Collision Avoidance of the Aircraft in the 3 Dimensional Space

Yoshihiro Yamaguchi,Hiroyuki Takano,Takeshi Yamasaki,Isao Yamaguchi 제어로봇시스템학회 2011 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2011 No.10

Recently, domestic and overseas LCC’s (Low Cost Carriers) increase air-traffic in Japan. However, we have narrow domain and many airports. Large training areas of USAF or JSDF also exist in the airspace. In the present circumstances, the flight safety is kept by separating airways from training areas. In the near future, increasing number of flights will make severe situation. In this paper, we try to optimize the evasive courses of aircraft in the narrow airspace. We formulate collision avoidance as a nonlinear programming problem and analyzed numerically. The optimal solution we obtained show courses in narrower spaces than ordinary ones. The assumption of limited airspaces is useful in severe situation like bad weather. Thus, this study might be a good proposal to decide direction for collision avoidance.

Optical flow estimation method to determine compensation by multi resolution of hierarchical structure

Takeshi Tsusue,Teruo Yamaguchi,Hiroshi Harada 제어로봇시스템학회 2013 제어로봇시스템학회 국제학술대회 논문집 Vol.2013 No.10

Optical flow is appearance of the object motion in image represented by the velocity vector distribution. In this research we use a spatiotemporal differentiation method to obtain optical flow. This method enables us to calculate velocity distribution rapidly, but the error in the approximation of derivative coefficients increases as the displacement of the moving pattern between the successive frames becomes large. This is a crucial principle defect of the spatiotemporal differentiation method. To expand the range of measurable velocity using spatiotemporal differentiation, we use the compensation method. In previous research, we used the method to divide the image into some local regions, and decided the amount of compensation based on the variance of estimated velocity. In the compensation method, it is important to decide the amount of the optimum compensation. In this research, we introduce how to decide the amount of compensation in view of the image of multi-resolution. Experimental results show that more accurate velocity is attained.

Optical Method for Measuring Deposition Amount of Black Carbon Particles on Foliar Surface

Yamaguchi, Masahiro,Takeda, Kenta,Otani, Yoko,Murao, Naoto,Sase, Hiroyuki,Lenggoro, I. Wuled,Yazaki, Kenichi,Noguchi, Kyotaro,Ishida, Atsushi,Izuta, Takeshi Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2012 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.6 No.4

To perform quick measurements of black carbon (BC) particles deposited on foliar surfaces of forest tree species, we investigated an optical method for measuring the amount of BC extracted from foliar surfaces and collected on quartz fiber filters. The seedlings of Fagus crenata, Castanopsis sieboldii, Larix kaempferi and Cryptomeria japonica were exposed to submicron BC particles for one growing season (1 June to 7 December 2009). At the end of the growing season, the leaves or needles of the seedlings were harvested and washed with deionized water followed by washing with chloroform to extract the BC particles deposited on the foliar surfaces. The extracted BC particles were collected on a quartz fiber filter. The absorption spectrum of the filters was measured by spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. To obtain the relationship between the absorbance of the filter and the amount of BC particles on the filter, the amount of BC particles on the filter was determined as that of elemental carbon (EC) measured by a thermal optical method. At wavelengths below 450 nm, the absorption spectrum of the filter showed absorption by biological substances, such as epicuticular wax, resulting in the low coefficient of determination ($R^2$) in the relationship between the amount of EC on the filter ($M_{EC}$, ${\mu}g\;C\;cm^{-2}$ filter area) and the absorbance of the filter. The intercept of the regression line between $M_{EC}$ and the absorbance of the filter at 580 nm ($A_{580}$) was closest to 0. There was a significant linear relationship between the $A_{580}$ and $M_{EC}$ ($R^2$=0.917, p<0.001), suggesting that the amount of BC particles collected on the filter can be predicted from the absorbance. This optical method might serve as a simple, fast and cost-effective technique for measuring the amount of BC on foliar surfaces.

