Scenario analysis of the Use of Biomass-based Bags for Household Waste Collection

( J. Yano ),( S. Sakai ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2017 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2017 No.1

Interest in biomass-based materials is increasing, since they can contribute to reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and fossil fuel consumption. Although polylactide (PLA) was historically one of the most well-known and major materials, biomass-based polyethylene (Bio-PE) use has rapidly expanded. In Japan, introducing Bio-PE is expected to be an effective measure to achieve the target to reduce GHG emissions by 26% by 2030 compared to 2013. Waste collection bags are one candidate that can be replaced with biomass-based materials. In this study, we aimed to estimate the reduction potential of GHG emissions using a life cycle analysis. Kyoto, Japan, was selected as a case study. The functional unit was the supply of plastic bags to collect 223,717 tons of household waste generated in the city of Kyoto in 2014. Bio-PE made from sugarcane ethanol and PLA made from com were considered as the biomass-based materials. We assumed that PLA was blended with polybutylene succinate-co-butylene adipate (PBSA) derived from fossil fuels to a final proportion of 70% to reinforce the flexibility. The system boundary extended from cultivation, production of plastic pellets, to final disposal, and excluded consumer use of the plastic items. We assumed that Bio-PE and PLA were produced in Brazil and the United States, respectively, and imported. We considered six scenarios based on three waste collection systems: one scenario for mixed waste collection, i.e.,no source-separated collection (S1F, baseline scenario); two scenarios in which plastic containers and packaging (C&P) were source-separated (S2F and S2B); and three scenarios in which food waste was additionally source-separated (S3F,S3B, and S3B+P). In S3B+P, PLA was used to collect source-separated food waste while bio-PE was used to collect source-separated plastic C&P and the remaining waste. The amount of bags consumed in each scenario to meet the functional unit was calculated using household waste composition and the density of the waste fraction as the filling rate per bag. In the results, if Bio-PE were introduced like as S2B,GHG emissions could be reduced by 92.5% compared to S1F. Similarly, S3B could reduce GHG emissions by 92.2%. This implied that the effect of introducing source-separated collection of food waste was relatively small, as the amount of bags consumed did not differ substantially. GHG emissions in S3B+P, which used both Bio-PE and PLA as biomass-based materials, were estimated to be reduced by 90.7% compared with S1F. Although the Bio-PE bags in S3B had to be removed during AD pretreatment, and resulted in lower quality AD residue, the PLA bags in S3B+P could be recycled with AD with food waste. Therefore S3B+P would offer additional benefits besides GHG reductions.

Development of Bovine Specific Leptin Radioimmunoassay and Relationship of Plasma Leptin with Vitamin A and Age of Wagyu

Yang, S.H.,Kawachi, H.,Khan, M.A.,Lee, S.Y.,Kim, H.S.,Ha, Jong K.,Lee, W.S.,Lee, H.J.,Ki, K.S.,Kim, S.B.,Sakaguchi, S.,Maruyama, S.,Yano, H. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 2008 Animal Bioscience Vol.21 No.9

Leptin is produced by adipocytes and its role in the regulation of lipid metabolism, feed intake, productive and reproductive performance of domestic animal species has been greatly stressed and extensively investigated in recent years. This study was conducted to develop a radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the estimation of plasma bovine leptin and to determine plasma leptin concentration in fattening Japanese Black cattle (Wagyu) and its crossbreds at commercial farms. Relationships of plasma leptin with plasma vitamin A and age of crossbred cattle were also determined. Recombinant bovine leptin (rbleptin) was produced by the E. coli overexpressed leptin as a GST (glutathione S-transferase)-fusion protein. Then antiserum against bovine leptin was obtained by its immunization in rabbits. Using this antiserum, a bovine specific RIA was developed and plasma leptin level was determined in 120 crossbred fattening cattle (WagyuHolstein, 50:50) at commercial farms. The plasma leptin level increased with the age of cattle and its level was greater in the crossbred heifers than in the steers. Plasma vitamin A level was negatively correlated with plasma leptin level in crossbred heifers and steers. This relationship was stronger in heifers than in steers. Plasma leptin was gradually increased with advancing age in fattening Wagyu cattle. In conclusion, development of a bovine specific RIA to estimate plasma leptin will contribute to better understanding of the role of leptin in cattle.

