Valuation of ecosystem services in the organic carbon of the Pinus densiflora forest at Mt. Namsan, Seoul Metropolitan City

Lee, Eung-Pill,Lee, Soo-In,Jeong, Heon-Mo,Han, Young-Sub,Lee, Seung-Yeon,Park, Jae-Hoon,Jang, Rae-Ha,Hong, Youg-Sik,Jung, Young-Ho,Kim, Eui-Joo,Lee, Sang-Hun,You, Young-Han The Ecological Society of Korea 2019 Journal of Ecology and Environment Vol.43 No.4

Background: Standing biomass, litter production, rate of litter decomposition, amount of litter on forest floor, and amount of soil organic carbon distribution were investigated from March 2016 to November 2018 in order to evaluate the ecosystem value through organic carbon distribution in the Pinus densiflora forest at Namsan, Seoul Metropolitan City. Results: The amount of organic carbon in the Pinus densiflora forest was 261.09 ton C ha^-1 during the research period, and fixed organic carbon in plant through net photosynthesis was 3.2 ton C ha^-1 year^-1. The organic carbon in plant was 62.77 ton C ha^-1 (24.04%), in litter on the forest floor was 3.65 ton C ha^-1 (1.40%), and in soil was 194.67 ton C ha^-1 (74.56%). The value of plant, litter on forest floor, and soil organic carbon distribution were each 6,277,000 won ha^-1, 365, 000 won ha^-1, and 19,467,000 won ha^-1. The value per ton of fixed organic carbon in plant through net photosynthesis was 320,000 won ha^-1 year^-1 and the value of ecosystem services stored in carbon in the Namsan forest ecosystem was about 26.1 million won ha^-1 for 3 years. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that the pine forests of Namsan rapidly decompose leaves due to the high atmospheric temperature and accumulate a large amount of organic carbon in the soil to provide climate control regulatory service function.

