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        Metal–Insulator–Metal Optical Nanoantenna with Equivalent-Circuit Analysis

        Choi, Yeonho,Choi, Dukhyun,Lee, Luke P. WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 Advanced Materials Vol.22 No.15

        <B>Graphic Abstract</B> <P>Selective metal–insulator–metal optical nanoantennas are fabricated with Au deposition on top of anodic aluminum oxide layer (see figure). The complicated nanoantennas are easily analyzed by using an equivalent-circuit system and characterized by surface-enhanced Raman scattering. <img src='wiley_img_2010/09359648-2010-22-15-ADMA200903443-content.gif' alt='wiley_img_2010/09359648-2010-22-15-ADMA200903443-content'> </P>

      • Analysis of Voltage Rise Phenomenon in Distribution Lines Associated with Grid-Connected Renewable Energy System

        Yeonho Ok,Jaeho Choi,Mancheol Shin,Youngkwan Choi 전력전자학회 2015 ICPE(ISPE)논문집 Vol.2015 No.6

        In this paper, the phenomenon of voltage rise when the renewable energy power plants are connected to the distribution grid is analyzed. For analysis of voltage rise phenomenon, the actual operation data with some kinds of renewable energy power plants such as small hydro power plant, solar power plant and wind power plant are gathered firstly. And based on these data, the voltage rise phenomenon is analyzed and configured with the equivalent circuit and vector diagram. The implementation results of an effective and economical solution for the voltage regulation using SVC are shown for further discussion in detail.

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        Shadow Overlap Ion-beam Lithography for Nanoarchitectures

        Choi, Yeonho,Hong, Soongweon,Lee, Luke P. American Chemical Society 2009 NANO LETTERS Vol.9 No.11

        <P>Precisely constructed nanoscale devices and nanoarchitectures with high spatial resolution are critically needed for applications in high-speed electronics, high-density memory, efficient solar cells, optoelectronics, plasmonics, optical antennas, chemical sensors, biological sensors, and nanospectroscopic imaging. Current methods of classical optical lithography are limited by the diffraction effect of light for nanolithography, and the state of art of e-beam or focused ion beam lithography limit the throughput and further reduction less than few nanometers for large-area batch fabrication. However, these limits can be surpassed surprisingly by utilizing the overlap of two shadow images. Here we present shadow overlap of ion-beam lithography (SOIL), which can combine the advantages of parallel processing, tunable capability of geometries, cost-effective method, and high spatial resolution nanofabrication technique. The SOIL method relies on the overlap of shadows created by the directional metal deposition and etching angles on prepatterned structures. Consequently, highly tunable patterns can be obtained. As examples, unprecedented nanoarchitectures for optical antennas are demonstrated by SOIL. We expect that SOIL can have a significant impact not only on nanoscale devices, but also large-scale (i.e., micro and macro) three-dimensional innovative lithography.</P><P><B>Graphic Abstract</B> <IMG SRC='http://pubs.acs.org/appl/literatum/publisher/achs/journals/content/nalefd/2009/nalefd.2009.9.issue-11/nl901911p/production/images/medium/nl-2009-01911p_0005.gif'></P><P><A href='http://pubs.acs.org/doi/suppl/10.1021/nl901911p'>ACS Electronic Supporting Info</A></P>

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        Plasmon resonance energy transfer (PRET)-based molecular imaging of cytochrome c in living cells.

        Choi, Yeonho,Kang, Taewook,Lee, Luke P American Chemical Society 2009 NANO LETTERS Vol.9 No.1

        <P>We describe the development of innovative plasmon resonance energy transfer (PRET)-based molecular imaging of biomolecules in living cells. Our strategy of in vivo PRET imaging relies on the resonant plasmonic energy transfer from a gold nanoplasmonic probe to conjugated target molecules, which creates 'quantized quenching dips' within the Rayleigh scattering spectrum of the probe. The positions of these quantized quenching dips exactly match with the absorption peaks of the target molecule since we intentionally design nanoantennas (i.e., nanoplasmonic probes) to overlap the electronic dipoles of the molecule and the plasmonic resonance dipole of nanoantennas. Such the quenching dips allow quantitative and long-term dynamic imaging of the target molecule without the drawbacks of photobleaching and blinking inherent to fluorescent markers, which cannot provide chemical fingerprints. Compared with other imaging methods, our PRET spectroscopic imaging method allows us to generate nanoscale specific wavelengths of local light sources in living systems via nanoantennas and transmit back the nanospectroscopic imaging data of biochemical activities in living cells. As a first demonstration of in vivo PRET imaging, we performed a visualization of the dynamics of intracellular cytochrome c in HepG2 cells under ethanol-induced apoptosis.</P>

