하버마스의 공영역론과 다원사회적 문제

한길석 ( Gilse Ok Han ) 한국철학사상연구회 2014 시대와 철학 Vol.25 No.2

이 논문은 하버마스의 토의민주적 공영역론에 대한 비판적 논의를 시도한다. 하버마스는 현대 민주주의의 규범적 모델로서 토의민주주의 이론을 제시하면서 공영역의 정치적 기능에 대해 다시 한 번 주목하였다. 하버마스는기존 입장에서 공영역의 정치적 기능이 변질되었다고 주장하였으나 오늘에 와서는 정치적 공영역의 역할을 적극적으로 조명하고 있다. 하지만 토의민주적 관점에서 재조명된 정치적 공영역에 대한 이론적 해명은 문화적 다양성이라는 조건 하에서 형성된 다원사회적 현실을 진지하게 고려하지 않는다는 혐의를 품게 한다. 반면에 프레이저는 다원사회적 현실을 고려하면서 공영역에 대한 새로운 이해를 펼쳐나간다. 나는 프레이저의 입장을 받아들여 ‘강한 공영역’의 공론 형성 기능 못지않게 ‘약한 공영역’의 가치 이해의 역할이 현대 다원주의 사회 구성원 간의 민주적 연대에 중요한 의미를 지닌다는 점을 논구하고자 한다. Habermas, in his Faktizitat und Geltung (1992), tries to explicate his theory of public sphere based on the procedural model of deliberative democracy. He explains the structure of democratical constitutional states from a normative pointof view. Introducing the sluice-gate model of political public sphere, he clarifies the democratic procedure of constitutional states. However, Habermas` theory of public sphere is faced with the challenge of the postnational constellation and a pluralistic society. Problems of pluralism have been intensified with the spread of globalization. But Habermas` theory of political public sphere, as some critics say, is not fully able to handle the challenge. So Nancy Fraser suggests that Habermas` theory of political public sphere should be rethought. As she has said, Habermas` theory of political public sphere has to be rethought under the condition of pluralism. However, I think that the task is not confined to there thinking of political public sphere. In my view, the problem needs to be approached on two levels: the political and the cultural. For the contemporary political problems are caused by the change of culture in the postnational constellation with a pluralism. Taking political problems of a pluralistic society seriously, we should begin to research the structure of public communication networks in postmodern culture. For the political problems in a postnational pluralistic society reflect the cultural transformation in the age of postnational pluralism. For that reason, I suggest that we inquire a cultural public sphere in a postnational pluralistic society. This may lead us to study about “postmodern structural transformation of the public sphere”. But my dissertation does not deal with the issue. In the final analysis, I only aim to argue about two matters: the one is to explain how serious political problems which Habermas` theory of political public sphere encounters are. The other concerns the question whether the theory is able to solve the problem adequately. First of all, I try to explain Habermas` theory of modern public sphere. In the second, I plan to explicate his new theory of political public sphere based on the procedural model of deliberative democracy. Then I propose that Habermas` theory of publicsphere be rethought for the challenge of pluralistic society. In the process, I will introduce Nancy Fraser`s critical opinion to Habermas` theory of political public sphere. Finally, I will suggest that we should research not only the structure of political public sphere but also that of cultural public spherein the era of pluralistic society.

