Critical problems of the some provisions of the Special Act on Prevention of Insurance Fraud in Korea: - Scope of an insurance fraud action and the commencement of the execution of crime of insurance fraud -

( Semin Park ) 고려대학교 법학연구원 2022 The Asian Business Lawyer Vol.29 No.-

The Korean government enacted the Special Act on Insurance Fraud Prevention to prevent, investigate, detect and punish insurance fraud. This act was enacted on September 30, 2016. The examination of its articles indicates that the purpose of the Special Act cannot be effectively achieved. It can be interpreted that the commencement of the execution of crime of insurance fraud and the scope of insurance fraud became narrower than that of the traditional crime of fraud under the Korean criminal law. In particular, since the Special Act stipulated the time of commencement of the execution of insurance fraud at the time of claiming insurance money, it became practically impossible to prevent insurance fraud before the claim of insurance money is made. If the Special Act was enacted to prevent and detect insurance fraud, this should have been brought into agreement with the conventional interpretation and judicial precedents related to crime of fraud under the criminal law in Korea. It is wrong to define the subject of insurance fraud action in a way that limits the occurrence, cause, and contents of insurance accidents. The requirements and components for establishing crime of insurance fraud should have included hard and soft insurance fraud that may occur in a series of processes, including signing an insurance contract, maintaining insurance contracts, and claiming insurance money. However, the Special Act failed. The crime of insurance fraud can be established even before the claim for insurance money is made. Signing an insurance contract by malicious breach of the duty of disclosure or falsifying insurance accidents should be a crime of insurance fraud. However, under the current Special Act, these fraudulent actions cannot be regarded as the crime of insurance fraud. In terms of preventing insurance fraud, the definition and scope of insurance fraud action in the Special Act should be revised. Also amendments regarding the commencement of execution of the crime of insurance fraud are required so that the crime of insurance fraud even in the subscription stage of insurance contract can be established - before the fraudulent action against insurance accidents or claiming insurance money -.

An Analysis of the Controversial Exclusion Clauses under Korean Automobile Insurance Policy

( Semin Park ) 서울대학교 아시아태평양법연구소 2003 Journal of Korean Law Vol.3 No.1

The interpretation of the Supreme Court that the exclusion clause of unlicensed driving cannot be applied to the case where there is consent of the approved insured only may leave room for criticism. It is submitted that the Supreme Court neglected the principle of the insurance law on the exclusion clause of unlicensed driving. The interpretation of it shall be interpreted more flexibly. Accordingly, as regards the case where the control or management of the insured was possible, it shall be interpreted it as including all situations with the cases under the control or management of the registered insured, approved insured and persons driving vehicles for them. In other words, if unlicensed driving was done under the express or implied consent of the registered insured, approved insured or drivers for them, the exclusion clause of unlicensed driving should be applied, depending on the detailed situation. The reason is that they all are in the position of insured under the automobile insurance policy, and persons in such positions would have the obligation not to permit driving by an unlicensed driver. According to the current provisions of Article 732-2 and Article 633 of Commercial Law, it has to be interpreted as an imperative provision that does not permit exclusion of the insurer’s liability on grossly negligent accidents in personal accident insurance. However, there is a need of re-review of Article 633 that makes the relatively imperative provision for Article 732-2 of Commercial Law due to several problems including the possibility of unconstitutionality. Namely, unlike the current legal provision, the relatively imperative regulation should be made only in cases needed individually for each relevant article and shall review the ways to exclude Article 732-2 of Commercial Law from the subject of relative imperative provision.

Residue analysis of multi-class pesticides in watermelon by LC-MS/MS

Park, Semin,Lee, Sung Joong,Kim, Hae Gyeong,Jeong, Won Young,Shim, Jae-Han,Abd El-Aty, A. M.,Jeong, Sung Woo,Lee, Won Sup,Kim, Soo Taek,Shin, Sung Chul WILEY-VCH Verlag 2010 Journal of Separation Science Vol.33 No.4