Dopamine-dependent visual attention preference to social stimuli in nonhuman primates

Yamaguchi, Yoshie,Atsumi, Takeshi,Poirot, Romain,Lee, Young-A,Kato, Akemi,Goto, Yukiori Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2017 Psychophamacology Vol.234 No.7

<P><B>Rationale</B></P><P>Dopamine (DA) plays a central role in reward processing. Accumulating evidence suggests that social interaction and social stimuli have rewarding properties that activate the DA reward circuits. However, few studies have attempted to investigate how DA is involved in the processing of social stimuli.</P><P><B>Objectives</B></P><P>In this study, we investigated the effects of pharmacological manipulations of DA D1 and D2 receptors on social vs. nonsocial visual attention preference in macaques.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>Japanese macaques were subjected to behavioral tests in which visual attention toward social (monkey faces with and without affective expressions) and nonsocial stimuli was examined, with D1 and D2 antagonist administration.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>The macaques exhibited significantly longer durations of gazing toward the images with social cues than did those with nonsocial cues. Both D1 and D2 antagonist administration decreased duration of gazing toward the social images with and without affective valences. In addition, although D1 antagonist administration increased the duration of gazing toward the nonsocial images, D2 antagonism had no effect.</P><P><B>Conclusions</B></P><P>These results suggest that both D1 and D2 receptors may have roles in the processing of social signals but through separate mechanisms.</P>

Experimental Studies on the Effects of Ozone on Growth and Photosynthetic Activity of Japanese Forest Tree Species

Masahiro Yamaguchi,Makoto Watanabe,Hideyuki Matsumura,Yoshihisa Kohno,Takeshi Izuta 한국대기환경학회 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.2

Ozone (O_3) is a main component of photochemical oxidants, and a phytotoxic anthropogenic air pollutant. In North America and Europe, the current concentration of O_3 has been shown to have significant adverse effects on vegetation. In this review, we summarize the experimental studies on the effects of O-3 on the growth and photosynthetic activity of Japanese forest tree species to understand the present knowledge and provide sound basis for future research toward the assessment of O_3 impacts on Japanese forest ecosystem. Since the 1990s, several Japanese researchers have conducted the experimental studies on the effects of ambient levels of O_3on growth and physiological functions such as net photosynthesis of Japanese forest tree species. Although the sensitivity to O_3 of whole-plant growth is quite different among the species, it was suggested that the current ambient levels of O_3 in Japan are high enough to adversely affect growth and photosynthetic activity of Japanese forest tree species classified into high O_3 sensitivity group such as Japanese beech. The N load to soil has been shown to reduce the sensitivity to O_3 of Japanese larch and increase that of Japanese beech. To establish the critical level of O_3 for protecting Japanese forest tree species, therefore, it is necessary to take into account the N deposition from the atmosphere. There is little information on the combined effects of O_3 and other environmental factors such as elevated CO_2and drought on growth and physiological functions of Japanese forest tree species. Therefore, it is necessary to promote the experimental study and accumulate the information on the combined effects of O_3and any other abiotic environmental factors on Japanese forest tree species.

Optical Method for Measuring Deposition Amount of Black Carbon Particles on Foliar Surface

Masahiro Yamaguchi,Kenta Takeda,Yoko Otani,Naoto Murao,Hiroyuki Sase,I. Wuled Lenggoro,Kenichi Yazaki,Kyotaro Noguchi,Atsushi Ishida,Takeshi Izuta 한국대기환경학회 2012 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.6 No.4