디젤엔진 代替燃料源으로서의 쉬나무의 造林學的인 特性에 關한 硏究

洪性珏,李麗夏,崔圭洪 建國大學校附設 農業資源開發硏究所 1983 論文集 Vol.8 No.-

쉬나무의 種實油는 디젤엔진의 代替燃料源으로서 그 가능성이 높은 것으로 알려지고 있는 바, 쉬나무의 栽培에 필요한 造林學的 特性을 알기 위하여, 本 硏究는 쉬나무의 自然分布地, 種實 및 木材生産性, 實生苗 및 接木苗 生産方法, 耐寒性度의 季節的 變異에 대해 調査하여, 다음과 같은 結果를 얻었다. 1. 推定年齡이 70∼150年生인 쉬나무들이 南部에서 中部에 이르기까지 넓게. 그러나 宮터, 古宮의 庭園, 農村의 마을 주변과 같이 제한된 지역에 自然相으로 分布하거나, 人工的으로 植栽되어 있는 것으로 판명되었다. 또한 쉬나무는 山麓部의 土深이 깊은 砂質壤土 및 植質壤土의 土壤에서 根萌芽에 의한 몇몇 群狀稚樹와 함께 孤立木으로 자라며, 母樹 주위에는 後代 實生稚樹의 發生이 드물었다. 쉬나무 實生稚樹 및 그 自然分布가 制限된 것은 自然狀態에서 多量의 種子가 野生鳥類의 먹이로 소비되어 버리고, 그 發芽率이 낮은 것이 주요 원인으로 생각된다. 2. 孤立木에서 樹冠面積(水平面積)에 대한 種字量을 推定했을 때, 年間 ha當 755 kg의 種字가 生産되고, 이로부터 264 kg의 種實油가 生産된다. 樹齡이 확인된 몇몇 나무의 경우, 20 年生 나무의 胸高直徑은 14 cm, 70 年生은 25∼26 cm였다. 樹高生長은 直徑生長과 상관없이 胸高直經 14∼83 cm의 나무의 경우 그 樹高는 6∼13 cm의 변이가 나타났다. 대부분의 大徑木이 主幹에 심한 心材腐朽를 일으켰는데, 그 原因이 凍害로 인한 것인지 또는 그외 다른 原因에 의한 것인지는 밝혀지지 않았다. 서울지방에 자라는 70 年生 나무에 있어서 主幹에는 心材腐朽가 있었으나, 14 年生 가지에는 心材腐朽가 없는 것으로 미루어 보아 지나간 14년간 材部柔組織에는 凍害가 없었음을 알 수 있었다. 木材는 전체적으로 보아 直線木理이나 觸單面에서는 放射柔組織을 중심으로 交叉木理를 갖고 木組織은 치밀하며, 氣乾比重은 2 年生에서 0.66, 70 年生에서 0.77이었다. 3. 種皮의 wax狀物質을 10% 合成洗劑 溶液으로 제거시킨 결과 發芽率이 10∼15%에서 80∼95%로 증가되었다. 70 年生 나무에서 얻은 接穗을 2 年生 台木에 切接으로 接木시킨 결과는 성공적이었다. 台木이 굵을수록 接穗의 生長이 좋았다. 4. 種字産地別로 幼苗의 耐寒性度에는 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 이와 같이 耐寒性度의 차이가 적은 것은 이 樹種이 蟲媒花이지만 암꽃과 수꽃의 꽃피는 시기가 다르므로 他家受精이 가능하여 집단간에 遺傳子交換이 될 수 있기 때문인 것으로 解析되었다. 1 年生 苗木은 2 年生 苗木보다 耐寒性度가 더 낮은데 이는 1 年生 苗木의 생장기간이 보다 길기 때문에 材部柔組織의 소수의 細胞가 耐寒性 發達이 늦기 때문에 나타난 것으로 생각되었다. 1 年生 苗木의 凍害防止를 위해서는 겨울동안 땅속에 假植을 하는 것이 가장 좋은 방법이다. To know the silvicultural characteristics of Evodia daniellii, of which the seed oil was known to have the high feasibility of fuel substitution for diesel engine, this study investigated the natural distribution of the tree, the productivity of the seed and wood in the natural condition, the production of the seedlings from the seeds and the grafts, and the seasonal variation in cold hardiness of the seedlings from different provenance. The following results were discussed; 1. It appeared that Evodia daniellii, estimated as old as 70-200 years, are naturally distributed and/or artificially planted widely from the southern part up to the middle part of Korea, but in a limited spot such as the site of an ancient castle, the garden of palace and near rural village, and that the trees are growing as an isolated tree with a few progeny near the mother tree, at the site of good soil depth with sandy loam in the lower part of hillside. The limited natural distribution of this species was attributed to large consumption of the seed by feeding the wild birds and low percent germination in the natural condition. 2. The seed produced annually, as estimated by the amount of seed in an isolated tree per the area projected by the crown, averaged 755kg/ha, resulting in 264kg/ha of the seed oil. In some trees of which the age was able to be identified, the diameter growth at the age of 20 years was 14 cm, and 25 to 26 cm at the age of 70 years. The heigh growth was not consistent with the diameter growth or the age and varied from 6 to 13 meter in the trees of diameter 14 to 83 cm. The main stem of most of large diameter trees showed various heart rot damage of which causes were not clear whether it was brought about by freezing or other incidents. In one 70 years-old tree growing in the northern limit of Korea with serious heart rot in the main stem, the 14 year old branch showed no sign of the heart rot, indicating that there has been no freezing injury on the main branch for 14years. The wood had straight grain over all, otherwise interlocked grain around the ray structure on the tangential section, dense texture, specific gravity (air dried) of 0.66 in two year old stem and of 0.77 in 70 year old stem. 3. Removal of wax like material from the surface of the seed coat with 10% solution of synthetic soap promoted the percent germination from 10-15% to 80-95%. The veneer grafting of the scion from the 70 year old tree to 1 to 2 year old stock was successful. The thicker the stock was used, the better the growth of scion was obtained. 4. There was little difference in cold hardiness among seedlings from different provenance. The little difference could be attributed to the out-breeding mechanism, even though this species is pollinated by insects, in that earlier flowering of the male flower than the female one may allow the gene exchange among the population. One year old seedling was less cold hardy than the two year old one. This might be attributed to the slow development in cold hardiness of the small group of cells in the xylem, which was probably resulted from longer growth period of one year old seedling than the older trees. The cold damage of one year old seedlings could be prevented by transplanting them in the soil temporarily during winter