<P>As watermelon is farmed primarily by protected and successive cultivation techniques, a number of pesticides are required for the control of pests and diseases. To evaluate the harmful effects of pesticides in watermelon and to guarantee consumers' safety, a rapid screening process for pesticides is required. A LC-MS/MS method was applied for the direct quantitation of 44 pesticide residues in watermelon. A Zorbax XDB-C<SUB>18</SUB> column was selected for analysis, with a mobile phase consisting of a gradient system of water and 5 mM methanolic ammonium formate. MS/MS experiments were performed in ESI positive ion and multiple reaction monitoring modes. The LOQs were in the range of 1–26 μg/kg, thereby indicating good sensitivity. Most of the recoveries ranged between 70–131% with RSDs≤20%. We suggested that the amount of pesticide residues such as pyroquilon (pyn), boscalid (bd), and dimethomorph (di) in amides (AM) and cinosulfuron (ci) in ureas (UR) may have been overestimated for the pesticides owing to increased α-error risk, whereas the amounts of pesticide residues, such as imibenconazole (ie) in the triazoles (TR) and fenpyroximate (fee) in the imidazoles (IM), may have been underestimated as the result of increased β-error risk. The current method allowed for the rapid quantitation and identification of low pesticide levels in the watermelon samples. No pesticide residues were detected in any of the surveyed watermelons obtained from eight local markets in the Republic of Korea. Statistical analysis of the recoveries classified the 44 pesticides into nine groups and three overall categories.</P>

Simple and cost-effective fabrication of size-tunable zinc oxide architectures by multiple size reduction technique

Park, Hyeong-Ho,Zhang, Xin,Hwang, Seon-Yong,Jung, Sang Hyun,Kang, Semin,Shin, Hyun-Beom,Kang, Ho Kwan,Park, Hyung-Ho,Hill, Ross H,Ko, Chul Ki Elsevier 2012 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY OF ADVANCED MATERIALS Vol.13 No.2

<P>We present a simple size reduction technique for fabricating 400 nm zinc oxide (ZnO) architectures using a silicon master containing only microscale architectures. In this approach, the overall fabrication, from the master to the molds and the final ZnO architectures, features cost-effective UV photolithography, instead of electron beam lithography or deep-UV photolithography. A photosensitive Zn-containing sol–gel precursor was used to imprint architectures by direct UV-assisted nanoimprint lithography (UV-NIL). The resulting Zn-containing architectures were then converted to ZnO architectures with reduced feature sizes by thermal annealing at 400 °C for 1 h. The imprinted and annealed ZnO architectures were also used as new masters for the size reduction technique. ZnO pillars of 400 nm diameter were obtained from a silicon master with pillars of 1000 nm diameter by simply repeating the size reduction technique. The photosensitivity and contrast of the Zn-containing precursor were measured as 6.5 J cm<SUP>−2</SUP> and 16.5, respectively. Interesting complex ZnO patterns, with both microscale pillars and nanoscale holes, were demonstrated by the combination of dose-controlled UV exposure and a two-step UV-NIL.</P>

선박충돌손해배상에 관한 수협 어선보험약관과 1983 협회선박기간약관의 관련 조항의 비교 분석 - 수협중앙회의 어선보험약관의 개정 방향 제시를 위하여 -