To perform quick measurements of black carbon (BC)particles deposited on foliar surfaces of forest tree species, we investigated an optical method for measuring the amount of BC extracted from foliar surfaces and collected on quartz fiber filters. The seedlings of Fagus crenata, Castanopsis sieboldii, Larix kaempferi and Cryptomeria japonica were exposed to submicron BC particles for one growing season (1June to 7 December 2009). At the end of the growing season, the leaves or needles of the seedlings were harvested and washed with deionized water followed by washing with chloroform to extract the BC particles deposited on the foliar surfaces. The extracted BC particles were collected on a quartz fiber filter. The absorption spectrum of the filters was measured by spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. To obtain the relationship between the absorbance of the filter and the amount of BC particles on the filter,the amount of BC particles on the filter was determined as that of elemental carbon (EC) measured by a thermal optical method. At wavelengths below 450nm, the absorption spectrum of the filter showed absorption by biological substances, such as epicuticular wax, resulting in the low coefficient of determination (R2) in the relationship between the amount of EC on the filter (MEC, μg C cm-2 filter area) and the absorbance of the filter. The intercept of the regression line between MEC and the absorbance of the filter at 580 nm (A580) was closest to 0. There was a significant linear relationship between the A580 and MEC (R2=0.917, p⁄0.001), suggesting that the amount of BC particles collected on the filter can be predicted from the absorbance. This optical method might serve as a simple, fast and cost-effective technique for measuring the amount of BC on foliar surfaces. To perform quick measurements of black carbon (BC)particles deposited on foliar surfaces of forest tree species, we investigated an optical method for measuring the amount of BC extracted from foliar surfaces and collected on quartz fiber filters. The seedlings of Fagus crenata, Castanopsis sieboldii, Larix kaempferi and Cryptomeria japonica were exposed to submicron BC particles for one growing season (1June to 7 December 2009). At the end of the growing season, the leaves or needles of the seedlings were harvested and washed with deionized water followed by washing with chloroform to extract the BC particles deposited on the foliar surfaces. The extracted BC particles were collected on a quartz fiber filter. The absorption spectrum of the filters was measured by spectrophotometer with an integrating sphere. To obtain the relationship between the absorbance of the filter and the amount of BC particles on the filter,the amount of BC particles on the filter was determined as that of elemental carbon (EC) measured by a thermal optical method. At wavelengths below 450nm, the absorption spectrum of the filter showed absorption by biological substances, such as epicuticular wax, resulting in the low coefficient of determination (R2) in the relationship between the amount of EC on the filter (MEC, μg C cm-2 filter area) and the absorbance of the filter. The intercept of the regression line between MEC and the absorbance of the filter at 580 nm (A580) was closest to 0. There was a significant linear relationship between the A580 and MEC (R2=0.917, p⁄0.001), suggesting that the amount of BC particles collected on the filter can be predicted from the absorbance. This optical method might serve as a simple, fast and cost-effective technique for measuring the amount of BC on foliar surfaces.

Prediction of random-regression coefficient for daily milk yield after 305 days in milk by using the regression-coefficient estimates from the first 305 days

Yamazaki, Takeshi,Takeda, Hisato,Hagiya, Koichi,Yamaguchi, Satoshi,Sasaki, Osamu Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2018 Animal Bioscience Vol.31 No.10

Objective: Because lactation periods in dairy cows lengthen with increasing total milk production, it is important to predict individual productivities after 305 days in milk (DIM) to determine the optimal lactation period. We therefore examined whether the random regression (RR) coefficient from 306 to 450 DIM (M2) can be predicted from those during the first 305 DIM (M1) by using a RR model. Methods: We analyzed test-day milk records from 85,690 Holstein cows in their first lactations and 131,727 cows in their later (second to fifth) lactations. Data in M1 and M2 were analyzed separately by using different single-trait RR animal models. We then performed a multiple regression analysis of the RR coefficients of M2 on those of M1 during the first and later lactations. Results: The first-order Legendre polynomials were practical covariates of RR for the milk yields of M2. All RR coefficients for the additive genetic (AG) effect and the intercept for the permanent environmental (PE) effect of M2 had moderate to strong correlations with the intercept for the AG effect of M1. The coefficients of determination for multiple regression of the combined intercepts for the AG and PE effects of M2 on the coefficients for the AG effect of M1 were moderate to high. The daily milk yields of M2 predicted by using the RR coefficients for the AG effect of M1 were highly correlated with those obtained by using the coefficients of M2. Conclusion: Milk production after 305 DIM can be predicted by using the RR coefficient estimates of the AG effect during the first 305 DIM.