촌락사회의 고정인가, 변화인가? -일본 마니와 마을의 ‘水利430년揚水100周年 기념사업’을 사례로

김현정 국립민속박물관 2008 민속학연구 Vol.0 No.23

The purpose of this study is to reconsider the village society and local consciousness of modern Japan, by looking at the 'Remembrance Project of the Utilization of Water 430th Year and the 100th Anniversary of Raising Water’ of the Japanese Maniwa Village (referred hereafter as 'Remembrance Project'). As one of the important themes in the field, local consciousness has been discussed in relation to folklorism, or the rise of a native country. This encompasses various socio-cultural phenomena that are necessary factors in the research of local history and in the ‘making of a village.’ The Remembrance Project, as the example discussed in this study, is in line with the boom in the research of local history For a clearer understanding of the main idea of this study however, attention should be paid to the ‘commemoration’ aspect of the project. Since the 1990’s, as attention was placed on the collective aspect of memory, people have begun to look at ‘commemoration’ as that which maintains and strengthens a collective identity through the selective remembrance of a specific event or person from the past. Seen through this perspective, the Remembrance Project can be assumed to have served the confirmation, enhancement and the strengthening of an identity, which is the local consciousness of the Maniwa village. Such a perspective however is derived from a linear research perspective, and to which customary research on Japanese villages has been subjected to. The second point of this research on Japanese villages focuses on regionalism, which flourished after the theory of the vertical development of society and the theory of the unitary society of Nakane Jie developed. Regionalism is said to be the dominant organization principle that ushered in the transition between, and expands throughout, the traditional society and modern society. However, such research results, which prioritized the revival of the ‘collectivity’ or ‘unification,’ consciously or unconsciously isolated and paralyzed the Japanese village society in a traditional space. This detached them from the domain of the modern, the present, and the urban. When we look at the ‘village’ as the ‘present society’ through the practices of the people, such research perspective instantly loses its persuasive power. To prove this point, this study analyzes the Remembrance Project, focusing on its formation, function and association, characterized by volunteerism, autonomy and selectivity. Although the two above points might, at a first glance, seem mutually contradictory, their mutual relatedness, which shows in the context of the village society, will be a point this study will demonstrate from the given case. Because of its unfavorable geographical conditions, the relatively large Maniwa Village had been having difficulties in procuring water needed for agriculture. Therefore it sought a solution by installing ‘Fujilawa-style water pumps in cooperation with its neighboring villages. The village issued a large loan since unlike today, it was impossible to get financial support from the central or local government. This caused financial, physical, and psychological suffering to the villagers that lasted until 1940, when the loan was completely paid. In 2005, The ‘Maniwa Bank Land Improvement Organization’ held the Remembrance Project to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the building of the water mill. The celebration ushered the publication of “Struggling Love for Our Native Place”, which featured congratulatory words. Upon close analysis of this publication, we discovered and understood that one of the reasons for the project was to confirm and strengthen their village identity. However, it was difficult to completely understand and interpret the project. Through the customary linear perspective, it was difficult to completely analyze the processes that led to the publication of the congratulatory words, the practices and social...

Perceptions of Political Actors on Local NGOs in Korea: The Case of Gangwon Province

이정희,안득기 한국세계지역학회 2007 世界地域硏究論叢 Vol.25 No.2

NGOs in Korea in the process of diversification, decentralization and revitalization have constant influences on the political process to achieve their purposes. As political localization begins, Korean people can monitor and point out much broader socio-economic and political issues such as the structural changes in political system, social shift and political reaction, and the development of party politics in a daily basis. In this situation, it is anticipated that NGOs can play roles to enhance social reforms and political process with grass-root democratization. On the other hand, since it gets through the process of civic development and its insufficient experiences of pluralistic civil society, NGOs brings burden to the Korean society. This paper explores the perceptions of political actors on local NGOs in Korea to understand the current situation of NGOs' status. It is beneficial for both NGOs and other political actors to evaluate NGOs' activities for further development. This paper also tries to examine how and to what extent major local NGOs have employed strategies to increase their influence on the political process in local politics. It is expected to find out what barriers there are to overcome in order to firmly establish a pluralistic democratic system.