차량 재도색용 청색 페인트의 분석

박성우,손성건,박하선,박성지,정영호,홍성욱,박종신 內務部 國立科學搜査硏究所 2002 國立 科學 搜査 硏究所 年報 Vol.34 No.-

The HBV DNA Amounts in Serum Have No relationship with ALT level and Hetergeneous Population Coexits in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection

Chun, Yoon-Keun,Ha, Joo-hun,Hong-Jung-Woo,Oh, Soo-Myung,Kim, Sung-Soo 경희대학교 동서의학연구소 1999 INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON EAST-WEST MEDICINE Vol.1999 No.1

Yoon-Keun Chun¹,Joohun Ha□Hong-Jung Woo□, Soo Myung Oh□,Sung Soo Kim□ ¹Department of Molecular Biology, College of Medicine,²Department of Surgery, college of Medicine,³Department of Internal Medicine, College of Oriental Medicine,and ⁴East-Weat Medical Reserch Institute,Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea. The HBV DNA Amounts in Serum Have No relationship with ALT level and Hetergeneous Population Coexits in Chronic Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Proceedings of International Symposium on East-West Medicine, Seoul. 212-230, 1999. -Hepatitis B is caused by hepadnavirus. Hepatitis B virus replicates through 3.5kb pregenomic RNA intermediate which is regulated by core promoter. Pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus has been bilieved the result of host immune response. But recently many studies have reported that high level of viral replication caused by mutation in core promoter might result in severs hepatitis. But these studies were performed in vitro, not in vivo. So there is yet debate about which factor, viral of host factor, is more important in pathogenesis of hepatitis B virus. So we measured real viral replication level in 204 chronic hepatitis B patients by quantifying HBV DNA from sera by our novel PCR-based more sensitive method, and compared these results with ALT level measured from same sera, which indicates liver cell damage. Surprisingly there are no significant correlation between HBV DNA quantity and ALT level. Then we cloned core promoter region. In SSCP, we found that many viral mutants coexist in one patient. Base on SSCP result, we chose main viral core promoter type in each patients, which is thought to determine overall viral replication level in this patient. Main type of core promoter region of each 41 patients were directly sequenced. And with these we measured promoter activity by luciferase assay system and compared promoter activity with on another. We found tha there were some differences in promoter activity according to core promoter sequences. And we constructed replication-competent viral constructs with core promoter from 41 patients and Transfected these into HepG2 cell and measured HBV DNA by southern blot. There were also differences in HBV DNA quantity according to core promoter sequences. On these all results we investigated correlation between the effect of HBV core promoter on viral replication in vitro and HBN DNA quantity, ALT level from sera of each patients. We found there is no significant correlation among them. As a result, we concluded that in determining severity chronic hepatitis B patients, host factors of each patient is more important rather than replicative activity of virus itself.

이동 환경에서 멀티캐스트 적용 방안

홍형섭(Hyung-Seop Hong),하정락(Jeoung-Lak Ha),현은희(Eun-Hee Hyun),김상하(Sang-Ha Kim) 한국정보과학회 2001 한국정보과학회 학술발표논문집 Vol.28 No.2Ⅲ

Mobile IP(MIP)[1] Working Group에서 제안하고 있는 멀티캐스트 적용 방안에는 크게 HA기반 라우팅과 FA기반 라우팅으로 구분된다. HA기반 라우팅 방법은 멀티캐스트 패킷을 HA에서 터널링하는 방법을 사용하므로 경로의 최적화가 이루어지지 않게 되며 터널 집중화 현상이 발생하게 된다. FA기반 라우팅 방법은 이동 호스트의 핸드오프가 일어날 때마다 멀티캐스트 트리의 재구성이 필요하므로 많은 오버헤드가 발생하지만 경로 최적화는 얻을 수 있다. 본 논문은 HA기반 라우팅과 FA기반 라우팅 방안을 절충한 새로운 멀티캐스트 제공 방안을 제안한다. MH의 이동이 빈번한 마이크로 레벨에서는 HA기반 라우팅을 이용하고, MH의 이동 거리가 큰 매크로 레벨에서는 경로 최적화를 위하여 새로운 멀티캐스트 트리를 재구성함으로써 보다 효율적 멀티캐스트 서비스가 가능한 메커니즘의 프로토타입을 제안한다.