박세민 ( Semin Park ) 한국해법학회 2017 韓國海法學會誌 Vol.39 No.1

역사적으로 선박보험에서 있어서 해상고유의 위험에는 다른 선박 또는 화물의 소유자에게 선박소유자가 부담하는 손해배상책임이 포함되지 않았다. 그러나 선박소유자의 배상책임도 선박보험약관에서의 보상범위에 포함시켜야 한다는 계속된 주장에 따라 충돌손해배상약관을 보험증권에 삽입하는 것으로 합의가 되었다. 보험자는 피보험자의 피해자에 대한 법률상의 배상책임의 3/4을 보상하며, 협정보험가액의 3/4으로 제한된다. 최근에는 선박소유자의 배상책임 전액을 보상하는 4/4 충돌손해배상약관이 사용되기도 한다. 수협중앙회가 시행하는 어선보험은 어민들을 보호하는 목적을 가지고 있다. 어선보험약관은 충돌손해배상책임의 보상범위를 3/4으로 제한하지는 않지만 배상책임 범위를 타 선박에 적재된 화물에 한정함으로써 1983 협회선박기간약관보다 피보험자에게 유리한 조항이라고 단언할 수 없다. 또한 1983 협회선박기간약관에서는 보상범위에 포함하고 있는 것을 어선보험약관에서는 면책사유로 규정하고 있는 것도 있다. 또한 동일한 내용의 면책사유라 하더라도 1983 협회선박기간약관에서는 면책에 대한 예외를 두어 결국 보험자로 하여금 보상책임을 부담하도록 규정함으로써 어선보험약관과 차이를 보이고 있다. 이들 조항에 대한 적절할 개정이 요구된다. 어선보험약관이 영국법을 준거법으로 하는 1983 협회선박기간약관의 내용을 차용하면서 어선보험약관의 준거법과 관할권을 대한민국 법으로 규정함에 따라 선지급 조항과 피해자의 직접청구권 행사에 있어서 해석상의 충돌 가능성이 있다. 선지급 조항의 개정이 요구된다. 선박충돌에 있어서 과실비율의 산정과정에서 심판변론인을 해양안전심판원의 재결에 참여시키는 경우가 있는데 소요된 비용이 충돌손해배상책임약관에서의 소송비용에 포함되는지 명확하지 않다. 해양안전심판원의 재결이 법원에서 원용되고 있는 현실을 감안할 때 이를 소송비용으로 보아 보상대상이 되는 것으로 해석해야 하며 이에 대한 명확한 내용이 규정되어야 할 것이다. 어선보험의 주된 이용자가 영세한 어민들인 점을 고려하고 충돌손해배상책임을 무제한적으로 확장하는 것이 반드시 바람직한 것은 아니라는 점에서 어선보험에 있어서도 P&I 보험의 도입을 고려해 볼 수 있을 것이다. Historically, the ship owner`s legal liability to the other ship`s or other cargo`s owner had not been included in the perils of the sea in the hull insurance contract. However the continuing argument, which this liability has to be included in hull insurance contract, made an agreement in order to put the running down clauses into the hull insurance policy. According to this, the hull insurer is liable to indemnify 3/4 of total sum of the ship owner`s legal liability to the victims. This amount is also limited to 3/4 of agreed insurable value. Recently, 4/4th collision liability clauses has been also using in practice which covers the full amount of ship owner`s liability. The purpose of fishery insurance policy which has been made by National Federation of Fisheries Cooperative in Korea is to protect the small size business of fishermen. The following issues may be considered in the process of revision of fishery insurance policy. While the fishery insurance policy does not restrict the coverage of liability of ship collision compensation, the range of coverage is limited to the cargo which is loaded on the other ship. Therefore, it is not clear to say that fishery insurance policy covers marine risks more widely than the 1983 Institute Time Clauses Hulls. Some risks which are included in the coverage of 1983 Institute Time Clauses Hulls are designated as exclusions in the fishery insurance policy. Even though a certain risk is one of exclusions in the both fishery insurance policy and 1983 Institute Time Clauses Hulls, the Institute Clause makes an exceptions to this exclusion. Therefore, unlike the fishery insurance policy, the hull insurer has to compensate to the victims according to the 1983 Institute Time Clauses Hulls. The fishery insurance policy is based on the 1983 Institute Time Clauses Hulls which regulates the English law as a governing law. However, the governing law and jurisdiction of fishery insurance policy is Korean law and courts. This difference may give rise to conflict in interpretation of the `principle of pay to be paid` and `direct claim of claimant`. The inquiry counsels are sometimes involved in the estimation process of fault ratio in the accident of collision of ships during the process of decision by Korea maritime safety tribunal. However, it is not clear whether or not the projected cost during this process is one of litigation cost. If the cost is not the litigation cost, this cannot be covered by the fishery insurance policy. In practice, the Korean Courts have cited the decisions of Korea maritime safety tribunal in making decision. Under this situation, it is reasonable to say that this projected cost is one of litigation cost. Therefore, this should be included in the coverage of fishery insurance policy. In addition, considering the purpose of enactment of fishery insurance policy, P&I Club may be additionally introduced to protect the petty fishermen.

