수정된 퀸즈칼리지 스텝 검사의 최대산소 섭취량에 대한 상관관계 분석

김진섭 한국신경근육물리치료학회(구 한국신경근육재활학회) 2020 한국신경근육재활학회지 Vol.10 No.1

The purpose of this study was to find correlations among the Queen’s college step test, modified Queen’s college step test, graded exercise test to predict 85% VO2max. Sixteen University students volunteered for this study. All participants were assessed by three tests. The data were analyzed using one way repeated analysis of variance, and Pearson product moment correlation. The results revealed that estimated VO2max values were significantly different among the three assessments (p<.05). In post-hoc test, the Queen’s college step test value was higher than other two tests. However, there was no significant difference between modified Queen’s college step test and graded exercise test (p>.05). In addition, graded exercise test had a significant correlation with the modified Queen’s college step test (p<.05). Therefore, modified Queen’s college step test may be considered as an appropriate assessment tool to predict submaximal oxygen consumption of normal adults.

Validity of the 6-minute walk test and step test for evaluation of cardio respiratory fitness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

( Min Chul Lee ) 한국운동영양학회 2018 Physical Activity and Nutrition (Phys Act Nutr) Vol.22 No.1

[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to evaluate the reliability, reproducibility, and validity of the 6-minute walk test and step test as substitutes for ergometer exercise in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. [Methods] The study included 54 women aged 50-70 years who had type 2 diabetes mellitus. All the patients performed a cycle ergometer-graded exercise test for cardiorespiratory fitness (V3 O2max), followed by 6-minute walk and step tests. [Results] The mean distance covered during the 6-minute walk test was 538 ± 54 m, and the mean recovery heart rate after the step test was 93 ± 11 beats/min. A significant correlation was found between the distances covered during the cardiorespiratory fitness test (V3 O_2max) and those covered the 6-minute walk test (r = 0.542, p < 0.01) and step test (r = -0.490, p < 0.01) in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Regression equations for the prediction of V3 O_2max were constructed from the distance covered, heart rate, age, weight, height, fasting blood glucose level, 2-hour postprandial glucose level, and glycated hemoglobin level during the 6-minute walk test and step test. [Conclusion] The 6-minute walk and step tests are simple to perform and reliable for the evaluation of cardiorespiratory fitness in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

심폐지구력 검사로서 YMCA 스텝테스트와 최대산소섭취량 (VO<SUB>2max</SUB>)간의 상관성

이온(On Lee),김성수(Sung-soo Kim),김연수(Yeon-soo Kim),손현진(Hyun Jin Son),김유미(Kim Yu-Mi),최보율(Bo Youl Choi) 한국역학회 2008 Epidemiology and Health Vol.30 No.1

  The purpose of this study is to determine that YMCA step-test is useful method of cardiovascular fitness field-test for large scale study of epidemiology. 57 adults participated in this study. They are recruited considering subject"s clinic status and gender proportion. Cardiorespiratory fitness of each participant was determined by grade exercise testing(GXT) with gas analysis and YMCA step-test. There are at least more two days an interval between the tests. Data were analyzed with a statistics program, SPSS version 14.0, by applying Spearman correlation coefficient and independent t-test and Fisher"s exact test with a statistical significant level of α<.05. The results of this study were as followed. VO<SUB>2max</SUB> value exhibited significant correlation with YMCA step test scale(male : r=-.611, p=.001 ; female: r=-.656, p>.001). Our result is that validity of YMCA step-test is acceptable. YMCA step test is vary efficient as dimension of investigator"s and subject"s effort then the other field-test for assessment of cardiorespiratory. Therefore, Step test is useful for large scale study of epidemiology.