消癌去痰益氣湯의 cyclophosphamide 부작용 형성 억제효과

홍종희,류기원,류봉하,윤상협,김진성 WHO COLLABORATING CENTRE FOR TRADITIONAL MEDICINE 2002 東西醫學硏究所 論文集 Vol.2002 No.-

Object : It is well known that modern chemotherapy against cancer has side effcts to a living body, especially hemopoietic and immunologial disfunctions. However, there are no effctive ways to reduce them.Recently, traditonal Korean herb medicine has been repoted to have some biological modifying responses. Therefore, we hypothesized that additional application of herb medicine during chemotherapy is more effective to reduce its side effects. While we were studying the effects, we have observed the inhibitory effect of Soamgudamikgitang on formation of side effects derived from Cyclophosphamide, it has been used in clinical practice at Kyung Hee Medicd Center.Methods : We injected 200㎎/㎏ of Cyclophosphamide, one time, to an experimental group, consisting of ten mice. We divided them into eight groups: normal, CPX, SAKT 2㎎, SAKT 10㎎, SAKT 50㎎, SAKI 2㎎+CPX, SAKT 10㎎+CPX, SAKT 50㎎+CPX. We injeted Soamgudamikgitang seven days, five days, three days, and one day before we injected CPX. One day, three days, and five days after CPX injection, we injected Soamgudamikgitang again and then killed all the mice.The parameters determined in this experiment were daily body weight liver and spleen weight, RBC, WBC, and platelet for hemopoietic dysfunction and AST, ALT for hepatotoxicity, BUN, creatine for renal toxcity, Iymphocyte proliferation activity and lymphocyte subsets for immunological toxvity.Results : We have found that Soamgdamikgitang has inhibitory effects on the formation of Cyclophosphamide 's side effects. Significant differences between the group, which contained Cyclophosphamide, and the other group, which contains Cyclophosphamide and 2, 10, 50㎎ of Soamgudamikgitang respectively were observed. Platelets(2㎎ of Soamgudamikgitang, p<O.05 ;10㎎, p<0.Ol ;50㎎, p<0.001), liver weight(SOw p.001), spieen weight(10mg, p<0.05), AST(all groups, p<0.01), ALT(2㎎, p<001 ;10㎎, p<O.05 ;50㎎, p<0.01), BUN(2㎎, p<0.01 ;50㎎, p<0.05). Althought immunological in both lymphocyte proliferation and its subsets were not observed, which shows that Soamgudamikgilang has a strong effect on T cell activities Conclusions : From the above results, we can expect that the combined therapy of Soamgudamikgitang and Cyclophosphamide is more effective for treating cancer Patients.

