Universal basic education policy implementation in Nigeria

Stephen D. Bolaji,Glenda Campbell-Evans,Jan Gray 한국교육개발원 2016 KEDI Journal of Educational Policy Vol.13 No.2

This study examined the implementation of the Universal Basic Education (UBE) program and sought to understand the degree of shared understanding among bureaucrats regarding the policy intent and the level of alignment articulated in the policy related to access to basic education in Nigeria. Bureaucrats in two geo-political zones and the Federal Capital Territory were interviewed to assess this shared understanding and its effect on the outcomes for UBE. The attainment of the UBE access goal was limited due to bureaucratic implementation issues. This study recommends an approach that may help operationalize improvement in access to basic education in Nigeria at the system level of implementation.

What Is the Effect of Body Mass Index on Subjective Outcome Following Vaginal Hysterectomy for Prolapse?

Thomas Gray,John Money-Taylor,Weiguang Li,Andrew G Farkas,Patrick C. Campbell,Stephen C. Radley 대한배뇨장애요실금학회 2019 International Neurourology Journal Vol.23 No.2

Purpose: Obesity is a significant risk factor for pelvic organ prolapse (POP), but the effects of obesity on outcomes of surgery for POP are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between POP symptomatology, subjective outcomes of surgery and body mass index (BMI) in women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy for POP. Methods: Pre- and postoperative data from a validated pelvic floor questionnaire (electronic Personal Assessment Questionnaire- Pelvic Floor) were collected prospectively from 60 women undergoing vaginal hysterectomy for POP. Of these, 20 were normal weight (BMI 18.5–24.9 kg/m2), 20 were overweight (BMI 25–29.9 kg/m2), and 20 were women with obesity (BMI 30– 34.9 kg/m2). The relationship between BMI and symptom scores for prolapse, impact on vaginal symptoms on quality of life (VS-QoL) and ‘overall change in condition’ was assessed. Pre- and postoperative symptom scores were compared using repeated mixed analysis of variance test for BMI as a categorical variable (normal, overweight, and obese). Spearman rank order correlation test was carried out to evaluate BMI as a continuous variable. All women underwent vaginal hysterectomy using a standardized technique. Results: Overall, 93% of women reported improvement in their condition. The main finding was that ‘overall change in condition’ was negatively correlated with increasing BMI (rs=-0.324, P=0.028). Irrespective of BMI, significant improvements were observed in symptoms of prolapse and VS-QoL at 3-month postoperation. Conclusions: With increasing BMI, women are likely to report lower levels of satisfaction following prolapse surgery, despite reporting equivalent improvements in symptoms. BMI is known to affect how individuals perceive their general health and well-being with obese individuals reporting poorer levels of subjective health status. Women with obesity may perceive change in their condition after prolapse surgery differently to women of normal weight. Reduction of weight prior to prolapse surgery could be considered in obese women to improve subjective outcomes of surgery.

Co³⁺ homogeneous mediator generation efficiency in a divided tubular electrochemical reactor with MFI-type zeolite membrane

Govindan, Muthuraman,Zhu, Bo,Duke, Mikel,Gray, Stephen,Moon, Il Shik Elsevier 2017 Journal of industrial and engineering chemistry Vol.52 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>In the present work a tubular electrochemical cell with MFI-type zeolite coated membrane (TZM) was engineered and evaluated using Co<SUP>2+</SUP> oxidation efficiency in high acid medium. Electrolysis of Co<SUP>2+</SUP> was carried out at room temperature (20±3°C) in 4M H<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB> at anodic half-cell, and showed 42% Co<SUP>2+</SUP> oxidation with 0.3V higher cell voltage than the commonly used Nafion324 membrane in planar arrangement. Further, the TZM membrane was robust when operated in the cell at different temperatures (10, 30 and 50°C) as no noticeable change in surface morphology was observable by SEM analysis. Further testing showed Co<SUP>2+</SUP> oxidation efficiency decreased with temperature and increased with current density, suggesting stable operation of the TZM but structural change in cobalt precursor. The TZM membrane showed less resistance 0.91Ωcm<SUP>2</SUP> (at 10°C) than Nafion324, which is decreased with increasing temperature from 10°C to 50°C. A 72h test of the TZM at slightly elevated current density (70mAcm<SUP>2</SUP>) showed increased oxidation efficiency of Co<SUP>2+</SUP> to 57% compared to the traditional planar cell with Nafion324 (43%). Therefore, the engineered tubular electrochemical reactor with TZM is robust for generation of homogeneous mediators towards environmental pollution removal.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Engineered and operated a divided tubular electrochemical reactor with MFI-type zeolite membrane. </LI> <LI> Co<SUP>3+</SUP> generation efficiency by TZM found competitive with Nafion324 with plate and frame type. </LI> <LI> Limited Co<SUP>2+</SUP> migration occurs by its structural change not by TZM structural change. </LI> <LI> No change in TZM structure was found after all electrolysis experiments in 5M H<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4.</SUB> </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Diffusion behaviour of multivalent ions at low pH through a MFI-type zeolite membrane