인용문헌의 조합과 진보성 판단

곽승구(Kwak, Seung-Koo),정재윤(Jung, Jae-Yoon) 경희법학연구소 2011 KHU 글로벌 기업법무 리뷰 Vol.4 No.1

An inventive step is necessary for a patent’s registration and when it is deficient, the patent becomes null and void. Depending on how it is interpreted, an inventive step influences a patent’s effectiveness and role. If the court eases its interpretation of the inventive step, if the court has a tendency to approve the inventive step, this will increase the effciency of a patent examination but will also lead to excessive patent registration and thus result in more patent disputes and a drop in open invention. On the other hand, if the court strictly interprets the inventive step this will decrease the power of a patent and may even lead to its invalidation. Such an environment will encourage patent infringements and also make patent valuations very diffcult. Therefore, it is clear that the interpretation of inventive steps heavily influences industries. Consequently, we must contrast and compare our nation’s position against the changing landscape of each nation’s patent rulings. For instance, the US courts have been pro-patent by easing the interpretation of the inventive step until the KSR case in 2007. The criterion for the inventive step, which is the TSM test, proposed by the CAFC is that in complex of prior art, teaching, suggesting, motivation does not exist, it would acknowledge the inventive step. However in the case of KSR in 2007, the supreme court ruled that “even if the TSM is not reported in the prior art, it is possible to deny non-obviousness taking into consideration the technical knowledge and the market’s desire. Furthermore, “unpredictable improvement” unlike the existing TSM test, it provided additional standards which led to a more stricter interpretation of the inventive step. Thereafter, it set a new precedent in the US judicial system which is now taking a more stricter approach on the inventive step. In FORMFACTOR case, Korea’s supreme court ruled that the criterion of inventive step is first, teaching, suggesting, motivation is represented in prior art, and second, level and common sense of prior art, improvement tendency, demand. With respect to the inventive step, other cases and guidebooks say that there is no limit to the number of prior technologies in a combined invention, and that even if the components of the combined invention come from prior technologies it is not a denial of the inventive step but rather depend on the component as a whole. If the inventive step deems that it is in the same technological field as the prior technology the product in question will be compared to other products. However, even with standards that are provided by the courts and the Intellectual Property Office, standards regarding the inventive step can never be clear and objective because of its unique significance Thus I suggest that the inventive step standards must take industrial policy into consideration and apply it different depending on the sector, validity and predictability, protecting rights and facilitating industrial development harmoniously. 진보성(inventive step)은 특허의 등록요건인 동시에 흠결시 특허무효사유에 해당되어 그 판단기준에 따라 특허권의 실효성과 역할이 달라지게 된다. 법원이 진보성 요건을 완화하여 해석 즉, 인용발명이 해당발명을 직접 지시, 제안하고 있지만 않다면 진보성을 인정해주는 경향 을 보인다면 특허심사의 신속성을 도모할 수 있으나, 특허권의 과도한 등록에 따라 잦은 특허 분쟁유발과 자유발명의 고갈을 야기하게 된다. 법원이 진보성 요건을 엄격하게 해석하면 반대로 특허권의 권리가 약화되어 등록된 특허권도 언제 무효가 될지 예측할 수 없게 되어 침해를 조장하게 될 우려가 있으며 특허권의 가치평가 또한 매우 어렵게 된다. 이처럼 진보성의 판 단기준이 산업에 미치는 영향이 큰 만큼 그에 대한 각국의 경향과 우리나라의 입장 변화에 대 한 끊임없는 비교, 분석은 중요한 의미를 갖는다. 미국의 경우 2007년 소위 KSR 사건이 있기 전까지 대체로 진보성의 인정을 완화하여 해석하는 Pro-patent의 경향이었다. 미국의 미연방항소법원(CAFC)가 제시한 진보성판단기준인 TSM (Teaching-Suggestion-Motivation) test는 선행기술의 조합의 경우 선행기술 내용에 그러한 조합에 대한 가르침, 암시·동기가 존재하지만 않는다면 진보성을 인정하는 기준이었다. 그러나 2007년 소위 KSR사건에서는 연방대법원은 “인용예에 TSM에 대한 기재가 없더라도 기술 상식, 시장 요구 등을 고려해 비자명성(non-obviousness)을 부정할 수 있다” 하면서 “예측 가능한 이용 이상의 개량일 것”등 기존 TSM test와 달리 추가적인 기준을 제시하며 진보성 인정을 엄격히 해석하는 입장을 취하였고, 그 후 미국의 판레경향은 진보성 판단기준을 엄격히 해석하는 경향으로 변화하여 왔다. 우리나라의 대법원은 소위 폼펙터사건 (2007. 9. 6. 선고 2005후3284 판결)에서 진보성 판단 기준으로 선행문헌에 인용되는 기술을 조합 또는 결합하면 당해 특허발명에 이를 수 있다는 암시·동기 등이 제시되어 있는지 여부를 제시하면서 선행문헌에 그러한 암시·동기 등이 제시 되지 않은 경우에는 출원당시의 기술수준, 기술상식, 해당 기술분야의 기본과제, 발전경향, 해 당업계의 요구 등을 고려하여 당업자가 용이하게 결합에 이를수 있는지 여부를 고려할 것이 라 하여 미국의 판례경향과 비교할 때 TSM test로 결합발명의 진보성을 판단하되 기술수준, 발전경향 등 함축적이고 명확한 기준을 추가적으로 제시하여 KSR판결의 경향과 유사하면서 보다 진보된 기준을 제시하였다. 그밖의 다른 판례와 특허 심사지첨서에는 진보성판단기준으 로 결합발명에서 선행기술의 개수에 특별한 제한이 없으며, 결합발명의 구성요소 각각이 선 행기술로부터 자명하다고 하여 진보성이 부정되는 것은 아니고 결합된 전체로서의 구성의 곤 란성을 따져볼 것이며, 진보성 판단의 대상이 되는 선행발명은 기술분야가 같다면 대상물품 과 다른 물품에 관한 것이라도 될 수 있다는 등의 기준을 제시하고 있다. 하지만 이러한 법원과 행정청이 끊임없이 제시하는 판단기준에도 불구하고 진보성의 판단 기준은 그 의미적 특성상 완전히 객관적이고 명확할 수는 없다. 이에 진보성 판단 기준을 산업 정책적 측면을 고려하여 분야별로 조금 다르게 적용하여 구체적타당성과 예측가능성, 권리자 보호와 산업발전을 조화롭게 도모하는 것을 제안한다.