Observing System Experiments Using a Singular Vector Method for 2004 DOTSTAR Cases

Munehiko Yamaguchi,Takeshi Iriguchi,Tetsuo Nakazawa 한국기상학회 2006 한국기상학회 학술대회 논문집 Vol.2006 No.-

Combined effects of elevated air temperature and CO2 on growth, yield, and yield components of japonica rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Masahiro Yamaguchi,Nobuyuki Tazoe,Tomoki Nakayama,Tetsushi Yonekura,Takeshi Izuta,Yoshihisa Kohno 한국대기환경학회 2023 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.17 No.1

In the region where heat stress has become evident, the elevation of air temperature could reduce yield of heat stress-susceptible crops, such as rice (Oryza sativa L.), which is a major food staple in Asia. In addition to air temperature, atmospheric CO2 is projected to be elevated in the future. To project rice yield in the future, it is necessary to clarify the responses of rice to concurrent elevations of air temperature and atmospheric CO2. In the present study, two japonica rice cultivars with different heat tolerance, Hinohikari (sensitive) and Nikomaru (tolerant), were grown in pots inside open-top chambers and exposed to elevated air temperature and/or CO2. The degrees of increase in the air temperature and CO2 concentration by the treatments were approximately 1 °C and 120 μmol mol− 1 (ppm). The study was conducted in Nagasaki, Japan, where heat stress on rice has become evident. Elevated air temperature significantly decreased both whole-plant growth and grain yield. Elevated CO2 significantly increased the growth but significantly decreased the yield. The effects of elevated air temperature and elevated CO2 on growth and yield did not significantly differ between two cultivars. In both cultivars, the main cause of yield reduction by both treatments was reduction in spikelet fertility, which is typical heat stress on rice. The elevated CO2- induced reduction in spikelet fertility could be explained partially by high-temperature regime during flowering due to acceleration of heading and by increase in canopy temperature via stomatal closure in flag leaves. Because elevated air temperature and elevated CO2 treatments additively reduced spikelet fertility in both cultivars, concurrent elevations of air temperature and CO2 caused considerable reduction in grain yield.

A Case Study of Risk Assessment of Ozone Impact on Forest Tree Species in Japan

Watanabe, Makoto,Yamaguchi, Masahiro,Matsumura, Hideyuki,Kohno, Yoshihisa,Koike, Takayoshi,Izuta, Takeshi Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment 2011 Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment (AJAE) Vol.5 No.4

Ozone ($O_3$) is a main component of photochemical oxidants and a phytotoxic air pollutant. Although the current levels of tropospheric $O_3$ in East Asia could adversely affect productivity of forest tree species, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact were limited. In this paper, we summarize the methodology of risk assessment of $O_3$ on forest tree species based on our two previous studies, risk assessments of $O_3$ impact on the growth of Fagus crenata by Watanabe et al. (2012) and on the annual carbon absorption of three representative conifers, Cryptomeria japonica, Pinus densiflora and Larix kaempferi by Watanabe et al. (2010). $O_3$ sensitivity of each tree species obtained from an experimental study, $O_3$ exposure and atmospheric N deposition based on field monitoring and vegetation survey were integrated by geographic information system method. Based on the results, we conclude that the area with high risk of $O_3$ impact does not necessarily correspond to the area with high $O_3$ exposure. The varieties of tree habitat, tree sensitivity to $O_3$ and annual carbon absorption among the tree species, and N deposition-induced change in the $O_3$ sensitivity of F. crenata are raised as the factors of discordance between areas with high risk and those with high $O_3$ exposure. In the last part of this paper, we discuss the present uncertainty and perspectives of risk assessment for the future studies on the impact of $O_3$ on forest tree species in East Asia.