Life Cycle Assessment for Small-scale Anaerobic Digestion System - Case study in Small municipality -

( J. Yano ),( S. Sakai ) 한국폐기물자원순환학회(구 한국폐기물학회) 2019 한국폐기물자원순환학회 심포지움 Vol.2019 No.1

Food waste is significant in Japan. For example, 17.4 million tons, including 11 million tons from households, was generated in 2010 alone (MAFF, MOE 2013). Of this, 10 million tons of food waste from households is currently incinerated. To develop cleaner production cycles, waste-to-energy should be considered. On-site small-scale anaerobic digestion (AD) facility can be applied for small municipalities where they have demand of not only electricity but also heating. This study evaluates the environmental impacts of on-site AD of food waste in small-scale municipality using a life cycle assessment (LCA). Small municipality with 27,000 of population was selected as case study. The functional unit is the “treatment of 4 ton/day household food waste generated in the municipality.” The system boundary is considered to include the collection to the treatment of food waste. Totally 8 scenarios consist of 6 sub-scenarios considering treatment methods of AD residue and wastewater were developed. For AD residue treatment, treatment in the excreta treatment facility within the municipality, composting outside the municipality, and incineration outside the municipality, were considered. Incineration and composting were also included as reference treatment methods. For small AD, biogas is used as a source of electricity and heat through a combined heat and power (CHP) system. Global warming, fossil fuel consumption, urban air pollution, and acidification were considered as environmental impacts. After the characterization of each impact category, a damage assessment for the four different dimensions including human health, social assets, biodiversity, and primary production, was considered. Then, the results of these individual dimensions were integrated by conversion into a single index with units of value in Japanese yen (JPY). The calculation utilized characterization, damage, and integration factors are identified by the LIME2 model (JLCA 2012). Concerning global warming, CO₂ emissions derived from biomass are considered to be carbon-neutral and thus have been excluded from the calculation. The results of the integration in Fig. 1 revealed that the small-scale AD system (Scenarios 3 and 4) showed environmental benefit (negative values). Regarding the comparison with the treatment methods of AD residue and wastewater, S4-3 (composting of AD residue) was the most desirable while S4-4 (incineration of AD residue) was the worst. Among the environmental impacts, global warming tended to be the dominant in scenarios 4-1 to 4-4.

Application of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi during the Acclimatization of Alpinia purpurata to Induce Tolerance to Meloidogyne arenaria

Maryluce Albuquerque da Silva Campos,Fábio Sérgio Barbosa da Silva,Adriana Mayumi Yano-Melo,Natoniel Franklin de Melo,Leonor Costa Maia 한국식물병리학회 2017 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.33 No.3

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the tolerance of micropropagated and mycorrhized alpinia plants to the parasite Meloidogyne arenaria. The experimental design was completely randomized with a factorial arrangement of four inoculation treatments with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) (Gigaspora albida, Claroideoglomus etunicatum, Acaulospora longula, and a non-inoculated control) in the presence or absence of M. arenaria with five replicates. The following characteristics were evaluated after 270 days of mycorrhization and 170 days of M. arenaria inoculation: height, number of leaves and tillers, fresh mass of aerial and subterranean parts, dry mass of aerial parts, foliar area, nutritional content, mycorrhizal colonization, AMF sporulation, and the number of galls, egg masses, and eggs. The results indicated a significant interaction between the treatments for AMF spore density, total mycorrhizal colonization, and nutrient content (Zn, Na, and N), while the remaining parameters were influenced by either AMF or nematodes. Plants inoculated with A. longula or C. etunicatum exhibited greater growth than the control. Lower N content was observed in plants inoculated with AMF, while Zn and Na were found in larger quantities in plants inoculated with C. etunicatum. Fewer galls were observed on mycorrhized plants, and egg mass production and the number of eggs were lower in plants inoculated with G. albida. Plants inoculated with A. longula showed a higher percentage of total mycorrhizal colonization in the presence of the nematode. Therefore, the association of micropropagated alpinia plants and A. longula enhanced tolerance to parasitism by M. arenaria.