거골의 박리성 골연골염

하권익,한성호,양보규,김치홍,김태성 대한스포츠의학회 1995 대한스포츠의학회지 Vol.13 No.1

거골의 박리성 골연골염은 연골과 연골하골이 균열되고 관절 면으로부터 부분적 혹은 전체적으로 분리되는 병변으로 흔치 않은 병변이다. 거골의 박리성 골연골염은 잘 알려져 있음에도 불구하고, 수술적 치료의 결과에 대한 지식은 적은 편이다. 저자들은 1998년 1월부터 1992년 12월까지 만 5년간 16명, 16례의 거골 박리성 골연 골염 환자를 평균 29개월 추시관찰 및 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) 연령 분포는 최소 15세에서 최장 58세 였으며 평균 30세 였다. 2) 16명의 환자중 남자가 14례 여자가 2례였고 우측 거골이 10례, 좌측 거골이 6례 였다. 3) 외상과 관계있는 환자는 16례중 15례였으며 거골의 내측에 병변이 있는 경우가 10례, 외측이 6례 였으며 양측인 경우는 없었다. 4) 증상 발현후 수술까지의 기간은 최단 3개월에서 최장 7년이 였으며 평균 25.9개월 이었다. 16명 전례에서 동통을 호소하였으며 6명에서 강직 및 불안정성을 각각 호소하였다. 5) Berndt와 Harty에 의한 병변 분류는 stage Ⅰ은 없었으며 stage Ⅱ는 4례, stage Ⅲ가 7례, stage Ⅳ는 5례로 stage Ⅲ이 가장 많았다. 6) 치료는 관절 개방술에 의한 절제술(1례), 절제술과 소파술 및 다발성 천공술(8례), 절제술 및 소파술 (3례), 소파술 및 bone peg(1례), 관절경적 소파술 및 다발성 천공술 (3례) 시행하였으며 치료결과는 O'Farrell 등이 사용한 평가 방법에 의하면 우수 13례 (81%), 양호 2례(12.5%), 불량 1례 (6.5%)였다. Osteochondritis dissecans of the talus is defined as a subchondral bony lesion of small fragment of bone, usually under two centimetres in diameter, with overlying intact articular cartilage. This fragment then becomes separated from its bed and undergoes necrosis. Although the lesion of osteochondritis dissecans of the talus is well known, there is little information in the literature concerning the results of surgical treatment. Sixteen cases of osteochondritis dissecans of the talus, operated on between January 1988 and December 1992, were studied. All were available for follow-up an average 29 months later and clinical analysis were as follows; 1. Age incidence was distributed from 15 years to 58 years (average 28) 2. 16 patients (14 male, 2 female) were examined and followed-up ; in ten the right ankle was involved and six the left ankle. 3. Of the 16 patients, 14 patients were associated with a history of trauma and 10 patients had medial lesions and 6 patients, lateral lesions. 4. The duration of symptom on these cases ranged from 3 months to 7 years, with an average of 25.9 months. All patients complain of pain when using the ankle and 6 patients complain of stiffness of the ankle and sensation of Berndt and Harty, four ankles had a stage Ⅱ lesion, nine had a stage Ⅲ lesion and five had a stage Ⅳ lesion. 6. The methods of treatment were excision (1 case), excision, curettage and drilling (8 cases), excision and curettage (3 cases), curettage with bone pegging (1 case) and arthroscopic curettage and drilling (3 cases). According to O'Farrell grading system which combined subjective with the objective assessment, 13 patients (81%) had good results, 2 patients (12.5%) had fair results, and 1 patient (6.5%) had a poor result.

가토에서 Pentoxifylline, Aspirin 및 Heparin이 피부피판의 생존 및 출혈 경향에 미치는 영향

하주원,백승,박홍주,오희균,유선열 전남대학교 치의학연구소 2002 구강과학 Vol.14 No.2

The skin flap, which has been frequently used in the maxillofacial soft tissue defects, can be failed due to insufficient blood supply to the flap. To increase its survival rate, antithrombotic agents has been used. The agents have, however, been restrictly used because of their side effects, such as bleeding tendency or hematoma formation on the operation site. The present study aimed to the effect of pentoxifylline, aspirin, and heparin on the skin flap survival rate and bleeding tendency. Twelve adult white rabbits, weighing about 2.0 kg, were used. Five random skin flaps, which is 1mm thickness, were prepared on the dorsal surface of each rabbit by using 1.5 X 7.5 cm prefabricated template. The animals were divided into 4 groups on the basis of drugs used: Control group, animals in which no drug was given (n=3); Pentoxifylline group, animals in which pentoxifylline was given intraorally (n=3); Aspirin group, animals in which aspirin was given intravenously (n=3). On the 3rd and 7th day after operation, prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) were measured to evaluate the bleeding tendency. The animals were sacrificed on the 7th day and the mean skin flap survival rate of each group was measured. The results obtained were as follows : 1. The skin flap survival rates of pentoxifylline (84.3±7.9%) and heparin (79.5±10.9%) groups were significantly increased, compared with control group (68.0±10.8%)(ㅔ<0.05). The survival rate of aspirin group (73.0±11.1%) was not increased. 2. In bleeding tendency, the PT values were prolonged in heparin and aspirin groups at the 3rd day after operation (p<0.05), and prolonged in order of heparin group, aspirin group, and pentoxifylline group at the 7th day after operation. The aPPT values in heparin and aspirin groups were also prolonged at the 3rd day after operation (p<0.05), and prolonged in order of Aspirin group. Heparin group, and Pentoxifylline group at the 7th day after operation. These results suggest that pentoxifylline may be the most useful drug among three drugs to increase skin flap survival rate and less increase the bleeding tendency.