      • Additional amplifications of SERS <i>via</i> an optofluidic CD-based platform

        Choi, Dukhyun,Kang, Taewook,Cho, Hansang,Choi, Yeonho,Lee, Luke P. Royal Society of Chemistry 2009 Lab on a chip Vol.9 No.2

        <P>In this paper, signal amplifications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) are realized by an optofluidic compact disc (CD)-based preconcentration method for effective label-free environmental and biomolecular detections. The preconcentration of target molecules is accomplished through the accumulation of adsorbed molecules on SERS-active sites by repeating a ‘filling–drying’ cycle of the assay solution in the optofluidic CD platform. After 30 cycles, the clear and high SERS signal of rhodamine 6G of 1 nM is readily detected. In addition to the preconcentration-based signal amplification by the optofluidic SERS system on the CD platform, we introduce a controlled precipitation of gold nanoparticles by CuSO<SUB>4</SUB> for SERS substrates. This method provides high-throughput, high-sensitive and large-area uniform SERS substrates on the optofluidic CD platform. The uniform SERS signals from different positions in spots of 3 mm<SUP>2</SUP> on the different CDs gives us confidence in the reliability and stability of our SERS substrates.</P> <P>Graphic Abstract</P><P>We present optofluidic SERS on a compact disk (CD) platform which is designed to preconcentrate the molecule of interest <I>via</I> simply repeating ‘filling–drying’ cycles of molecular solutions for SERS signal amplification. <IMG SRC='http://pubs.rsc.org/services/images/RSCpubs.ePlatform.Service.FreeContent.ImageService.svc/ImageService/image/GA?id=b812067f'> </P>

      • Selective and sensitive detection of metal ions by plasmonic resonance energy transfer-based nanospectroscopy

        Choi, Yeonho,Park, Younggeun,Kang, Taewook,Lee, Luke P. Springer Science and Business Media LLC 2009 Nature nanotechnology Vol.4 No.11

        <P>Highly selective and sensitive optical methods for the detection of metal ions have had a substantial impact on molecular biology, environmental monitoring and other areas of research. Here we demonstrate a new method for detecting metal ions that is based on selective plasmonic resonance energy transfer (PRET) between conjugated metal-ligand complexes and a single gold nanoplasmonic probe. In addition to offering high spatial resolution due to the small size of the probe, our method is 100 to 1,000 times more sensitive than organic reporter-based methods. Moreover, it can achieve high selectivity owing to the selective formation of Cu(2+) complexes and selective resonant quenching of the gold nanoplasmonic probe by the conjugated complexes. We expect that PRET-based metal ion sensing could have applications in cellular imaging, systems biology and environmental monitoring.</P>

      • Stem cell transplantation for Huntington’s diseases

        Choi, Kyung-Ah,Choi, Yeonho,Hong, Sunghoi Elsevier 2018 Methods Vol.133 No.-

        <P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Therapeutic approaches based on stem cells have received considerable attention as potential treatments for Huntington’s disease (HD), which is a fatal, inherited neurodegenerative disorder, caused by progressive loss of GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum of the forebrain. Transplantation of stem cells or their derivatives in animal models of HD, efficiently improved functions by replacing the damaged or lost neurons. In particular, neural stem cells (NSCs) for HD treatments have been developed from various sources, such as the brain itself, the pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), and the somatic cells of the HD patients. However, the brain-derived NSCs are difficult to obtain, and the PSCs have to be differentiated into a population of the desired neuronal cells that may cause a risk of tumor formation after transplantation. In contrast, induced NSCs, derived from somatic cells as a new stem cell source for transplantation, are less likely to form tumors. Given that the stem cell transplantation strategy for treatment of HD, as a genetic disease, is to replace the dysfunctional or lost neurons, the correction of mutant genes containing the expanded CAG repeats is essential. In this review, we will describe the methods for obtaining the optimal NSCs for transplantation-based HD treatment and the differentiation conditions for the functional GABAergic MSNs as therapeutic cells. Also, we will discuss the valuable gene correction of the disease stem cells by the CRISPR/Cas9 system for HD treatment.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Huntington’s disease (HD) is caused by loss of GABAergic MSNs in the striatum. </LI> <LI> The MSNs grafted with NSCs must send out their axons and receive the correct input. </LI> <LI> NSCs with low risks of teratoma formation could be suitable source for HD treatment. </LI> <LI> NSCs obtained from HD patients must be genetically corrected by CRISPR/Cas9. </LI> </UL> </P>

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