해상 클러터 환경에서의 이동 표적 탐지에 관한 연구

박세민(Semin Park),심재훈(Jaehun Sim),배건성(Keunsung Bae) 대한전자공학회 2016 대한전자공학회 학술대회 Vol.2016 No.11

자진신고 제도의 주요 쟁점과 정책적 시사점

박세민(Semin Park) 한국법학원 2018 저스티스 Vol.- No.166

이 논문은 자진신고 제도의 다양한 측면에 대한 분석과 함께 정책적 시사점을 제공한다. 일반적으로 성공적 자진신고 제도를 위해서는 강력한 제재, 높은 적발확률, 투명성과 확실성이 전제되어야 한다고 알려져 있으나 실제로는 이러한 전제조건을 충족시키기가 쉽지 않다. 또한 자진신고 제도는 위반 사업자에게 제재를 면제해 준다는 점에서 정의 관념에 상충된다는 우려를 불러일으킨다. 이 논문은 공정위의 자진신고 제도의 주요 쟁점을 유럽연합과 미국의 제도와 비교 분석하면서 정책적 시사점을 도출하고자 한다. 우선 후순위 신고자의 허용의 장단점에 대해 검토한 후 대안을 제시한다. 그 다음 카르텔 강요 사업자, 주도 사업자의 자진신고 자격 허용 여부에 관하여 규정상 미국은 카르텔 강요 사업자와 주도 사업자의 자진신고를 불허하고, 한국과 유럽연합은 주도 사업자의 자진신고는 허용하나 실제로는 강요 사업자만 불허하는 방향으로 유사하게 집행되고 있다는 점을 지적한다. 반복 위반 사업자에 대해 한국은 자진신고를 불허하나 유럽연합은 허용하고 있는데 동 제도에 대한 면밀한 분석을 요청한다. 미국과 유럽연합은 마커 제도를 운용하고 있으나 한국은 동 제도를 도입하고 있지 않고 있는데 동 제도 도입의 필요성을 제기한다. 추가감면제도는 미국과 한국에 도입되어 있는데 동 제도의 장단점에 대해 분석한 후 개선방향을 제공한다. 마지막으로 자진신고 제도와 손해배상 제도 및 형사처벌 제도의 관계에 대해 분석한다. This paper provides policy implications as well as an analysis of various aspects of the leniency policy. It is generally accepted that there are three essential cornerstones to successfully implement a leniency program: (i) High risk of detection and serious sanctions being imposed; (ii) Sanctions imposed are significant; and (iii) Transparency and certainty. However, in practice, it is very difficult for competition authorities to meet the prerequisites. There may be concerns about the retributive injustice of an antitrust offender who applies for leniency. Currently, it identifies that there are some challenges for successful leniency: availability of evidence; difficulty in detecting international cartels; and atypical cartels. Then it reviews various aspects of Korean leniency program with counterparts of EU and the US. First, it discusses issues related to leniency for subsequent applicants. Second, it reviews the qualifications. While in EU and Korea, participants who coerced others to join the cartel will not qualify for immunity, the corporation was not the leader or originator in the United States. However, in practice, they have similar qualifications. Korea makes it clear that recidivists are not allowed to receive leniency for a certain period while EU grants leniency. Third, it examines a particular feature of a leniency program called a “marker”. Marker systems have been introduced in EU and the U.S. while Korea has not adopted the system yet. Amnesty plus was developed in the US while it was introduced in Korea recently. This paper discusses theoretical justifications and limits for Amnesty plus. Also it examines the possibility of strategic use of leniency by cartelists. Finally it reviews the relationship leniency, criminal sanctions and antitrust damages actions.

