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Lin, Yao-Cheng,Wang, Jing,Delhomme, Nicolas,Schiffthaler, Bastian,Sundströ,m, Gö,rel,Zuccolo, Andrea,Nystedt, Bjö,rn,Hvidsten, Torgeir R.,de la Torre, Amanda,Cossu, Rosa M.,Hoeppner, Marc National Academy of Sciences 2018 PROCEEDINGS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF Vol.115 No.46
<▼1><P><B>Significance</B></P><P>We performed de novo, full-genome sequence analysis of two <I>Populus</I> species, North American quaking and Eurasian trembling aspen, that contain striking levels of genetic variation. Our results showed that positive and negative selection broadly affects patterns of genomic variation, but to varying degrees across coding and noncoding regions. The strength of selection and rates of sequence divergence were strongly related to differences in gene expression and coexpression network connectivity. These results highlight the importance of both positive and negative selection in shaping genome-wide levels of genetic variation in an obligately outcrossing, perennial plant. The resources we present establish aspens as a powerful study system enabling future studies for understanding the genomic determinants of adaptive evolution.</P></▼1><▼2><P>The <I>Populus</I> genus is one of the major plant model systems, but genomic resources have thus far primarily been available for poplar species, and primarily <I>Populus trichocarpa</I> (Torr. & Gray), which was the first tree with a whole-genome assembly. To further advance evolutionary and functional genomic analyses in <I>Populus</I>, we produced genome assemblies and population genetics resources of two aspen species, <I>Populus tremula</I> L. and <I>Populus tremuloides</I> Michx. The two aspen species have distributions spanning the Northern Hemisphere, where they are keystone species supporting a wide variety of dependent communities and produce a diverse array of secondary metabolites. Our analyses show that the two aspens share a similar genome structure and a highly conserved gene content with <I>P. trichocarpa</I> but display substantially higher levels of heterozygosity. Based on population resequencing data, we observed widespread positive and negative selection acting on both coding and noncoding regions. Furthermore, patterns of genetic diversity and molecular evolution in aspen are influenced by a number of features, such as expression level, coexpression network connectivity, and regulatory variation. To maximize the community utility of these resources, we have integrated all presented data within the PopGenIE web resource (PopGenIE.org).</P></▼2>
LA INTERCULTURALIDAD EN LA CLASE DE ESPAN~OL LENGUA EXTRANJERA
Torre, Jesu´s de la 한국동서정신과학회 2002 동서정신과학 Vol.5 No.2
Considering the importance of the connection between languages and culture this article examines the necessity for inclusion of an intercultural perspective in the learning process to achieve better results in the foreign language classroom. It becomes even more relevant if we take into account the cultural differences between Korea and the language of study. After recognizing and assessing the relevant factors that take part in learning we chose one of them (Confucianism) as one of the key elements that will help the native teacher to understand the cultural patterns of the students and their learning styles. We stress the importance for the educator to know idiosyncratic behaviours in order to avoid misunderstandings in communication and "cultural shock". This research is oriented for practical applications. For that, we analysed the different interpretations of "the silence in the classroom", in the culture of the Spanish language teacher as compared with the culture of Korean students; that is a conclusive example that the educator should approach the teaching practice bearing in mind the cultural specifics of the students; that means, from an intercultural perspective.
Sintering of Mechanically Alloyed YSZ Nanocrystalline Powders
De la Torre,M. A. Lopez,Dura O. J.,Hernandez M.,Garcia-Cordobes M.,Herranz G.,Sanchez-Bautista C.,Rodriguez G. P. 한국분말야금학회 2006 한국분말야금학회 학술대회논문집 Vol.2006 No.1
We report on the mechanical and structural properties of nanocrystalline 8% and 10% mol yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) obtained using mechanical alloying (MA). The as-milled powders show a body-centered cubic structure with grain sizes in the nanometer scale. After uniaxial pressing and sintering the compacts exhibit good mechanical properties. We discuss the correlation of these enhanced properties with the microstructural changes induced by heat treatment.