Responses of Guava Plants to Inoculation with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi in Soil Infested with Meloidogyne enterolobii

Maryluce Albuquerque da Silva Campos,Fábio Sérgio Barbosa da Silva,Adriana Mayumi Yano-Melo,Natoniel Franklin de Melo,Elvira Maria Régis Pedrosa,Leonor Costa Maia 한국식물병리학회 2013 Plant Pathology Journal Vol.29 No.3

In the Northeast of Brazil, expansion of guava crops has been impaired by Meloidogyne enterolobii that causes root galls, leaf fall and plant death. Considering the fact that arbuscular mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) improve plant growth giving protection against damages by plant pathogens, this work was carried out to select AMF efficient to increase production of guava seedlings and their tolerance to M. enterolobii. Seedlings of guava were inoculated with 200 spores of Gigaspora albida,Glomus etunicatum or Acaulospora longula and 55 days later with 4,000 eggs of M. enterolobii. The interactions between the AMF and M. enterolobii were assessed by measuring leaf number, aerial dry biomass, CO2 evolution and arbuscular and total mycorrhizal colonization. In general, plant growth was improved by the treatments with A. longula or with G. albida. The presence of the nematode decreased arbuscular colonization and increased general enzymatic activity. Higher dehydrogenase activity occurred with the A. longula treatment and CO2 evolution was higher in the control with the nematode. More spores and higher production of glomalin-related soil proteins were observed in the treatment with G. albida. The numbers of galls, egg masses and eggs were reduced in the presence of A. longula. Inoculation with this fungus benefitted plant growth and decreased nematode reproduction.

FIELD OBSERVATIONS ON SPRING-NEAP TIDE VARIATION OF TIDAL CURRENT AND DENSITY STRATIFICATION IN THE ARIAKE BAY

YANO S,HASHIMOTO Y,KOMATSU T 한국수자원학회 2005 한국수자원학회 학술대회 Vol.2005 No.1

Comparative assessment of urban stormwater low impact strategies equipped with pre-treatment zones:침강지 시설이 조성된 LID 시설의 환경적 영향평가

K.A.V. Yano,N. J. D. G. Reyes,전민수(M. S. Jeon),김이형(L. H. Kim) 한국습지학회 2019 한국습지학회지 Vol.21 No.2

최근 강우유출수를 비용효율적으로 관리하기 위해 저영향개발 (Low Impact Development, LID)과 자연기반해법(Nature-based solution, NBS)를 도입하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 LID 시설 중 도심지 내 적용가능하고 유입부에 침강지가조성된 침투도랑(IT)과 소규모 인공습지(SCW) 등 2개의 시설에 대해 효율성을 평가하였다. 효율성 평가는 장기간의 모니터링을 통한 자료를 이용하여 수행하였다. 분석결과 하절기 기간은 식생의 흡입 등의 생물학적 활동으로 인하여 SCW의 효율이 더 높았으나, 동절기 기간에는 식물의 고사로 인하여 IT의 효율이 더 높은것으로 분석되었다. 침강지 내 퇴적물의 분석결과 SCW 침강지 내 식생에 의한 정화작용 및 미생물등의 생물학적 처리기작으로 인하여 COD와 TN의 저감효율이 높은것으로 분석되었다. 본 연구에서는 침강지 시설을 조성한 LID 시설에 대해 비교하였으며, 자연과 유사한 자연기반해법을 LID 시설에 적용할 경우 기존 시설보다 처리효율이 우수한것으로 나타났다. Recently, Low impact development techniques, a form of nature-based solutions (NBS), were seen cost-efficient alternatives that can be utilized as alternatives for conventional stormwater management practices. This study evaluated the effectiveness of an infiltration trench (IT) and a small constructed wetland (SCW) in treating urban stormwater runoff. Long-term monitoring data were observed to assess the seasonal performance and cite the advantages and disadvantages of utilizing the facilities. Analyses revealed that the IT has reduced performance during the summer season due to higher runoff volumes that exceeded the facility’s storage volume capacity and caused the facility to overflow. On the other hand, the pollutant removal efficiency of the SCW was impacted by the winter season as a result of dormant biological activities. Sediment data also indicated that fine and medium sand particles mostly constituted the trapped sediments in the pretreatment and media zones. Sediments in SCW exhibited a lower COD and TN load due to the phytoremediation and microbiological degradation capabilities of the system. . This study presented brief comparison LID facilities equipped with pre-treatment zones. The identified factors that can potentially affect the performance of the systems were also beneficial in establishing metrics on the utilization of similar types of nature-based stormwater management practices.

