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      • Comparative study on solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery and solid dispersion system for enhanced solubility and bioavailability of ezetimibe

        ( Rehmana Rashid ),( Dong Wuk Kim ),( Abid Mehmood Yousaf ),( Omer Mustapha ),( Fakhar Ud Din ),( Jong Hyuck Park ),( Chul Soon Yong ),( Yu Kyoung Oh ),( Yu Seok Youn ),( Jong Oh Kim ),( Han Gon Choi 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 2016 영남대학교 약품개발연구소 연구업적집 Vol.26 No.-

        Background: The objective of this study was to compare the physicochemical characteristics, solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability of an ezetimibe-Ioaded solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS), surface modified solid dispersion (SMSD), and solvent evaporated solid dispersion (SESD) to identify the best drug delivery system with the highest oral bioavailability. Methods: For the liquid SNEDDS formulation, Capryol 90, Cremophor EL, and Tween 80 were selected as the oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. The nanoemulsion-forming region was sketched using a pscudotemary phase diagram on the basis of reduced emulsion size. The optimized liquid SNEDDS was converted to solid SNEDDS by spray drying with silicon dioxide. Furthermore, SMSDs were prepared using the spray drying technique with various amounts of hydroxypropylcellulose and Tween 80, optimized on the basis of their drug solubility. The SESD formulation was prepared with the same composition of optimized SMSD. The aqueous solubility, dissolution, physicochemical properties, and pharmacokinetics of all of the formulations were investigated and compared with the drug powder. Results: The drug existed in the crystalline form in SMSD, but was changed into an amor-phous form in SNEDDS and SESD, giving particle sizes of approximately 24, 6, and 11 urn, respectively. All of these formulations significantly improved the aqueous solubility and dis-solution in the order of solid SNEDDS "``: SESD > SMSD, and showed a total higher plasma concentration than did the drug powder. Moreover, SESD gave a higher area under the drug concentration time curve from zero to infinity than did SNEDDS and SMSD, even if they were not significantly different, suggesting more improved oral bioavailability. Conclusion: Among the various formulations tested in this study, the SESD system would be strongly recommended as a drug delivery system for the oral administration of ezetimibe with poor water solubility.

      • Comparative study on solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery and solid dispersion system for enhanced solubility and bioavailability of ezetimibe

        Rashid, Rehmana,Kim, Dong Wuk,Yousaf, Abid Mehmood,Mustapha, Omer,Din, Fakhar ud,Park, Jong Hyuck,Yong, Chul Soon,Oh, Yu-Kyoung,Youn, Yu Seok,Kim, Jong Oh,Choi, Han-Gon Dove Medical Press 2015 INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NANOMEDICINE Vol.10 No.-

        <P><B>Background</B></P><P>The objective of this study was to compare the physicochemical characteristics, solubility, dissolution, and oral bioavailability of an ezetimibe-loaded solid self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery system (SNEDDS), surface modified solid dispersion (SMSD), and solvent evaporated solid dispersion (SESD) to identify the best drug delivery system with the highest oral bioavailability.</P><P><B>Methods</B></P><P>For the liquid SNEDDS formulation, Capryol 90, Cremophor EL, and Tween 80 were selected as the oil, surfactant, and cosurfactant, respectively. The nanoemulsion-forming region was sketched using a pseudoternary phase diagram on the basis of reduced emulsion size. The optimized liquid SNEDDS was converted to solid SNEDDS by spray drying with silicon dioxide. Furthermore, SMSDs were prepared using the spray drying technique with various amounts of hydroxypropylcellulose and Tween 80, optimized on the basis of their drug solubility. The SESD formulation was prepared with the same composition of optimized SMSD. The aqueous solubility, dissolution, physicochemical properties, and pharmacokinetics of all of the formulations were investigated and compared with the drug powder.</P><P><B>Results</B></P><P>The drug existed in the crystalline form in SMSD, but was changed into an amorphous form in SNEDDS and SESD, giving particle sizes of approximately 24, 6, and 11 µm, respectively. All of these formulations significantly improved the aqueous solubility and dissolution in the order of solid SNEDDS ≥ SESD > SMSD, and showed a total higher plasma concentration than did the drug powder. Moreover, SESD gave a higher area under the drug concentration time curve from zero to infinity than did SNEDDS and SMSD, even if they were not significantly different, suggesting more improved oral bioavailability.</P><P><B>Conclusion</B></P><P>Among the various formulations tested in this study, the SESD system would be strongly recommended as a drug delivery system for the oral administration of ezetimibe with poor water solubility.</P>

      • Fabrication of Sub-Micron Size $Al-AlO_x-Al$ Tunnel Junction using Electron-Beam Lithography and Double-Angle Shadow Evaporation Technique

        최재원,류시정,박정환,류상완,김정구,송운,정연욱,Rehmana, M.,Choi, J.W.,Ryu, S.J.,Park, J.H.,Ryu, S.W.,Khim, Z.G.,Song, W.,Chong, Y. 한국초전도학회 2009 Progress in superconductivity Vol.10 No.2

        We report our development of the fabrication process of sub-micron scale $Al-AlO_x-Al$ tunnel junction by using electron-beam lithography and double-angle shadow evaporation technique. We used double-layer resist to construct a suspended bridge structure, and double-angle electron-beam evaporation to form a sub-micron scale overlapped junction. We adopted an e-beam insensitive resist as a bottom sacrificing layer. Tunnel barrier was formed by oxidation of the bottom aluminum layer between the bottom and top electrode deposition, which was done in a separate load-lock chamber. The junction resistance is designed and controlled to be 50 $\Omega$ to match the impedance of the transmission line. The junctions will be used in the broadband shot noise thermometry experiment, which will serve as a link between the electrical unit and the thermodynamic unit.

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