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고전적으로 조건화된 해마 신경다단위활동의 적핵 손상후 변화
류재욱,조선영,김현택 한국심리학회 한국심리학회지 생물 및 생리 Vol.7 No.1
토끼의 순막 고전적 조건화동인 해마에서 기록되는 신경다단위활동은 학습이 진행되는 동안 조건반응의 출현을 앞서서 예고해주는 식으로 변화해간다. 학습과 관련된 이러한 해마의 신경반응은 순막 고전적 조건화에 결정적인 뇌구조물로 알려져있는 소뇌 중간핵을 필요로 한다. 즉 소뇌 중간핵을 손상시키면 해마의 신경반응은 조건화되지 않으며 이미 조건화되었던 신경반응도 사라진다. 그러나 소뇌 중간핵은 학습과 연관된 신경가소성이 형성되는 신경구조물중의 하나인 까닭에, 소뇌 중간핵을 손상한 경우에는 소뇌의 신경가소성이 수립되지 않으므로, 해마에 미치는 영향이 어떤 신경적 경로를 통해 일어나는지 설명하기가 곤란하다. 본 연구에서는 소뇌 중간핵의 주요 원심성 구조물인 적핵을 손상한 후 해마에서 학습과 관련된 신경반응이 발달하는지를 살펴보았다. 적핵을 손상하면 행동적 조건반응은 나타나지 않지만 소뇌 중간핵의 조건화된 신경반응은 발달하므로, 학습은 이루어지지만 행동적 조건반응의 수행이 차단되는 경우라고 볼 수 있다. 조건화 이전에 우측 적핵을 전해질 손상시킨 토끼들은 좌측 순막조건화훈련(CS:550ms 소리자극, US:100ms 공기분사, ISI:450ms) 8회기에 이르기까지 거의 행동적 조건반응을 보이지 않았으며, 조건자극 제시 기간동안 해마의 신경다단위활동 증가 또한 보이지 않았다. 훈련을 우측으로 전이시키지 행동적 조건반응의 출현과 함께 해마에서 학습과 관련된 신경반응을 보였다. 좌측으로 훈련을 재전이 시킬 경우 우측전이시에 발달한 해마반응과 행동반응은 다시 사라졌다. 이러한 결과는 소뇌로부터의 학습정보가 적핵을 통해서 해마의 조건화된 신경반응의 발달에 영향을 미침을 시사하며, 소뇌와 해마의 기능을 모사하는 인공신경망 연구에 위계적 모형을 제공해준다. Sears et al. showed that learning-related multiple unit activity (MUA) developing in the hippocampus during the classical conditioning of nictitating membrane response depends on the intactness of the cerebellar interpositus nucleus, that was confirmed by our recent study. The cerebellar interpositus nucleus is known to be an essential neural structure for this conditioning, and a place representing time-amplitude neural model of the conditioned response(CR). Lesioning the interpositus nucleus, therefore, abolishes the learning itself and as a result, the hippocampal MUA can not develop. In case the red nucleus, the principal output pathway of the interpositus nucleus is lesioned, the learning-related MUA in the interpositus nucleus can be recorded, which is possibly interpreted as the learning is established but the performance of CR is blocked. The present study was conducted to determine if the learning-related MUA could be developed in the hippocampus after lesioning the red nucleus, the target of the interpositus nucleus. Experimental rabbits were given unilateral electrolytic lesions of the red nucleus before the conditioning sessions (CS: 550msec tone, US: 100msec air puff, ISI: 450msec). Experimenal rabbits showed less than 8% CRs by the end of the 8th session, whereas the control animals showed on the average more than 80% CRs by the 4th session (F[1,10]=187.84,p<0.01). The control group showed typical increase of hippocampal MUA in the process of learning, while the group with the red nucleus lesion did not showed the increases of hippocampal MUA in the CS period(F[1,10]=10.67,p<0.05). These results suggest that the learning-related input from the interpositus nucleus via the red nucleus may play a critical role for the normal MUA development in the hippocampus.
이온화가스를 이용한 고농도 유기성 폐수처리에 관한 연구
정팔진,조선영,류재웅 全北大學校 附設 都市및環境硏究所 1999 都市 및 環境硏究 Vol.14 No.1
Livestock wastewater contains high organic and nutrient concentration, and its BOD, COD, SS are high. The treatment of two wastewater by biological method has some problems in the removal of nutrient and organic matter, so it needs for new treatment method. This study carried out concerned the treatment of live stock wastewater by plasma, with Lab scale and pilot scale test. Batch reactor was used in Lab scale test, total reaction time of high and low concentration wastewater was 32hr and 6hr respectively. Continuous reactor was used in pilot scale test, the system is consists of reactor, settling tank. The result of this experiment are summarized as following. · In the Lab scale test, Removal efficiency of COD, TN, TP, SS were around 70 ∼ 99%. · In pre-step, major removal effect is sedimentation and decomposition is major removal effect in post-step.