행정지도에 따른 보험회사들의 공동행위에 대한 공정거래위원회의 해석에 대한 연구

박세민 ( Semin Park ) 한국보험학회 2016 保險學會誌 Vol.106 No.-

금융감독당국은 보험회사로 하여금 공동행위를 하도록 유도하거나 직접 또는 간접적으로 지시하는 행정지도를 시행하고 있다. 공정위는 이러한 행정지도에 법적근거가 없음을 이유로 공동행위를 행한 보험회사의 행위에 대해 부당공동행위를 인정하면서 과징금을 부과하고 있다. 또한 공정위는 행정지도에 강제력이 없기 때문에 보험회사가 이에 따를 이유가 없다고 해석하고 있다. 그러나 보험업계의 실무에 있어서 금융감독당국이 시행하는 행정지도의 영향력은 거의 절대적이며 강제력이 수반되기 때문에 보험회사로서는 행정지도에 따르지 않을 수 없다. 또한 다수견해는 행정지도에 행정작용법상의 법적근거를 필요로 하지 않는다고 해석하고 있다. 행정지도가 사실상의 강제력을 수반한다면 공동행위의 합의에 자율성이 없다고 볼 수도 있고 해석에 따라서는 공동행위 자체가 존재하지 않거나 위법성 또는 책임성이 조각되는 것으로 해석될 수도 있다. 공정위는 보험산업에 공정거래법을 적용하기 위해서는 사실상의 강제력을 가지고 있는 행정지도에 의한 규제가 존재한다는 특수한 사정을 충분히 감안해야 할 것이다. 또한 공정위는 경쟁제한의 합의 이외에 공동행위의 부당성 여부를 반드시 고려해야 한다. 궁극적으로는 금융감독당국이 시행하는 행정지도 및 이에 따른 보험회사들의 공동행위에 관한 법적근거를 보험업법에 마련해야 한다. In Korea, the financial supervisory authorities enforce administrative guidance leading to insurance companies`` collaborative act. The Korean Fair Trade Commission imposes on fine on insurance companies for reasons of no legal ground for administrative guidance and unfairness of insurance companies`` collaborative act. In addition, the Korean Fair Trade Commission interprets that the insurance companies do not have any reason to follow the administrative guidance because there is no binding force in the administrative guidance. However, in insurance industry practice, this administrative guidance has almost absolutely compulsory power to the insurance companies. Therefore, insurance companies have no choice but fully following this guidance. According to the majority opinion in administrative law, the financial supervisory authorities``s administrative guidances do not require the legal basis. If administrative guidance accompanies binding force, it is possible to say that there is no autonomy of agreement for collaborative act between the insurance companies. Furthermore, it is also possible to interpret that there is no collaborative act itself. In addition, administrative act with binding force may become one of circumstances precluding illegality or circumstances precluding legal accountability. When the Korean Fair Trade Commission applies the Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade Act to this case, the fact that there is de facto legal force(binding force) in the administrative guidance should be considered. The Korean Fair Trade Commission must consider the question of unfairness of insurance companies`` collaborative act along with the agreement of restriction of competition. The new provision and article that stipulate the legal basis of not only insurance companies`` collaborative act but also administrative guidance by the financial supervisory authorities should be made and amended in the Insurance Business Act.

패키지보험 중 재산종합위험담보의 피보험이익과 법적 쟁점에 관한 연구 - 서울중앙지법 2015가합524591 및 서울고법 2017나2002821 판결을 대상으로 -

박세민(Semin Park) 한국기업법학회 2021 企業法硏究 Vol.35 No.1

패키지보험계약 제1, 2부문은 재물보험적 성격을 가지고 있고 보험목적물에 대한 소유권을 가진 자가 재물보험의 피보험자라는 사실은 당연하다. 그러나 재물보험의 피보험이익은 소유이익에만 국한되지 않는다. 국내 판례도 같은 입장이다. 「소규모공사 담보특약」의 체결로 인해 패키지보험 제1, 2부문의 보험계약의 성격은 소규모공사를 시행하는 수급인의 배상책임을 피보험이익으로 하는 공사보험적 성격도 지니게 한다. 따라서 특약에서 정한 소규모공사의 범위에 해당하는 공사라면, 수급인은 자신이 부담하게 될 배상책임에 대한 피보험이익을 가지게 되므로 피보험자로 인정될 수 있다고 해석함이 타당하다. 시공회사를 패키지보험 제1, 2 부문에서의 피보험자로 인정해야만, 「복수의 피보험자 특약」이 존재 의미가 있게 되는 것이다. 보험회사의 주장대로 소유자만이 피보험자라면 이러한 특약 체결을 위해 보험자와 보험계약자가 개별적인 합의를 할 이유가 없는 것이다. 수급인은 「소규모공사 담보특약」을 통해 패키지보험 제1, 2부문에서 피보험자로 인정받을 수 있으며, 이러한 이유에서 「복수의 피보험자 특약」과 「대위권 포기약정」이 적용될 수 있다. 결론적으로 보험자는 피보험자인 시공회사를 상대로 보험자대위권을 행사할 수 없다고 해석해야 한다. Parts 1 and 2 of the package insurance contract have the nature of a property insurance and of course, a person who owns an insured object is the insured for the corresponding property insurance. However, insurable interest of a property insurance is not limited to ownership interests. Judicial precedents of Korea have taken the same interpretation. Due to the minor works clauses, parts 1 and 2 of the package insurance are also having the nature of a constructing insurance, which considers the liabilities of the contractor, conducting a small-scale construction, as the insurable interests. Therefore, if a construction comes under a category of small-scale constructions in the minor works clauses, it would be proper to interpret it as that the contractor could be approved as the insured since the contractor would have the insurable interests for the liabilities he would bear. Only when the construction company is approved as the insured for parts 1 and 2 of the package insurance, the existence of multiple insured clauses becomes significant. If only the owner is the insured as claimed by insurance companies, the policy holder and the insurer have no reason to reach an additional agreement to settle these multiple insured clauses. Due to the minor works clauses, the contractor could be approved as the insured for parts 1 and 2 of the package insurance and for this reason, multiple insured clauses and the subrogation waver clauses could be applied. In conclusion, it should be interpreted that the insurer cannot exercise subrogation against the construction company, which is the insured.