단계양수시험 해석 방법에 따른 우물 및 수리 상수 변동 분석

안효원,하규철,이은희,도병희,An, Hyowon,Ha, Kyoochul,Lee, Eunhee,Do, Byung Hee 한국지하수토양환경학회 2020 지하수토양환경 Vol.25 No.4

Step-drawdown test is one of the widely-used aquifer test methods to evaluate aquifer and well losses. Various approaches have been suggested to estimate well losses using the step-drawdown test data but the uncertainties associated with data interpretation and analysis still exist. In this study, we applied three different step-drawdown test analysis methods -Jacob (1947), Labadie and Helweg (1975), Gupta (1989)- to the step-drawdown test data in Seobu-myeon, Hongseong-gun, South Korea and estimated aquifer and well losses. Comparisons of different step-drawdown test analysis methods revealed that the estimated well losses showed different values depending on the applied methods and these variations are likely to be related to the limitation of the assumptions for each analysis method. Based on the detailed analysis of time-drawdown data, we performed step-drawdown test analysis after removing outlier data during the initial stage of step drawdown test. The results showed that the application of the revised time-drawdown data could substantially decrease the error of the analysis as well as the variations in the estimated well losses from different analysis methods.

Chester Step Test를 통한 유산소 능력 추정치의 타당성과 신뢰성 검증

김정규(Kim, Jung-Kyu),양승민(Yang, Seung-Min) 한국체육과학회 2011 한국체육과학회지 Vol.20 No.5

The purpose of this study was to verify the validity and reliability of the Chester Step Test(CST), a sub-maximal test for the prediction of aerobic capacity, when compared to maximal oxygen consumption(VO₂max) measured during a treadmill test. All participants completed VO₂max treadmill test and on separate days, all of subjects completed the CST on two occasions(CST1 & CST2). Subjects were divided by two groups based on their VO₂max level(High aerobic capacity Group; age; 21.2±2.45 yrs, Height; 176.6±1.12 cm, Weight; 74.5±2.34 kg, VO₂max; 53.2±4.65 ml/kg/min; Low aerobic capacity Group; age; 21.5±3.88 yrs, Height; 176.8±2.45 cm, Weight; 78.4±4.77 kg, VO₂max; 40.4±6.77 ml/kg/min). During CST, subjects were required to step on to and a off 30 cm step at a rate set by the metronome beat on a audio cassette. The initial step rate was 15 steps per minute and every 2 minutes the tempo increased by 5 steps per minutes. The subject continued stepping until he reached 80% of their maximum predicted heart rate, or reported a rating of perceived exertion of 15 on the Borg scale, or reached the end of 10-minutes 5 stage test. There was a more higher correlation(r=0.805, p<.0001) between actual VO₂max and CST in the low aerobic capacity group than high aerobic capacity group(r=0.634, p<.001). The test-retest repeatability of CST was showed to be good(Chonbach a =0.92). In conclusion, the reliability of the CST as a field based test to detect improvements in aerobic fitness might be recommended. However, validity of CST to predict an actual VO₂max is questionable in the high level of aerobic capacity group. Futhermore, it is unclear whether or not the current results are applicable to three other recommended step heights.