서울의 Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae 발생빈도(1998)
김재홍,김준호,반재용,이정우,황성주,정준규,정성태,강진문,조흔정,홍창의,정혜신,이한승,김이선,이봉길,이종호,선영우,한기덕,윤성필,이성훈,안종성,박석범,문승현,조항래,김형섭,류지호,황재영,박준홍,손상욱 한양대학교 의과대학 2001 한양의대 학술지 Vol.21 No.1
In recent years, gonorrhea has been pandemic and remains one of the most common STDs in the world, especially in developing countries. For the detection of a more effective therapeutic regimen and assessing the prevalence of Penicillinase Producing Neisseria gonorrhoeae(PPNG), we have been trying to study the patients who have visited the Venereal Disease Clinic of Choong-Ku Public Health Center in Seoul since 1980 by menas of the chromogenic cephalosporin method. In 1998, 93 strians of N. genorrhoeae were isolated, among which 60(64.5%) were PPNG. The prevalence of PPNG in Seoul, which had been decreased to 39% in 1996 after a peak of 74.3% in 1993, is increased to 64.5% in 1998.
Sun-Young Kim,Seon-Ju Yi,Young Seob Eum,Hae-Jin Choi,Hyesop Shin,Hyoung Gon Ryou,Ho Kim 환경독성보건학회 2014 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.29 No.-
Objectives : Cohort studies of associations between air pollution and health have used exposure prediction approaches to estimate individual-level concentrations. A common prediction method used in Korean cohort studies is ordinary kriging. In this study, performance of ordinary kriging models for long-term particulate matter less than or equal to 10 μm in diameter (PM<SUB>10</SUB>) concentrations in seven major Korean cities was investigated with a focus on spatial prediction ability. Methods : We obtained hourly PM<SUB>10</SUB> data for 2010 at 226 urban-ambient monitoring sites in South Korea and computed annual average PM<SUB>10</SUB> concentrations at each site. Given the annual averages, we developed ordinary kriging prediction models for each of the seven major cities and for the entire country by using an exponential covariance reference model and a maximum likelihood estimation method. For model evaluation, cross-validation was performed and mean square error and R-squared (R²) statistics were computed. Results : Mean annual average PM<SUB>10</SUB> concentrations in the seven major cities ranged between 45.5 and 66.0 μg/m³ (standard deviation=2.40 and 9.51 μg/m3, respectively). Cross-validated R² values in Seoul and Busan were 0.31 and 0.23, respectively, whereas the other five cities had R² values of zero. The national model produced a higher crossvalidated R² (0.36) than those for the city-specific models. Conclusions : In general, the ordinary kriging models performed poorly for the seven major cities and the entire country of South Korea, but the model performance was better in the national model. To improve model performance, future studies should examine different prediction approaches that incorporate PM<SUB>10</SUB> source characteristics.
Kim, Sun-Young,Yi, Seon-Ju,Eum, Young Seob,Choi, Hae-Jin,Shin, Hyesop,Ryou, Hyoung Gon,Kim, Ho The Korean Society of Environmental Toxicology 2014 환경독성보건학회지 Vol.29 No.-
Objectives Cohort studies of associations between air pollution and health have used exposure prediction approaches to estimate individual-level concentrations. A common prediction method used in Korean cohort studies is ordinary kriging. In this study, performance of ordinary kriging models for long-term particulate matter less than or equal to $10{\mu}m$ in diameter ($PM_{10}$) concentrations in seven major Korean cities was investigated with a focus on spatial prediction ability. Methods We obtained hourly $PM_{10}$ data for 2010 at 226 urban-ambient monitoring sites in South Korea and computed annual average $PM_{10}$ concentrations at each site. Given the annual averages, we developed ordinary kriging prediction models for each of the seven major cities and for the entire country by using an exponential covariance reference model and a maximum likelihood estimation method. For model evaluation, cross-validation was performed and mean square error and R-squared ($R^2$) statistics were computed. Results Mean annual average $PM_{10}$ concentrations in the seven major cities ranged between 45.5 and $66.0{\mu}g/m^3$ (standard deviation=2.40 and $9.51{\mu}g/m^3$, respectively). Cross-validated $R^2$ values in Seoul and Busan were 0.31 and 0.23, respectively, whereas the other five cities had $R^2$ values of zero. The national model produced a higher cross-validated $R^2$ (0.36) than those for the city-specific models. Conclusions In general, the ordinary kriging models performed poorly for the seven major cities and the entire country of South Korea, but the model performance was better in the national model. To improve model performance, future studies should examine different prediction approaches that incorporate $PM_{10}$ source characteristics.
수평형 지열히트펌프 시스템의 시설원예 냉난방 실증 효과
유영선(Ryou, Young-Sun),강연구(Kang, Youn-Ku),김영중(Kim, Young-Jung),강금춘(Kang, Keun-Chun) 한국신재생에너지학회 2008 한국신재생에너지학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2008 No.05
Geothermal heat pump systems use the earth as a heat source in heating mode and a heat sink in cooling mode. These systems can be used for heating or cooling systems in farm facilities such as greenhouses for protected horticulture, cattle sheds, mushroom house and etc. A horizontal type means that a geothermal heat exchanger is laid in the trench buried in 1.2 to 1.8 m depth. Because a horizontal type has advantages of low installation, operation and maintenance costs compared to a vertical type, it is easy to be adopted to agriculture. In this study, to heat and cool farm facilities and obtain basic data for practical application of horizontal geothermal heat pump system in agriculture, a horizontal geothermal heat pump system of 10 RT was installed in greenhouse. Heating and cooling performance of this system was estimated. The horizontal geothermal heat pump used in this study had heating COP of 4.57 at soil temperature of 14?C with depth of 1.75m and heating COP of 3.75 at soil temperature of 7?C with the same depth. The cooling COP was 2.7 at ground temperature at 1.75m depth of 25.5?C and 2.0 at the temperature of 33.5?C.