본 연구는 소하천유역으로 부터의 홍수유출계산을 위한 단일선형저수지 모형의 적용 타당성을 조사하기 위한 것이다. 지금까지의 유역추적모형에서는 모형의 지배변수인 저장변수(storage coefficient)를 유역특성인자와의 상관관계식으로부터 결정하여 사용하는 것이 보통이었으나 본 연구에서는 유역특성인자 뿐만 아니라 강우특성인자도 상관관계에 포함시켜 복합회귀식에 의해 계산된 저장상수를 사용하여 단일 선형저수지 모형으로 계산한 홍수유출수문곡선을 측정 수문곡선과 비교함으로써 단일 선형저수지 모형의 타당성을 검토하였으며 기타 유출모형인 Clark 방법, Nash 모형 및 Nakayasu의 종합단일도법에 의한 홍수유출계산방법 등에 의한 결과와도 비교 검토하였다.본 연구의 결과로 단일선형저수지 모형은 유역면적이 작은 경우에 대체로 정확한 결과를 주나 유역면적이 커지면 정확성이 떨어지고 오히려 Clark 방법에 의한 유출계산이 실측치에 더 가까운 결과를 줌을 알 수 있었다. 그러한 전술한 바 저장변수를 위한 복합방정식ㅇ르 배수면적이 큰 유역의 자료로부터 도출하여 사용하면 큰 유역의 홍수유출 계산을 위해서도 단일선형저수지 모형을 적용할 수 있을것으로 판단되었다. The purpose of this study was to investigate the applicability of Single Linear Reservoir (SLR) model for runoff computations of small river basins in Korea. In the existing watershed flood routing methods the storage coefficient(K), which is the dominant parameter in the model, has been proposed to be computed in terms of the wqtershed characteristics. However, in the prsent study, the rainfall characteristics in addition to the watershed characteristics were taken into account in the multiple regression analysis for more accurate estimation of storage coefficient. The parameters finally adopted for the regressions were the drainge are, mean stream slope of the watershed, and the duration and total dffective amount of rainfalls. To verify the applicability of SLR model the computed results by SLR model with K determined by the regression equation were compared with the observed gydrographs, and also with those by other runoff computation methods; namely, the Clark method, nakayasu's synthetic unit hydrograph method and Nash model. The results showed that the present zSLR model gave the best results among these methods in the case of small river basins, but for the whatersheds with significant draingage area the Clark method gave the best results. However, it was speculated that the SLR model could also be accurately applied for flood compuatation in large wagersheds provided that the regression for storage coefficients were made with the actual data obtained in the large river basins.
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Pulsed Nd:YAG 레이저의 조사거리에 따른 상아질의 온도변화
김재형,기우천 전남대학교 치과대학 1995 전남치대논문집 Vol.7 No.1
In order to observe the influence of Pulsed Nd : YAG laser at its out-of-contact with dentin on tooth temperature, we have applied pulsed Nd : YAG laser to 2mm thick dentin sample at a point of contact and from a distance of 1mm, 2mm, 3mm and 4mm with an energy of 0.3W, 0.5W, 0.8W, 1.0W, 1.5W and 2.0W. They were exposed to periods of 3 seconds, 6 seconds, 9 seconds, 12 seconds and 15 seconds respectively and measured temperature changes. The results as follows ; 1. When the time and the intensity of power were constant, the temperature changes on dentin of tooth depended on the distance. The temperature increased when the laser intensity increased but two other conditions were constant. 2. At the point of contact, the temperature has risen over 5℃ regardless of intensity of the power or the time. However, there was 5℃ fluctuation with 0.3W for 3 seconds treatment. 3. The temperature change was less than 5℃ thermal change at the distance of 1mm and 2mm respectively when lased for 3 seconds, 6 seconds, 12 seconds and 15 seconds with 0.3W. Similar results were observed at 3 and 6 seconds treatment with 0.5W and at 3 seconds treatment with 0.8 and 1.0W respectively. 4. It showed less than 5℃ thermal change when lased for 3 seconds, 6 seconds, 9 seconds, 12 seconds and 15 seconds with 0.3W at the distance of 3mm and 4mm. The same results were seen in 3 seconds, 6 seconds and 9 seconds treatment with 0.5W and in 3 seconds with 0.8W and 1.0W respectively. As we have seen the above, the results has indicated that pulsed Nd : YAG lasing at its off contact on dentin of 2mm thickness will not cause irreversible change if lasing intensity, lasing distance and lasing time are appropriate.
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