Advancing the understanding of autism disease mechanisms through genetics
de la Torre-Ubieta, Luis,Won, Hyejung,Stein, Jason L,Geschwind, Daniel H Nature Publishing Group, a division of Macmillan P 2016 Nature medicine Vol.22 No.4
Progress in understanding the genetic etiology of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) has fueled remarkable advances in our understanding of its potential neurobiological mechanisms. Yet, at the same time, these findings highlight extraordinary causal diversity and complexity at many levels ranging from molecules to circuits and emphasize the gaps in our current knowledge. Here we review current understanding of the genetic architecture of ASD and integrate genetic evidence, neuropathology and studies in model systems with how they inform mechanistic models of ASD pathophysiology. Despite the challenges, these advances provide a solid foundation for the development of rational, targeted molecular therapies.
Chromosome conformation elucidates regulatory relationships in developing human brain
Won, Hyejung,de la Torre-Ubieta, Luis,Stein, Jason L.,Parikshak, Neelroop N.,Huang, Jerry,Opland, Carli K.,Gandal, Michael J.,Sutton, Gavin J.,Hormozdiari, Farhad,Lu, Daning,Lee, Changhoon,Eskin, Elea Nature Publishing Group 2016 Nature Vol. No.
Three-dimensional physical interactions within chromosomes dynamically regulate gene expression in a tissue-specific manner. However, the 3D organization of chromosomes during human brain development and its role in regulating gene networks dysregulated in neurodevelopmental disorders, such as autism or schizophrenia, are unknown. Here we generate high-resolution 3D maps of chromatin contacts during human corticogenesis, permitting large-scale annotation of previously uncharacterized regulatory relationships relevant to the evolution of human cognition and disease. Our analyses identify hundreds of genes that physically interact with enhancers gained on the human lineage, many of which are under purifying selection and associated with human cognitive function. We integrate chromatin contacts with non-coding variants identified in schizophrenia genome-wide association studies (GWAS), highlighting multiple candidate schizophrenia risk genes and pathways, including transcription factors involved in neurogenesis, and cholinergic signalling molecules, several of which are supported by independent expression quantitative trait loci and gene expression analyses. Genome editing in human neural progenitors suggests that one of these distal schizophrenia GWAS loci regulates FOXG1 expression, supporting its potential role as a schizophrenia risk gene. This work provides a framework for understanding the effect of non-coding regulatory elements on human brain development and the evolution of cognition, and highlights novel mechanisms underlying neuropsychiatric disorders.
유재성,Fernanda de la Torre,Guangyu Robert Yang 한국지능시스템학회 2024 한국지능시스템학회논문지 Vol.34 No.1
계획은 에이전트가 가능한 미래 상태를 탐색하며 후보 행동을 선택하는 데이터 효율적인 의사결정 전략이다. 탐색할 미래 행동이 무한한 고차원 행동 공간에서 계획을 할 때, 탐색을제한하기 위해서는 자신의 의사결정 전략에 대한 지식인 자기모델을 사용하여 후보 행동을만들어야 한다. 자기 모델 설계법이 불분명한 가운데 신경과학에서 영감을 받아, 본 연구는자기 모델로서 정제된 정책 네트워크를 사용하는 이중 정책 에이전트의 이점과 한계를 탐구한다. 이중 정책 에이전트에서는 모델-자유 정책과 정제된 정책이 각각 모델-자유 행동과계획된 행동에 사용된다. 매개변수화한 생태적인 환경에서 실험한 결과, 자기 모델을 위한정제된 정책 네트워크는 훈련을 안정화시키고, 모델-자유 정책을 사용하는 것보다 빠른 추론을 가능하게 하며, 더 나은 탐색을 촉진하고, 자신의 행동에 대한 포괄적인 이해를 학습할수 있음을 발견하였다. Planning is a data efficient decision-making strategy where an agent selectscandidate actions by exploring possible future states. To simulate future states in ahigh-dimensional action space with infinite action candidates, the knowledge ofone’s decision making strategy must be used to sample candidate actions to beexplored. We refer to the model used to simulate one’s decisions as the agent’sself-model. While self-models are often implicitly used in planning, it remainsunclear how self-models should be designed. Inspired by current reinforcementlearning approaches and neuroscience, we explore the benefits and limitations ofusing a distilled policy network as the self-model. In such dual-policy agents, amodel-free policy and a distilled policy are used for model-free actions and plannedactions, respectively. Our results on a ecologically relevant, parametric environmentindicate that distilled policy network for self-model stabilizes training, has fasterinference than using model-free policy, promotes better exploration, and could learna comprehensive understanding of its own behaviors, at the cost of distilling a newnetwork apart from the model-free policy.