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Present Status of Research on Design and Processing of Functionally Graded Materials
Watanabe, Ryuzo,Nishida, Toshihiko,Hirai, Toshio 대한금속재료학회 2003 METALS AND MATERIALS International Vol.9 No.6
Recent activities in the research of functionally graded materials (FGMs) are reviewed with an emphasis on the fabrication techniques for graded microstructure and functions. The research activities have focused on the processing of graded structures that satisfy the designed functions. Several examples of practical applications of FGMs are described in the present paper to demonstrate the fabrication approaches typical to this kind of material. The remainder of the paper is devoted to summarizing a recently finished national project supported by the Ministry of Education of Japan. Research and developments with respect to FGMs in various fields including physics, chemistry, medical science, and biology are briefly reviewed.
竹內俊郞,姜石中,渡邊武 國立統營水産專門大學 附設 水産科學硏究所 1989 수산과학연구소보고 Vol.1 No.-
Atlantic salmon Salmo salar were kept in water with different NaCl concentration (salinity: 0, 1 and 2%) for 48 h in order to determine the effects of environmental salinity on lipid classes and their fatty acid composition of gills. The percentage of gill weight to body weight decreased in fish kept in water with 1 and 2% salinity for 24 h. The total lipid of gills (mg/100g fish body weight) also decreased from 897 mg of the initial value to 727 and 747 mg after adaptation to 1 or 2% salt water for 24 h. This was mainly due to decrease of triglyceride class of gill lipids. On the other hand, the content of polar lipids such as phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) was not influenced by salinity levels during 48 h adaptation. The adaptation of salmon to 1 or 2% salt water for 24 h remarkably reduced the level of n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acids, especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of PC in gill, while no change was observed in fatty acids of PE. On the other hand, all fatty acids in gill nonpolar lipids were decreased. These results suggest that some selected fatty acids such as DHA in gill polar lipids may have an important role for salinity adaptation.
(Tetsuo Arakawa),(Toshio Watanabe),(Kazunari Tominaga),(Yasuhiro Fujiwara),(Kazuhide Higuchi) 대한소화기학회 1999 SIDDS Vol.5 No.-
The aim of this paper is to review recent data pertaining to mechanisms of ulcer recurrence. Production of inflammatory cytokines is stimulated by ulcerogenic factors such as stress as well as NSAIDs and H. pylori infection. Therefore, the cytokines may be a common key factor to cause ulcer recurrence. When interleukin-1beta or tumor necrosis factor-alpha is administered to rats with healed chronic gastric ulcer, the ulcer recurs at the same site of previous ulcer (ulcer scar site) like most of human peptic ulcers. Excessive macrophages exist at the regenerated mucosa of ulcer scar site compared with normal mucosa adjacent to the site. Monocytes/macrophages are the major cell type responsible for production of inflammatory cytokines that activate leukocytes and stimulate expression of adhesion molecules. Therefore, the accumulation of such cells at the ulcer scar may explain why ulcers tend to recur usually at the same site. Neutrophils may contribute to the final step of recurrence of ulcer because antibody against neutrophils completely inhibits the recurrence caused by IL-1beta. Two possibly mechanisms are concerned: their cytotoxic effects to the mucosal cells via production of active oxygen species, elastase, and TNF-alpha, and microcirculatory disturbance due to neutrophil-endothelial cell interaction.