산출방법서 내용의 약관 편입 여부와 설명의무에 관하여 : - 만기환급형 즉시연금에 관한 분쟁조정과 관련하여 -

박세민 ( Semin Park ) 한국보험학회 2019 保險學會誌 Vol.119 No.-

만기환급형 즉시연금이란 고객이 목돈으로 한꺼번에 납입한 보험료에서 사업비와 위험보험료를 차감한 금액에 공시이율(또는 최저보증이율)로 운용해 생기는 수익(운용수익)을 정해진 기간마다 고객에게 연금으로 지급하고 만기가 되면 고객이 납입한 보험료 전액을 돌려주는 상품을 말한다. 보험사들은 만기 때 고객에게 약속한 납입 보험료 원금 전액을 돌려주기 위해 고객으로부터 수령한 보험료에서 예정사업비와 보장계약 보험료를 초기에 공제하면서 생긴 부족분을 채워야 하며 이를 위해 운용수익 일부를 만기보험금 지급 재원으로 적립하게 된다. 이는 모든 상품에서 공통적이고 본질적인 특성이다. 추가 차감 사실은 산출방법서에 기재되어 있다. 당사자의 권리와 의무 또는 보험금 규모에 관한 산출방법서의 이러한 내용은 당연히 약관의 일부가 된다. 산출방법서상의 계산방정식은 설명의무의 대상이 아니라는 것이 대법원의 입장이다. 추가 차감사실은 가입설계서상의 예시표를 통해 가입자에게 그 내용이 전달된 것으로 해석해야 한다. 만약 소비자 보호를 위해 설명의무 위반으로 손해배상 법리를 적용한다면 최저보증이율을 적용했을 때를 가정한 가입설계서상의 예시표에 기재된 금액을 기준으로 고객이 실제로 받은 생존연금액과의 차액을 손해배상하는 것으로 해결되어야 할 것이다. An immediate annuity with refund at maturity is an insurance product that is purchased by a lump sum payment of insurance premium. It provides a regular payment of endowment amount which is generated by operating the fund with the above payment after deducting a business expense and a risk premium. And once the policy matures, the lump-sum amount of the original premium is paid by the insurance company to the policy-holder at once. To pay the same amount of original premium back to the policy holder at the maturity date, it is naturally required to fill in the deficit generated by initially deducting the expected business expenses and insurance premiums. For this, insurance companies reserve a part of the profit from the operation as the maturity refund reserve. This is a common and essential characteristic of this kind of all insurance products. Such additional deduction is stated in the methods of calculating insurance premiums and the liability reserves. The rights and obligations of the insurance contracting party and the aforementioned information in the methods of calculating insurance premiums and the liability reserves are, of course, parts of the insurance policy. The supreme court states that the output equation from the methods of calculating insurance premiums and the liability reserves are not mandatory subjects of explanation. It ishould be interpreted that the additional deduction has been already described to the buyer through examples stated in the insurance policy. If a question of compensation arising out of the infringement of the duty to explain is applied, it should be resolved by reimbursing the difference between the actual amount paid to the policy holder and the amount, calculated with guaranteed minimum interest rate, in an example stated in the insurance policy.