Zhu, Bo,Morris, Gayle,Moon, Il-Shik,Gray, Stephen,Duke, Mikel Elsevier 2018 Desalination Vol.440 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Zeolite membranes have been widely examined for desalination. Work to date has shown effective performance in monovalent rich solutions, but the understanding of the unique ion-zeolite interactions for multivalent ion rich solutions, such as those found in acidic mining wastewaters, has not yet been studied. Filtration performance of MFI-type zeolite membrane was evaluated on a model multivalent ion, Fe<SUP>3+</SUP>, Al<SUP>3+</SUP>, Ca<SUP>2+</SUP> and Mg<SUP>2+</SUP>, solution with total dissolved solids (TDS) of 97,000mgL<SUP>−1</SUP> and pH2.03 at between 3MPa and 7MPa and 21°C to 70°C. At 7MPa and 21°C, rejection for Fe<SUP>3+</SUP> was 97%, 80% for Al<SUP>3+</SUP> and Mg<SUP>2+</SUP>, and 50% for Ca<SUP>2+</SUP>. This behaviour followed the rejection of ions with larger hydrated diameter, except for Al<SUP>3+</SUP> which was attributed to its unique strong interaction with zeolites. However, an unusual trend of increasing rejection with increasing temperature was observed. Instead of activated transport which occurs with monovalent or dilute solutions, temperature accelerated the infiltration of multivalent ions into the zeolite structure to further block ions and synergistically increased rejection. Zeolite membranes exhibited unique effects in multivalent ion rich solution that could be further utilised in niche desalination applications or benefit other applications such as sensors.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> Diffusion of multivalent ions through a MFI-type zeolite membrane was investigated. </LI> <LI> A unique ion blocking effect on MFI-type zeolite membrane performance was confirmed. </LI> <LI> Temperature accelerated the ion blocking effect and increased ion rejections. </LI> </UL> </P> <P><B>Graphical abstract</B></P> <P>[DISPLAY OMISSION]</P>

Co3+ homogeneous mediator generation efficiency in a divided tubular electrochemical reactor with MFI-type zeolite membrane

Muthuraman Govindan,Bo Zhu,Mikel Duke,Stephen Gray,문일식 한국공업화학회 2017 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.52 No.-

In the present work a tubular electrochemical cell with MFI-type zeolite coated membrane (TZM) wasengineered and evaluated using Co2+ oxidation efficiency in high acid medium. Electrolysis of Co2+ wascarried out at room temperature (20 3 C) in 4 M H2SO4 at anodic half-cell, and showed 42% Co2+oxidation with 0.3 V higher cell voltage than the commonly used Nafion324 membrane in planararrangement. Further, the TZM membrane was robust when operated in the cell at different temperatures(10, 30 and 50 C) as no noticeable change in surface morphology was observable by SEM analysis. Furthertesting showed Co2+ oxidation efficiency decreased with temperature and increased with current density,suggesting stable operation of the TZM but structural change in cobalt precursor. The TZM membraneshowed less resistance 0.91 V cm2 (at 10 C) than Nafion324, which is decreased with increasingtemperature from 10 C to 50 C. A 72 h test of the TZM at slightly elevated current density (70 mA cm2)showed increased oxidation efficiency of Co2+ to 57% compared to the traditional planar cell withNafion324 (43%). Therefore, the engineered tubular electrochemical reactor with TZM is robust forgeneration of homogeneous mediators towards environmental pollution removal.