MINERAL CONCENTRATION IN RICE STRAW AND SOIL IN KYONGBUK PROVINCE, KOREA

Ramirez, C.E.,Kumagai, H.,Hosoi, E.,Yano, F.,Yano, H.,Jung, K.K.,Kim, S.W. Asian Australasian Association of Animal Productio 1994 Animal Bioscience Vol.7 No.1

A field survey was carried out in Korea to assess the mineral composition of rice straw since it is a cheap and available cattle feedstuff. Forage and soil samples were collected in 4 localities in the Kyongbuk province. Soil analysis were also carried out in order to establish the relationships between soil composition and mineral content in the rice straw. Based on NRC tables, the rice straw samples provided adequate amounts of Mg, Ca, K, S, Mo, Mn and Zn. Percentages of samples deficient in P, Na, Cu and Se were 83, 50, 67 and 83 respectively. Soil samples, whose mean pH was 5.8 and mean organic matter content was 3.99%, were comparatively acidic and had high organic matter content. They also had high amounts of extractable Fe and Mn. Correlation coefficients between mineral content in soil and rice straw were low, i.e., 0.42 for Me (p < 0.05), and 0.37 for Mo (p < 0.05). The low or nonexistent correlation between soil and forage composition indicates the difficulty of establishing appropriate methods of mineral availability to the plants.

Cooperative catalysis of a trinuclear ruthenium(II) complex in transfer hydrogenation of ketones by formic acid

Yano, Y.,Kojima, T.,Fukuzumi, S. Elsevier Sequoia [etc.] 2011 Inorganica chimica acta Vol.374 No.1

A novel TPA derivative (TPA=tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine) having two 1,10-phenanthroline (phen) moieties via amide linkage was synthesized and this ligand reacted with [Ru(hmb)Cl<SUB>2</SUB>]<SUB>2</SUB> (hmb: hexamethylbenzene) to give a trinuclear Ru(II) complex, [RuCl(TPA-{phenRuCl(hmb)}<SUB>2</SUB>-H<SUP>+</SUP>)](PF<SUB>6</SUB>)<SUB>2</SUB> (1-Cl), in a moderate yield. The complex involves a deprotonated and oxygen-coordinated amide linkage, which exhibits reversible protonation-deprotonation equilibrium. The chlorido complex was converted to be an aqua complex, [Ru(H<SUB>2</SUB>O)(TPA-{phenRu(H<SUB>2</SUB>O)<SUB>2</SUB>(hmb)}<SUB>2</SUB>-H<SUP>+</SUP>)](SO<SUB>4</SUB>)<SUB>5/2</SUB> (1-H<SUB>2</SUB>O), by the reaction of 1-Cl with Ag<SUB>2</SUB>SO<SUB>4</SUB> in H<SUB>2</SUB>O. Transfer hydrogenation of ketones was examined by using 1-Cl as a catalyst and HCOONa as a hydride source in H<SUB>2</SUB>O/CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH (1:1 v/v) at 50<SUP>o</SUP>C under Ar. The time-course of the transfer hydrogenation of cyclohexanone to give cyclohexanol revealed that 1-Cl showed a cooperative effect on the catalytic reactivity as compared with that of mononuclear [RuCl(hmb)(phen)] (3-Cl) and [RuCl((1-Naph)<SUB>2</SUB>-TPA)]PF<SUB>6</SUB> in H<SUB>2</SUB>O/CH<SUB>3</SUB>OH (1:2 v/v) under the same conditions. The detailed kinetic study has revealed that the catalytic transfer hydrogenation proceeds via the formato complex, which interacts with a substrate rather than via the hydrido complex. The two Ru centers placed at close proximity in 1-H<SUB>2</SUB>O enhanced the interaction of the formato complex with a substrate, resulting in an increase in the catalytic reactivity as compared with the mononuclear complex.

Shear Strength Evolution during Shear-holding in Single Rock Fracture

S. Nakashima,Y. Kawaguchi,K. Kishida,H. Yasuhara,T. Hosoda,T. Yano 한국암반공학회 2009 한국암반공학회 학술대회 및 세미나 자료집 Vol.2009 No.10