Are Grammatical Class Effects on L1 Word Association Responses Independent of Cue Frequency, Age-of-acquisition, and Concreteness?

Peter Thwaites 한국응용언어학회 2019 응용 언어학 Vol.35 No.2

The word association task has significant potential to reveal insights, into the structure of lexical knowledge in the mind. However, this research continues to be constrained by an incomplete understanding of how basic cue-word properties influence response patterns. The purpose of this study is to address this problem by investigating the nature of grammatical class influence on word association responses, and establishing their independence from several potentially confounding variables. Seventy-one English L1 participants provided responses to 74 noun and verb word association cues, controlled on key variables including frequency, concreteness, and age-of-acquisition. The stereotypy and categorical type of these responses were analyzed, resulting in a uniquely detailed picture of the influence of grammatical class on word association response patterns. The study offers three major findings. First, previously reported differences in paradigmatic and syntagmatic responding to nouns are likely to be genuine grammatical class effects, not methodological confounds related to competing variables. Second, detailed analysis of response categorical type reveals significant differences in the directionality of syntagmatic responses to nouns and verbs. Finally, the grammatical class of cues does not appear to influence response stereotypy. The findings suggest that grammatical class is an influence on the type of relationships held between words in the mind, but may not influence the strength of those relationships.

Effects of Exercise and Intermittent Watering on the Water and Feed Intake of Sheep

Sudarman, A.,Thwaites, C.J.,Hill, M.K. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1998 Animal Bioscience Vol.11 No.6

This experiment was conducted to investigate the water requirement of exercising sheep. Nine Merino ewes were allocated into three groups differing in water supply after exercise, group 1(G1) supplied water ad libitum, group 2 (G2) supplied with water twice a day, and group 3 (G3) supplied with water once a day. The ewes were exercised outdoors using a circular exercising machine at a speed of 5 km/h for 1 hour for 12 consecutive days. Total daily water intake (TDWI) of animals in G3 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than that of those in G1 and G2. TDWI of the 2 later groups was not different. TDWI of G3 was about 60% of that of G1. Feed intake of G3 was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than that of the other two groups. Immediately after exercise, rectal temperature (RT) of animals in G1 was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than those in the other groups. Respiration rate (RR) of animals in all three groups was not significantly different. Faecal moisture of animals in G3 was significantly lower (p < 0.05) than those in the other groups. The results indicate that for optimum productivity sheep should be given water at least twice a day.

Effects of Treadmill Exercise on Respiratory Moisture Losses in Goats of Different Breeds

Kasa, I.W.,Thwaites, C.J.,Hill, M.D.,Baillie, N.D. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2000 Animal Bioscience Vol.13 No.6

Changes in respiration rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), respiratory moisture loss (RML), packed cell volume (PCV) and haemoglobin (Hb) were monitored in 2 adults female goats each of the Saanen (S) and Toggenburg (T) breeds during 60 min of exercise (walking at 3 km/h) on a moving-belt treadmill on each of 6 alternate days. A significant $time{\times}breed$ interaction was observed for RR; mean values in Sand T after 60 min of exercise were 130 and 223 /min ($p{\leq}0.01$). The observed time x breed interaction for RT indicated that S was less stressed by exercise than T; mean values after 60 min exercise were 40.4 and $40.8^{\circ}C$ respectively ($p{\leq}0.01$). For RML, the $day{\times}breed$ interaction ($p{\leq}0.001$) indicated that while S had higher values on day 1, thereafter the values for T were higher. The $time{\times}breed$ interaction for RML/breath indicated that values for T declined more rapidly (from 9.4 to 3.1 mgjbreath) than those for S (from 8.3 to 4.1 mgjbreath; ($p{\leq}0.01$). PCV declined during exercise ($p{\leq}0.05$) by 5.5 percentage points. The exercise imposed was stressful in that it led to increases in RR, RT and RML. S was most tolerant of exercise in that it recorded lower values of RT. The fact that the RML/breath was higher during exercies in S apparently allowed it to compensate for a lower RR. Despite higher RR and RML, T also had a higher RT, suggesting either higher muscular heat production during exercise in that breed, or higher sweating losses in S.

A current perspective on antimicrobial resistance in Southeast Asia

Zellweger, Raphaë,l M,Carrique-Mas, Juan,Limmathurotsakul, Direk,Day, Nicholas P. J,Thwaites, Guy E,Baker, Stephen Oxford University Press 2017 The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy Vol.72 No.11

<P><B>Abstract</B></P><P>Southeast Asia, a vibrant region that has recently undergone unprecedented economic development, is regarded as a global hotspot for the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Understanding AMR in Southeast Asia is crucial for assessing how to control AMR on an international scale. Here we (i) describe the current AMR situation in Southeast Asia, (ii) explore the mechanisms that make Southeast Asia a focal region for the emergence of AMR, and (iii) propose ways in which Southeast Asia could contribute to a global solution.</P>