비행안전구역 밖에서의 고도제한

하홍영,김해마중,홍상범 한국항공우주법학회 2003 한국항공우주정책·법학회지 Vol.18 No.-

군용항공기지법은 비행안전구역을 설정하여 각 구역별 표면높이 이상의 장애물 설치를 금지하고 있다. 비행안전구역은 항공기의 비행안전을 확보하기 위해서 설정된 것이다. 그러나, 우리의 경우 좁은 국토여건을 감안, 비행안전구역을 6구역까지만 축소 설정하여 계기비행절차와 관련된 비행안전상의 문제점이 있다. 계기비행절차가 수립되어 있는 영역 중 일부에 대하여는 비행안전구역이 설정되지 않아 아무런 고도제한을 가할 수 없는 것이다. 본고에서는 이러한 문제인식을 출발점으로 삼아, 비행안전과 관련된 비행안전구역 외곽에서의 고도제한 문제를 다루고 있다. 우선 군용항공기지법상의 비행안전구역과 각 국의 비행안전구역 설정 현황을 검토하였다. 이를 토대로 현행법이 안고 있는 문제점을 논의하였다. 문제점을 해결하기 위해서는 비행안전ㄱ역 밖의 일정 영역에 대하여도 고도제한을 할 필요성이 있다. 가장 바람직한 방안 검토를 위해 비행안전구역 밖에서도 고도제한에 대한 입례법을 참조하였다. 그 결과 여러 가지 입법안을 상정해 볼 수 있었고, 비행안전구역 밖의 일정 부분에서 일정 높이 이상의 건축을 허용하기 위해서는 비행안전심사를 거치도록 하는 것이 가장 바람직하다는 결론을 내려보았다. The Military Air base Law has designated imaginary surface, restricting the height of structure above the imaginary surface. The purpose of establishment of imaginary surface is to promote safety of aircraft operation. However, given the fact that the land is limited, the Military Airbase Law does not set up outer horizontal surface such that the reduced imaginary surface would undermin the safety of aircraft operations with respect to IFR (Instrument Flight Rules) procedures. The fact that some areas which IFR procedures require are not designated as imaginary surface results in no imposition of height restriction on such area. With regard to aviation safety, this article deals with issue of height restriction on area which is beyond the imaginary surface area. This article also examines the establishment of the imaginary surface in the Military Airbase Law, and conducts case study of imaginary surface systems in other country. Based upon this discussion, the current problems posed in the Military Airbase Law will be discussed. To resolve these problems, it is necessary to establish height restriction zone beyond the current imaginary surface area. The provisions of ICAO, FAA and other counties in relation with this issue are referred as well. As a result, many different proposals are suggested, and it is concluded as the most effective proposal that, in certain zone beyond the imaginary surface area, an aeronautic study should be required for the purpose of ensuring aviation safety before a permit of construction higher than prescribed height is issued.

전치 태반의 임상적 고찰

홍관표,이성동,김왕수,정종일,장하종,정혁,한세준 朝鮮大學校 附設 醫學硏究所 1991 The Medical Journal of Chosun University Vol.16 No.1

This study was undertaken for the clinical evaluation and statistical analysis on the 38 cases of placenta previa who were admitted and treated from March 1, 1988 to Feb. 28, 1991. The results were as follows : 1. The incidence of placenta previa was one per 53 deliveries or 1.90% 2. There were 57.9 % total placenta previa, 21.1 % partial placenta previa, 13.1 % low-lying placenta previa and 7.9% marginal placenta previa. 3. Placenta previa has occured more often in multipara (63.2%) than primigravida 4. More than one-third (38.8%) cases of placenta previa had delayed admission until labor occured for some time following vaginal spotting has first time been noticed. More instructive prenatal education should be emphasized 5. Lower segment transverse section rate was 63.2%, classical cesarean section rate was 15.8% and cesarean hysterectomy was 9.8%. The rest of them were treated by vaginal deliveries of 5 cases(13.2%) 6. The perinatal loss associated with placenta previa was considered still higher : the premature death was 15.8% and term death was 2.6%. The problem of prevention of prematurity still remains to be studied. 7. There was no maternal mortality in our study