생명의료윤리학에 적합한 공통도덕 모색

목광수(Mok Kwang-su),류재한(Ryu Jae-han) 한국생명윤리학회 2015 생명윤리 Vol.16 No.2

최근 들어 생명의료윤리 영역에서 공통도덕과 관련된 논쟁이 활발하다. 대표적으로 탐 비첨(Tom Beauchamp)과 제임스 췰드리스(James Childress), 그리고 버나드 거트(Bernard Gert)는 자신들의 생명의료윤리학을 동일하게 공통도덕의 토대 위에서 구성하면서도, 공통도덕에 대한 정당화뿐만 아니라 내용에 있어서도 논쟁하고 있다. 그런데 문제는 이러한 논쟁 과정에서 양 진영의 차이가 무엇이고 어떤 문제가 있는지 등에 대한 논의가 없어 논쟁이 생산적인 단계로 나아가지 못하고 있다는 점이다. 본 논문의 목적은 양 진영의 논의에 대한 비판적 검토와 재구성을 통해, 생명의료윤리학에 적합한 공통도덕 논의를 모색하는 것이다. 이러한 목적을 위해 먼저, 비첨과 췰드리스(이하 BC)와 거트 등과 같은 생명의료윤리학자들이 최근 들어 공통도덕 논의에 집중하고 있는 현상의 원인을 분석하여 그 필요성을 규명하고자 한다. 둘째, BC와 거트 논쟁분석을 통해 공통도덕 논의에서 이루어지는 논쟁의 차이점과 공통점을 분석하고자 한다. 셋째, 이러한 분석을 토대로 재구성되고 수정된 공통도덕 논의를 제시하고자 한다. 본 논문에서 재구성되고 수정된 공통도덕 논의는 BC의 공통도덕에 대한 기본 입장과 틀을 유지하면서도 이론적 취약성을 보완하기 위해 거트의 논의를 수용한 것이다. 이렇게 모색된 공통도덕 논의는 다원주의 사회에서 합당한 도덕적 불일치의 범위를 설정하여 생명의료윤리학의 이론적 체계화를 위한 토대로서의 역할을 충실히 감당할 것으로 기대된다. The debate between Tom Beauchamp and James Childress (hereafter, BC) and Bernard Gert, demonstrates that the field of biomedical ethics has been paying more attention to common morality. This is because many believe common morality is an effective justification for a biomedical ethics theory within a pluralistic society. Despite common morality receiving much attention, a constructive process has not been undertaken for searching for such a theory. In this paper, we reconstruct a biomedical ethics theory of common morality in a pluralist society. We explicate BC and Gert"s theories of common morality, and use our critical response to reconstruct a theory of common morality that works within biomedical ethics. According to our analysis, if both theories are appropriately revised, BC"s theory of common morality is not only compatible with Gert"s, but also the two theories can be integrated to become a biomedical ethics theory of common morality. We suggest a revised theory of common morality based on BC"s theory and supported by Gert"s. This is because BC"s common morality is much more applicable within a pluralistic society and for practical application in biomedical ethics. We argue that a newly reconstructed theory of common morality should meet multiple justificatory method levels (i.e., empirical, conceptual, and normative justifications); that common morality’s scope should be restricted for universal justification and a firm foundation; and that this theory should be theoretically sophisticated. This reconstructed and revised theory of common morality will contribute to the theoretical and practical systemization of biomedical ethics in pluralistic society and set a boundary for reasonable pluralism, which permits reasonable moral disagreement in biomedical ethics.

다원주의 사회에서 공적말하기 :말하기의 고전적 전형과 윤리적 문제

정순현 한국소통학회 2006 한국소통학보 Vol.5 No.-

현대 사회는 여러 가치와 신념, 이해관계가 공존하는 다원주의 사회로 규정된다. 사회 내에서 발생하는 갈등과 대립은 민주적인 커뮤니케이션 방식으로, 다시 말해 대화와 타협, 정책적 선택과 합의 준수라는 공동체 구성원의 이성적이고 합리적인 이해와 실천으로 해결되어야 할 것이다. 이러한 측면에서 다원주의 사회에서 절대적으로 요구되는 시민교육 중 하나가 공적 영역에서 공적 말하기라 할 수 있다. 공적 말하기의 이론적 기원은 고대 희랍의 소피스트들과 플라톤, 아리스토텔레스 등으로 대변되는 철학자 간의 수사술에 대한 논의에서 찾아볼 수 있다. 이들의 논쟁은 현대 사회의 공적인 말하기 교육에서 반드시 성찰해야만 하는 윤리적, 정치적, 의사소통적 함의의 고전적 전형을 보여준다. 소피스트의 ‘능란한 말하기’와 이에 반대하는 철학자들의 ‘진실에 기초한 말하기’의 고전적 대립은 현대 다원주의 사회의 공적 말하기가 지향해야 하는 올바른 목표와 방향을 가늠케 해 준다. 현대의 공적 말하기는 한편으로는 능란한 말하기가 함축하고 있는 비진리성과 비윤리성을 극복하고 다른 한편으로는 진리라는 절대적이고 독단적인 형이상학을 배제하는 상대주의적이며 실용주의적인 관점을 채택하고 있는 추세다. 네오프로타고라스식 말하기로 지칭할 수 있는 현대의 공적 말하기는 신실용주의자인 로티에게서 공적 영역에서 이루어지는 커뮤니케이션의 실천적 토대를 찾아볼 수 있다. It is defined that modern society is pluralistic society in which various value, belief, and interests coexist. The conflict and confrontation occurring in a society should be settled in the way of democratic communication, that is to say, by rational, sensible understanding and practice of community members which are so-called dialog and compromise, a policy decision and observance of agreement. In this respect public speaking in the pubic realm would be one of the civic educations that is necessarily required in pluralistic society. Public speaking theoretically originated in the discussion of rhetoric among the ancient Greek philosophers such as Sophists, Plato, and Aristotle etc. Their debates show the classic model of ethical, political, and communicational signification which must be considered for education of public speaking in modern society. The classic antagonism between Sophists’ ‘expert speaking’ and the opposite philosophers’ ‘speaking based on truth’ gives a sight for right goal and direction for which public speaking should head in modern pluralistic society. Modern public speaking, on the one hand, overcomes non-truth and non-morality which ‘expert speaking’ implies, on the other intends to take a relativist and pragmatist view which excludes absolute and dogmatic metaphysics of truth. From the neo-pragmatist, Rorty, Modern public speaking, which can be designated as ‘Neo-Protagorastic speaking’, will get the practical basis of communication performing in the public realm.