남녀 청소년들(13-18세)의 VO2max 평가를 위한 Astrand- Ryhming 스텝검사 프로토콜을 기반으로 한 새로운 추정식 개발

송정란,이상현,김양중,김수진,김도윤,김창선,박동호 한국운동생리학회 2018 운동과학 Vol.27 No.1

PURPOSE: To develop and validate regression models to estimate maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) from the new estimation formula based on Astrand-Ryhming step test protocol (AR protocol) in Korean male and female youths aged 13-18 years. METHODS: One hundred twenty participants performed maximal graded exercise test (GXT) on a treadmill and Astrand-Ryhming step test (AR test) to measure VO2max and VO2max estimates, respectively. Participants in the validation study performed the GXT with the stationary metabolic cart and the Astrand-Ryhming step test twice for test-retest reliability. All tests were conducted at least three days apart and in a random order. RESULTS: Mean calculated VO2max (40.43±11.57 mL/kg/min) from the Astrand-Ryhming step test equation was significantly low from that measured during the GXT from stationary metabolic cart (47.32±8.75 mL/kg/min, p<.01). New regression equations were developed from present data to predict VO2max for male and female youths: y=(-13.963×sex)-(0.216×W)-(0.072×HR)+91.296 (r=.772, SEE=5.64 mL/kg/min). The VO2max (47.22±6.76 mL/kg/min) of modified Astrand-Ryhming step test equation showed no significant difference from the VO2max measured through GXT. CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that this equation developed in this study provides valid estimates of VO2max of Korean male and female youths aged 13-18 years. A further study needs to develop a step test estimation equation targeting adults and elderly people in which validity and reliability are secured.

최대산소섭취량을 추정하기 위한 간접방법의 비교

김연평(Kim Yeon-Pyung),장명재(Jang Myung-Jae),진정권(Jin Jung-Kwon) 경희대학교 스포츠과학연구원 1998 체육학논문집 Vol.26 No.-

  The purpose of this investigation was to compare the acceptability of three exercise tests for estimating maximal oxygen uptake(VO₂max). Sixteen healthy female subjects(M±S.D.=35.38±4.27) performed the maximal treadmill test, submaximal Cycle test(Siconolfi et al. 1982), submaximal Step test(Sharkey, 1977), and submaximal one-mile walk test(Cline et al., 1987).<BR>  VO₂max determined by maximal treadmill test was 38.92±4.06ml/㎏/min. Predicted VO₂max was also estimated from cycle test(31.84±3.84), step test(39.56±3.69), and one-mile walk test(39.57±3.20). Predicted VO₂max were obtained for each subject from heart rate(HR) at submaximal work loads. During the submaximal tests, heart rates were recorded from polar system(Finland).<BR>  Paired sample t-test revealed significant mean difference between criterion treadmill VO₂max and cycle test. The one-mile walk test and step test VO₂max values were not significantly different from the criterion treadmill VO₂max. The correlations between criterion VO₂max and VO₂max estimated from cycle test, step test, and one-mile walk test were r=0.65, r=0.64, and r=0.83, respectively. These results suggest that step test and one-mile walk test are satisfactory predictive method for VO₂max estimation in 30 to 39-year-old females.

교합안정장치가 신체 균형에 미치는 영향

김정욱(Jeong-Uk Kim),박민철(Min-Chull Park),최성민(Sung-Min Choi),이상열(Sang-Yeol Lee),원현진(Hyeon-Jin Won) 한국콘텐츠학회 2013 한국콘텐츠학회논문지 Vol.13 No.4

본 연구의 목적은 교합안정장치의 착용이 신체의 균형에 미치는 영향을 알아보기 위함이다. 연구 대상자는 교합과 저작계에 이상이 없고, 보행에 지장이 없으며, 악관절의 병력을 가지고 있지 않은 10명을 대상으로 하였다. 신체 균형은 Fukuda stepping test, Stability of limit test를 이용하여 측정하였으며, 교합안정 장치착용 전과 착용 후의 유의성을 검정하기 위하여 Wilcoxon signed test를 실시하였다. 통계학적인 유의성을 검정하기 위한 유의수준 α는 .05로 하였다. 연구 결과 교합안정장치 착용 전과 착용 후에 Fukuda stepping test의 이동거리와 Stability of limit test에서 유의한 차이가 있었다(p<.05). 본 연구의 결과를 통해 교합안정장치의 착용은 신체 균형에 긍정적인 효과가 있음을 알 수 있었다. This study aims to examine the influences of wearing an occlusal biteplane splint on balance of the body. 10 subjects were selected who had neither impaired occlusion and masticating systems nor difficulty in walking along with no medical history in temporomandibular joint.Measurements were conducted with the Fukuda stepping test, the limits of stability test. The level of significance, α to determine the statistical significance was .05. Fukuda stepping test and the limits of stability test were put to the Wilcoxon signed test. As a result of this study, there was a significant difference in the moving distance in the Fukuda stepping test (p <.05). In addition, there were significant differences in the results of the limits of stability test (p <.05). In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that wearing the occlusal biteplane splint has an positive influence on the balance of the boby.