Development of microporous substrates of polyamide thin film composite membranes for pressure-driven and osmotically-driven membrane processes: A review

Woei Jye Lau,Gwo-Sung Lai,Jian-xin Li,Stephen Gray,Yunxia Hu,Nurasyikin Misdan,PEI SEAN GOH,Takeshi Matsuura,Ihsan Wan Azelee,Ahmad Fauzi Ismail 한국공업화학회 2019 Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry Vol.77 No.-

Polyamide thinfilm composite (TFC) membranes are state-of-the-art membranes with superiorpermeability and selectivity, and are widely used in various membrane-based processes for desalination,wastewater treatment and other separation applications. Over the past 15 years, there has been growinginterest among membrane scientists to study the role of the polymeric substrates and perform in-depthanalyses on how changes in the substrate physicochemical properties could affect polyamide layer structureand thus membrane performance. Recent advancements in new polymeric materials development andnanomaterial synthesis have led to opportunities for new generation substrate development. Consideringthe importance of TFC membranes for industrial separation process, this review will give a state-of-the-artaccount of the subject matter by emphasizing substrates made by different techniques and variousmaterials. More specifically, the article will review the roles of the developed substrates on thephysiochemical properties of polyamide selective layer and further their influences on TFC membraneperformance for both pressure-driven (nanofiltration/reverse osmosis) and osmotically-driven (forwardosmosis/pressure retarded osmosis) processes, aiming to stimulate progress in thefield. A framework forbetter understanding the substrate development to fulfill the industrial requirements of TFC membraneapplication will also be presented in this review before ending with future perspectives.

Prototype membrane electrolysis using a MFI-zeolite-coated ceramic tubular membrane provides in-line generation of two active electron mediators by eliminating active species crossover

Govindan, Muthuraman,Adam Gopal, Ramu,Zhu, Bo,Duke, Mikel,Gray, Stephen,Moon, Il Shik Elsevier 2019 Journal of membrane science Vol.579 No.-

<P><B>Abstract</B></P> <P>Active ion crossover is a major obstacle in membrane electrolysis, which reduces the efficiency of the active mediator and increases operational cost. Using a prototype tubular cell divided with a MFI-zeolite-coated (shell side) ceramic tubular membrane, two active mediators, Co<SUP>3+</SUP> (Co<SUB>2</SUB>(SO<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>3</SUB>) in 5 M H<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB> at the anodic half-cell and Ni<SUP>1+</SUP> ([Ni(CN)<SUB>4</SUB>]<SUP>3-</SUP>) in 9 M KOH at the cathodic half-cell, were produced. The rate of Co<SUP>3+</SUP> production increased from 5.74 × 10<SUP>−3</SUP> M min<SUP>−1</SUP> to 7.11 × 10<SUP>−3</SUP> M min<SUP>−1</SUP> when the use of 9 M KOH at the cathodic half-cell instead of 5 M H<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB> at both half-cells and controlled migration due to the pH change. The absence of a UV–visible spectral peak for cobalt or nickel ions in the other side of the electrolyzed solution supports the lack of active metal ion crossover by the MFI-zeolite-coated ceramic membrane. In high acid and base electrolyte pH, the 5.6 fold higher resistance (5.13 Ω cm<SUP>−2</SUP>) than in high acid electrolytes in both half-cells (0.91 Ω cm<SUP>−2</SUP>) prevented proton and active mediator ion crossover. SEM-EDS and XRD data profiles found no cobalt or nickel ions on the membrane, which also supports the lack of migration, whereas the Al ion concentration decreased on the lumen side (9 M KOH containing the cathodic half-cell), demonstrating the dissolution of Al<SUB>2</SUB>O<SUB>3</SUB> in the KOH medium (uncoated MFI). The MFI-coated tubular membrane can be a good choice for the effective generation of two mediators by membrane electrolysis using high end pH electrolytes.</P> <P><B>Highlights</B></P> <P> <UL> <LI> MFI type zeolite membrane achieved for effective minimization of active ion crossover by pH variation. </LI> <LI> Two electron mediators have generated concurrently with high generation rate at each half-cells. </LI> <LI> No active ions migration evidenced by UV–visible analysis that were tested even during electrolysis. </LI> <LI> More than 1000 h operation in highly acid and base conditions confirm the effective stability of zeolite coating. </LI> </UL> </P>