서정인 소설의 지형도

김미자(Kim, Mi-ja) 한국언어문학회 2012 한국언어문학 Vol.80 No.-

The purpose of this thesis is to examine the study on the overalt theme of Seo, Jeong-In's novet from the aspect of authorship. 'Topography of Seo, JeoncIn's novel' is the task of identifying the consciousness of issue consistently revealed in Seo's novel since his literary debut. This is the task of examining the inclination of the writer, as well as identifying the writer's consciousness of the world revealed in his novel. If 'form is another expression of content', Sec, JecogIn's unique 'consciousness of language' and 'form experunenl is one of his narrative strategies to embody the theme. Accordingly, the issue of identifying how 'the consciousness of theme' revealed throughout his novel is reflected through 'the writer's consciousness of the world' was considered to be a starting of the study of Sec, JeonzIn's novel. Sec, JeongIn's novel is situated on the coordinate where the horizontal axis of human's pure nature and the vertical axis of the tyranny of disciplinary power including war and the capitalized reality of industrialized society meet. The overall theme and content of his novel can be mainly divided into, first, the case of embodied life of individual expose to the tyranny of disciplinary power the realizes war and totalitarianism, and second, the case of showing various aspects of experiencing absurdity in the fetishified reality of industrialized society. Sec, Jeong-In considers war, tyranny of national disciplinary power and depraved capitalism of industrial society as the factors that impede the happiness of individuals in the pluralized modem society. What is shown in his series of works that traced how the life of individuals are changed under the massive violence of war is the fact that war has led the life of individuals to the life of 'beast'. In addition, it was inevitable that individuals lost 'self' and experienced 'chaos' as a result of uninhibited oppression of 'standardizing' people and taming them into 'accommodating' existence'> by advocating disciplinary power. 'War' and 'national power' that have been seizing our live'> since the past are violence that even mandated the thoughts and actions of individuals, and what has seized the live'> of individuals in modern industrial society is 'money'. The aspect of absurd life of social constituents in industrial society stemmed from the power of 'money', and it is the reality of those of us chasing after 'exchange value'. Sea, Jeong-In aims at looking into the 'essence' through fact most of all. That is why his consciousness of them is not found within the superficial language but ingeniously concealed within on the other side. The reason why he has reproduced the diverse aspects of 'absurd life' exposed to 'the pain of war' and 'the depraved capitalistic reality' is to self-reflect the reality of 'right here, right now'. What has been set forth as an alternative to overcome this is the 'world view of relativism' that recognize'> 'differences'. This is ultimately a way to induce the readers' self-reflection on T and 'us', as well as allow social constituents to search for 'common gcod' in tcday's rluralistic society. Accordingly, Sea, JeonaIn's writings can be seen as in the process of fully revealing the reality we are faced with and searching for 'the indicator of true life'.

한국의 다문화사회 진행에 따른 접근방안 모색

고숙희 서울행정학회 2008 한국사회와 행정연구 Vol.19 No.1

This article will discuss new perspectives regarding cultural assimilationism and cultural pluralism in Korea which has been already introduced to a multi-cultural society. Assimilationism means that the potential minority or immigrants in a certain society should be harmonized with the majority of a nation. Cultural pluralism publicly recognized identities and diversities of minorities or natives who were originally immigrants. For this study I have conducted a survey using a questionnaire among Koreans and foreigners(Strictly speaking, such selected foreigners have gotten married to Korean residents, they are Korean legally). I carried out the survey from October 22, 2007 to October 10, 2007, separating foreigners from Koreans. I gave out 400 questionnaires to them and got 387 answers from them(301 Koreans, 86 foreigners). According to the result of the survey, when compared with immigrants who married Koreans(most of them, about 76%, preferred assimilationism), Koreans preferred pluralism as well as assimilationism in response to the coming multi-cultural society, Also, it shows that a large number of the immigrants wanted to live in the same way as Koreans, which is an unexpected result. Immigrants coming from other countries want to be assimilated into our society of their own accord. Besides, many problems might be caused by carrying out the policy of pluralism which publicly accepts multi-cultures in Korea because Korea is a relatively small country. Thus, we should first make it a rule to effect assimilationism, and then set our goal toward assimilating them into our culture. Yet, we also need to get out of the policy paradigm which has demanded a unified adjustment to our culture.