Invasive Non-typhoidal <i>Salmonella</i> Infections in Asia: Clinical Observations, Disease Outcome and Dominant Serovars from an Infectious Disease Hospital in Vietnam

Phu Huong Lan, Nguyen,Le Thi Phuong, Tu,Nguyen Huu, Hien,Thuy, Le,Mather, Alison E.,Park, Se Eun,Marks, Florian,Thwaites, Guy E.,Van Vinh Chau, Nguyen,Thompson, Corinne N.,Baker, Stephen Public Library of Science 2016 PLoS neglected tropical diseases Vol.10 No.8

<▼1><P>Invasive non-typhoidal <I>Salmonella</I> (iNTS) infections are now a well-described cause of morbidity and mortality in children and HIV-infected adults in sub-Saharan Africa. In contrast, the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of iNTS disease in Asia are not well documented. We retrospectively identified >100 cases of iNTS infections in an infectious disease hospital in Southern Vietnam between 2008 and 2013. Clinical records were accessed to evaluate demographic and clinical factors associated with iNTS infection and to identify risk factors associated with death. Multi-locus sequence typing and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed on all organisms. Of 102 iNTS patients, 71% were HIV-infected, >90% were adults, 71% were male and 33% reported intravenous drug use. Twenty-six/92 (28%) patients with a known outcome died; HIV infection was significantly associated with death (<I>p</I> = 0.039). <I>S</I>. Enteritidis (Sequence Types (ST)11) (48%, 43/89) and <I>S</I>. Typhimurium (ST19, 34 and 1544) (26%, 23/89) were the most commonly identified serovars; <I>S</I>. Typhimurium was significantly more common in HIV-infected individuals (<I>p</I> = 0.003). Isolates from HIV-infected patients were more likely to exhibit reduced susceptibility against trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole than HIV-negative patients (<I>p</I> = 0.037). We conclude that iNTS disease is a severe infection in Vietnam with a high mortality rate. As in sub-Saharan Africa, HIV infection was a risk factor for death, with the majority of the burden in this population found in HIV-infected adult men.</P></▼1><▼2><P><B>Author Summary</B></P><P>Invasive non-typhoidal <I>Salmonella</I> (iNTS) infections occur when <I>Salmonella</I> bacteria, which normally cause diarrhea, enter the bloodstream and spread through the body. Invasive NTS infections have become a common cause of infection and death in children with malaria and adults with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa. However, it is unknown whether iNTS is as common or as severe outside sub-Saharan Africa. We evaluated over 100 iNTS cases from an infectious disease hospital in southern Vietnam admitted between 2008–2013. We used hospital records to determine the clinical features of iNTS disease and to identify risk factors associated with death and performed typing of the isolated organisms. The majority of patients were HIV positive (72/102, 71%), >90% of patients were adults, 71% were male and 33% reported intravenous drug use. The mortality rate of iNTS patients was 28% (26/92), and HIV infection was a significant risk factor for fatal outcome (<I>p</I> = 0.039). The serovars most commonly identified were <I>S</I>. Enteritidis and <I>S</I>. Typhimurium; <I>S</I>. Typhimurium was found more frequently in HIV-positive individuals (<I>p</I> = 0.003). We report that iNTS disease is a severe infection in Vietnam with a high mortality rate. Similar to sub-Saharan Africa, HIV infection was a strong risk factor for death.</P></▼2>

Chinese-Speaking Undergraduates in Australia : A Lexical Approach to Teaching Academic Writing

Qin Chen,Anne Thwaite,Brian Moon 아시아영어교육학회 2023 The Journal of Asia TEFL Vol.20 No.2

Chinese-speaking students enroll in Australian tertiary institutions in large numbers. Success for these international students is heavily dependent upon their mastering the conventions of academic writing in English. How best to ensure such mastery among EAL learners has been a matter of debate among tertiary educators and language specialists, with competing theories and methods proposed. This paper reports on an attempt to improve English academic writing through intensive lexical instruction, a method proposed by Ackermann & Chen (2013), Boers et al. (2016), Lewis (1993), Selivan (2018), Wray (2005, 2018) and others. Nine Chinese-speaking tertiary students were offered training in recognising and employing those lexical constructions commonly found in relevant technical and academic genres. The project employed a mixed methods case study approach to describe students’ performance and their perceptions and responses to the teaching they underwent. While gains in performance were evident in some cases, the outcomes of the teaching were inconsistent and equivocal overall. We conclude that this raises questions about the efficacy of purely lexical methods and underscores the challenge involved in teaching complex genres at tertiary level. These findings have implications for those teaching Chinese-speaking students, particularly in EAL contexts.

주기순환온도하의 염기성연와의 선상변화

PADFIELD R.O.,BEEOHAN O.R.,THWAITE R.D. 한국시멘트협회 1967 시멘트 Vol.22 No.-