뇌졸중 환자의 Four Square Step Test의 신뢰도와 타당도

박창식 ( Park Chang-sik ),안승헌 ( An Seung-heon ) 대구대학교 특수교육재활과학연구소 2017 특수교육재활과학연구 Vol.56 No.1

본 연구의 목적은 뇌졸중 환자의 Four Square Step Test(FSST)의 측정자간·검사-재검사 신뢰도와 타당도를 알아보고자 하였다. 본 연구에 참여한 만성 뇌졸중 환자 32명을 대상으로 FSST 소요 시간의 측정자간·검사-재검사 신뢰도는 상대적 신뢰도 지수 인(급간내상관계수: Intra Class Coefficient, ICC)를 이용하였다. 또한 절대적 신뢰도 지수인 표준 측정 오차(Standard Error Measurement, SEM)와 최소 감지 변화(Minimal Detectable Change, MDC) 및 Bland and Altman(일치 한계) 분석이 포함되었다. FSST의 동시 타당도는 8자 경로 보행 검사(Figure-Eight Walk Test, F8WT), 10m 보행 속도, 푸글마이어 하지 운동기능(Fugl Meyer Assessment-Lower/extremity, FMA-L/E), 일어나 걸어가기 검사(Timed Up & Go Test, TUG), 버그 균형 척도(Berg Balance Scale, BBS)간의 스피어만 상관 계수(Spearman Correlation Coefficient)를 이용하였다. FSST 소요 시간의 측정자간, 검사-재검사 신뢰도 ICC=0.93∼0.97(0.86∼0.98), SEM은 각각 0.91, 1.52, MDC는 각각 2.51, 4.21로 신뢰할 수 있는 수준(<15%)인 것으로 확인되었다. FSST 소요시간은 F8WT(r=0.91), 10m 보행 속도(r=-0.83), FMA-L/E(r=-0.81), TUG(r=0.85) ,BBS(r=-0.82) 와는 높은 상관관계가 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 만성 뇌졸중 환자들의 FSST 소요 시간은 높은 측정자간·검사-재검사 신뢰도가 있었고, 뇌졸중 특이성 장애인 마비측 하지 운동 기능과 균형 능력 및 직선과 곡선(회전) 보행 검사와 높은 관련성이 있었다. 따라서 임상에서 FSST 소요 시간은 만성 뇌졸중 환자의 동적 균형 능력을 평가하는데 빠르고 쉽게 적용이 가능한 평가 도구가 될 수 있을 것이다. To establish the Interㆍtest-retest reliabilities of the Four Square Step Test(FSST) times and associations with stroke-specific impairments. A total of 32 subjects with chronic stroke participated in this study. A relative reliability index (intraclass correlation coefficient, ICC) was used to examine the level of agreement of inter-raterㆍtest-retest reliability for FSST times. Also Absolute reliability indices, including the standard error of measurement(SEM) and the minimal detectable change(MDC), and limits of agreement by Bland and Altman analysis. The validity was demonstrated by spearman correlation of FSST time with Figure-Eight Walk Test(F8WT), 10m Walk Test(10mWT), Fugl Meyer Assessment- Lower/Extremity(FMA-L/E), Timed Up & Go Test(TUG), Berg Balance Scale(BBS). Excellent Inter-raterㆍ test-retest reliabilities(ICC range 0.93 to 0.97) of FSST times were found. It all showed acceptable SEM(0.91∼1.52) and MDC(2.51, 4.21)respectively(<15%). The FSST times were significantly correlated with F8WT times(r=0.91), 10mWT(r=-0.83), FMA-L/E(r=-0.81), TUG(r=0.85) and BBS(r=-0.82). Conclusions: The FSST times is a reliable measurement tool and significantly associated with stroke-specific impairments and walking tests(straight, curved walking and turning task). The FSST is could be an easy-to-administer clinical test with chronic stroke to assess dynamic standing balance.