Perceptions of Political Actors on Local NGOs in Korea: The Case of Gangwon Province

( Chung Hee Lee ) 한국세계지역학회 2007 世界地域硏究論叢 Vol.25 No.2

NGOs in Korea in the process of diversification, decentralization and revitalization have constant influences on the political process to achieve their purposes. As political localization begins, Korean people can monitor and point out much broader socioeconomic and political issues such as the structural changes in political system, social shift and political reaction, and the development of party politics in a daily basis. In this situation, it is anticipated that NGOs can play roles to enhance social reforms and political process with grass-root democratization. On the other hand, since it gets through the process of civic development and its insufficient experiences of pluralistic civil society, NGOs brings burden to the Korean society. This paper explores the perceptions of political actors on local NGOs in Korea to understand the current situation of NGOs` status. It is beneficial for both NGOs and other political actors to evaluate NGOs` activities for further development. This paper also tries to examine how and to what extent major local NGOs have employed strategies to increase their influence on the political process in local politics. It is expected to find out what barriers there are to overcome in order to firmly establish a pluralistic democratic system.

유아교육현장에서의 다문화 교육 실제에 관한 연구

황연욱(Yeonwook Hwang) 한국변형영유아교육학회 2009 변형영유아교육연구 Vol.3 No.2

오늘날 우리나라 교육현장에서 많은 관심을 가지고 활발히 연구 되어지고 있는 주제 중의 하나가 바로 ‘다원화’ 또는 ‘다문화 교육’이다. ‘다원화 사회(Pluralistic Society)’란 어느 특정 집단이나 하나의 신념이 중심이 아닌, 한 사회내의 중심과 주체, 내용이 분화되어 모든 개개인을 하나의 주체로 인정하고 존중하는 사회이다. 이에 본 연구는 ‘다원화 사회'에서 다양한 주체의 등장이 일상화되고 다원화된 시각으로 교실의 다양성을 살펴보기 위하여 크게 두 가지 관점에서 분석하고자 한다. 첫째, 장애유아 통합교육의 관점에서 유아교육현장에서의 ‘장애통합교육 준비와 운영의 실제’를 살펴봄으로써 유아교육 전문가, 특수교육 전문가, 현장교사, 일반유아 및 장애유아 학부모들의 관심과요구를 반영할 수 있는 통합교육이 어떻게 이루어 질 수 있는지 분석하고자 한다. 둘째, 유아교육기관에서의 다문화 가정 유아들이 보편적인 삶을 누리기 위해 어떤 통합교육을 제공받고 있는지를 분석하고자 한다. 또한 이러한 유아 교육현장의 다문화 교육 분석을 통해 본 연구는 다원화 사회에서 살아가는 유아들을 위한 방안 마련에 도전점을 제시하고자 한다. In the field of education in Korea, one of the popular research subjects is 'pluralism' or 'multicultural education.' Today, educators are faced with an overwhelming challenge to prepare students from diverse populations and backgrounds. This study was analysed with two points of view in order to explore a diversity in the classroom. First, in the integrated education for young children with special needs, this article explores how to apply people(experts, students' parents, teachers, and administrators)'s concerns and needs for providing integrated education in early childhood education settings through practices of managing for integrated education for young children with special needs. Second, this study analyses what kinds of integrated education are provided for young children who are in multicultural families in order to enjoy a universal life. In conclusion, with an analysis of multicultural education in the field of early childhood education, this study prepare measures for young children who live in the pluralistic society.

한국정부의 다문화사회 대응정책

고숙희(Sook Hee Ko) 서울행정학회 2008 한국사회와 행정연구 Vol.19 No.3

This paper is a study about the multi-cultural society of Korea with the Castles & Miller(2003)'s policy strategy models. Castles & Miller proposed three models which are the differential exclusionary model, assimilationist model, and multicultural or pluralist model as the national management strategy for the multi-cultural society. The differential exclusionary model allows to the immigrants can approach to the labor market, while not allows to the welfare system and citizen's rights. The assimilationist model is the one-sided integration strategy that the immigrant groups expected to be changed like existing society's people. And pluralist model allows the immigrant's native cultural identity without any interventions. The target groups in this study are foreign wives and labors in Korea. In result, Korea government using assimilationist model for foreign wives from beginning to now, and differential exclusionary model and informal pluralist model for foreign labors. The foreign labors are being allowed approach to the labor market and legal minimum wages, but not allowed citizenship. And It's the informal pluralist model that they forms a large group, have independent culture, for example a language of their own, a food, and broadcasting, but Korea government have not taken any measures for them officially.